RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF RURAL MICRO ENTERPRISE (RME) IN MALAYSIA

Musdiana Mohamad Salleh Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA ( UiTM) Kedah Branch. P.O Box 187 08400, Merbok Kedah, Malaysia e-mail: musdianasalleh@gmail.com Noor Zahirah Mohd Sidek Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) P.O Box 187, 08400, Merbok, Kedah, Malaysia e-mail: zahira@kedah.uitm.edu.my

RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF RURAL MICRO ENTERPRISE (RME) IN MALAYSIA

Abstract Entrepreneurship has been a topical issue in business administration literature and mostly the wave on interest is on the role of entrepreneurship in economic growth literature. This paper aims to highlight in the perspective of micro enterprise. It explores the experience of rural micro enterprise (RME) entrepreneurs in Malaysia with reference to a preliminary survey conducted in Centre of Perak. In the study, 30 rural micro enterprises entrepreneurs were interviewed. The study finds that RMEs in the area play supporting role in the household economy. Common characteristics of RMEs are sm in all size and local market, lack of entrepreneurship culture in the area, lack of entrepreneurial attitudes and lack of availability to access information, financial, business service and infrastructure. However, in the bright side these RMEs are flexible and informal since entrepreneur created products that are in demand in the market. This study suggests that government should give serious attention to develop rural entrepreneurship by promoting entrepreneurship to young generation, encourage active involvement of higher education institutions in entrepreneurship development in rural areas and encourage networking by combinations of private service providers and public sector support.

Keywords: Rural Micro Enterprise (RME), Entrepreneurship, Sustaining Rural Micro Entrepreneur, Malaysia,

Introduction Entrepreneurship is a phenomenon that takes several forms and appears in either small and large firms or new and established firms and in all economic sectors. Apparently, entrepreneurship is a multi faceted approach that can be view from different angles. While there is a growing literature relating to entrepreneurship; comparatively little research has been done, particularly in Malaysia on the role of rural entrepreneurship. Although rural entrepreneurship is well recognized as an important component in local economic development strategy, it is limited by lack of information on rural entrepreneurs such as who they are, why they have gone into business, what kind of business they have started and what problems they have encountered.
Entrepreneurship in rural business in general and micro business in particular plays a significant part in most economies, whether developed or developing. However, in developing countries these enterprises have tended to be looked at from a development, or poverty alleviation perspective, rather than as entrepreneurial activities and potentially growing businesses. In Malaysia, the developments of micro-credit program or micro finance program on micro enterprise have emerge as major

strategies to combat the poverty alleviation and unemployment that continue to pose a major issues to the economic and social development in the country. Government and non government organizations (NGOs) have adopted several approaches and strategies in helping these micro enterprises such as One District One Industry program in 2003. However, research, survey or reports pertaining micro enterprise were scarce simply because no official data was collected although million had been spent on these projects under different ministry and different schemes. It is felt that this sector deserves further attention since it provides training ground for potential entrepreneurs if properly groomed to maturity. The effort to make Malaysia as one of the leading halal (production process is in line with Islamic injunctions) hub provides vast opportunities for micro enterprise to expand into small and medium size enterprises.

Definitional issues: entrepreneurship, micro enterprise and rurality

Numerous definition of entrepreneurship can also be found in the literature. Hisrich and Peters (1998) define entrepreneurship as the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time effort assuming the accompanying financial, physic and social risks and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and independence while Zacharis et al (2000) define entrepreneurship as any attempt to create a new business enterprise or to expand existing business by an individual, ateam individuals or an established business.

Micro enterprises are typically defined as very small, informally run businesses, involved in activities other than crop production. In the United States, Canada and Britain, small scale business is defined according to the number of paid employees and total annual turnover. In Britain for example, businesses with an annual sales of 2 million or less and have less than 200 paid employees will be classified as small scale business. In Malaysia, small enterprise covers all enterprises employing between 5-49 workers; medium scale enterprise employs between 50-199 workers and large enterprise has more than 200 employees. Micro enterprise employs less than 5 workers and is normally treated as an informal sector under the Ministry of States and Regional Development.

There are still variations in definitions of what constitutes a rural area. Shields (2005) defined rural areas as non metropolitan areas, exhibiting low population density. Low densities are commonly incorporated into most statistical definitions of rural areas such as less than 5,000 populations in Slovakia to less than 30,000 populations in Bulgaria( Mandl et al, 2007). In Malaysia, according to Department of Statistic Malaysia, rural means population less than 10,000 people comprising of small towns, villages and scattered dwellings.

In this study, the rural micro enterprise is categorized as having the following characteristics. First, the participants have main occupation ranging from small-scale farming to working in large plantations of FELCRA (Federal Land Consolidation and reclamation Authority) or RISDA (Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority). These enterprises are not their main source of income. Rather, these jobs were meant to supplement the existing income of the household. Secondly, these projects are individually owned or headed by partners living within the same vicinity. Most of their workers are relatives, neighbours or people from the same neighborhood. Another interesting characteristic regarding these projects is that most of the products were made according to orders, thus, the risk of unsold products is kept to the minimum. Projects tend to be labor intensive with limited use of machines. As a result, production is restricted to small quantities. Furthermore, almost all of these projects are not registered with the Registrar of Business, which explains why data on micro enterprise is not available. Hence, studies on micro enterprise in Malaysia are also limited. Another distinct characteristic of these micro enterprises is the use of local based resources. Contents

of imported raw materials are also minimum. In other words, these micro enterprises promote the use of existing resources in the respective locality. As such, this paper discusses pertaining issues in the following manner. For the purpose of this discussion, certain terms will be defined according to the nature of this study. Participants and small entrepreneurs will be used interchangeably to represent rural residents who are involved in micro-scale agriculture based businesses. The participants are mainly farmers, wives of farmers or self-employed individuals living in rural areas.

Methods Location of study

Center of Perak is chosen since this districts main activity is agriculture. Laying in the heart of the state of Perak, Malaysia this area has a range of agencies involved in agriculture namely FELCRA (The Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority), RISDA (Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority), Department of Agriculture, PLB (Rural and Regional Development), AIM (Malaysian Initiative Financing Scheme) and KEMAS (Community Development Department). It is also one of the districts which focus on crops diversification to step up farmers income. In view of geographical and time constraint, this study concentrates on two major agencies as shown in Table 1.

Agencies
FELCRA FELCRA ( The Federal Land Consolidation And Rehabilitation Authority) WADIRA

Descriptions
The Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA) were established in 1966 with its main mission to eradicate poverty via land consolidation and rehabilitation. Participants who are not directly working in the plantation normally pursue other income supplementary activities such as cottage industries, aquaculture and horticulture such as planting orchids. The activities can be divided into four categories economic projects, social programs, educational programs for members and second generation educational programs. The projects that have been successful to date include food catering, light-food industry and renting out bridal-equipment

Rural and Regional PLB has two main units Poverty Eliminating Unit and Rural Development - PLB Economic Development Unit. In the 8th Malaysia Plan, PPP is directly under the Nation Development Scheme primarily aimed at projects that could increase the income of the absolute hardcore poor, absolute poor and low income earners. It is expected that from these projects the target groups income will surpass the poverty line income.

KPW (Women Extension Group)

Famers Kumpulan Pengembangan Wanita (KPW) or Women Farmers Extension Group (WFEG) was introduced by the government under the Agriculture Department to achieve the objective of poverty eradication in rural areas via One Village, One Product flagship. To date, the District Agriculture Department designates a special officer (Extension Officer) to specifically monitor the activities of KPW including training assistance ( Farm Technology Training and loan application from bank)

RISDA (Rubber Industry RISDA has introduced several supplementary income projects Smallholders Development for the rubber smallholders such as - the Integrated Rubber Authority) Planting Programme(PITG) and Supplementary Economic Activities(AET). PITG integrates livestock with rubber or rubber with other plantation crops whilst AET will be undertaken during non-rubber tapping period. Three projects are given priority, namely livestock, rural economic activities and complementary plantation. Herbs, plantation crops for example bananas and landscape crops come under the complementary plantation; where smallholders plant these crops together with their rubber trees. Besides that, the female smallholders or the wives of the smallholders produce intricate crafts from rubber leaves, produces light industry food such as chilli sauce, biscuits, bread, chips and furniture components from old rubber trees. Table 1: Descriptions about agencies

Samples and sampling design

In this study, we have chosen three government agencies and one non -government agency in Centre of Perak as our sample respondents to examine their roles in assisting the lower income group to increase their income. Stratified Random Sampling Interview is adopted in our study where the participants of these micro scale projects are divided according to the agencies that assisted them namely FELCRA and KPW. As for RISDA and PLB, we were unable to perform stratified random sampling interview simply because the projects assisted were too few. In these two cases, all the participants of the designated projects were interviewed. Our sample was disproportionate since the number of sample did not depend on the size of the stratum. In order to optimize allocation, we took into account both variation and size of each stratum into consideration to determine its representation in the sample. The samples were chosen at random based on the list obtained from the various agencies. A total of 30 samples were collected. Generally, 26 respondents or 87 percent of the respondents were females and the remaining 13 percent or 4 respondents were male. This bias plays out the stereotype of woman as seamstresses who are barred for other areas of gainful employed. Structured questionnaires were constructed into three sections. The first section examines the background of the participants. The second section investigates the effectiveness of the agencies in assisting these micro scale projects undertaken by participants. Finally, the third section scrutinizes the potential for further development of these micro scale projects into large commercial market. Since the total number of respondents is only 30, data analysis were based on percentage and frequencies.

Results
Results were mostly descriptive. The analysis discusses overview of rural micro enterprise and each agency findings accordingly.

a. FELCRA (The Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority) In our sample, all respondents in FELCRA were Bumiputera-Malays and married with children between 2 7 years of age. Participants in their 30s and 40s have children in either primary, secondary schools or at university level whereas those in their 50s and 60s have working children either staying with them or staying elsewhere in the country. Since FELCRA, rehabilitate and consolidates land, all the participants came from outside Seberang Perak. 85.71% of the sample came from other villages in Perak and the remaining came from other parts of Malaysia. In FELCRA

Seberang Perak, palm oil and paddy are the two core crops but participants do not necessarily become workers of these plantation or paddy field. All the participants are shareholders of FELCRA) and will obtain some amount of annual dividend from the profits made by the FELCRA. However, this dividend is not sufficient to support even day-to-day expenses so participants need to find other alternative income. Respondents who are contract workers in the plantation are paid RM15 per half day or more depending on the job done. From our sample, 2 respondents worked as half -day plantation workers. The remaining undertook small projects as their supplementary income but some of them were more seriously involved in the projects and these small projects had become their additional source of income. The household income received by the respondents range between RM250 -RM1500 depending on their jobs. After undertaking these income supplementary projects, 85.72% enjoyed an increase in income between RM250 RM1000. Most of the projects undertaken were based on their interest and inclination. 3 out of 7 respondents did not receive formal training to undertake the business. Those without formal training normally inherit the techniques of production from their parents or relatives and continued to brush up their skills through time. From the sample, all participants in their 30s and 40s wanted to turn their micro enterprise into SMEs (Small Medium Enterprises) There are several reasons to this. First, they have young children to support in terms of schooling. Secondly, many of them receive SPM (Malaysian Certificate of Education), thus, have more knowledge and exposure to the current circumstances. Thirdly, they are still young and energetic. As a matter of fact, some of them took the initiative to attend courses to improve their skills. Unlike in the 1970s and 1980s, officers in the government agencies no longer need to look for potential candidates to give support and assistance. Nowadays, these groups of people will seek the assistance of these government agencies to help them improve their projects. The initial initiative always comes from the participants themselves. They approached the officers from the relevant departments as to how they can get help to improve themselves and their projects. The problems that the participants face were almost similar across the sample. One of the main and most impending problems was capital. They lacked of both starting-up and working capital. Machineries were very expensive; ranging between RM1500 to RM7000 for these participants and to fulfill large orders especially during festive seasons, they would have to borrow from AIM (Malaysian Initiative Financing Scheme) for working capital. Loans were difficult to obtain since banks normally imposes stringent requirements before approving those loans. Ssewamala et al. (2006) make a similar argument and point out that in less developed countries, poverty alleviation has become a key challenge. Within the restricted opportunity argument, one particularly negative aspect of poverty has been the lack of access to credit. Kuzilwa (2005) also agree that that finance, through credit has been observed to be one of the more important determinants of small business success. According to Ssendi L and Anderson A.R (2009) most micro finance institutions are concentrated in urban areas, thus benefiting the urban poor who may have the option of alternative sources of income. Moreover the minimal requirements for eligibility may well be set too high. The rural poor, who are mainly self-employed, and thus in most need of improved income through micro businesses are less well served. Products were marketed at the producers own initiative. So, it seems that the producers will have to do both production and marketing. Although their products were in demand throughout the year and they normally sold all their products, the volume is still very low and thus, the revenue that they obtain is also minimal.

b. PLB (Rural Development Authority)

In the case of PLB, 8 women and 3 men aged between 20-60 years old were interview. In our sample, 9 respondents were married, one was a single parent and one respondent was single. Those involved in sewing and breeding of goat considered the projects as their main occupation. The others considered the business as part time job and have other jobs to increase their familys income. These projects managed to increase their income by more than RM250 per month. The livestock projects for example, could earn more than RM2000 per group of livestock. The number of years of experience differs amongst the participants. Livestock breeding had been there for almost 8 years, respondents involved in sewing had more than 5 years of experience and those breeding chicken, had been in business for more than 3 years.

The scope of PLBs assistance was wider. PLB provided machines, cash, workshops, seeds and support services. This agency gives up to a maximum of RM10,000 for individual projects and a maximum of RM20,000 for group or cluster projects. No repayment is required. Besides that, respondents also received tremendous support and advice from Department of Agriculture and the Veterinary Department. No monitoring was made for PLB projects after the machines or cash were given to the participants. Participants must have their own initiative and have high motivation in order to make their projects viable and successful in the near future. Similarly, all the projects hardly have any surplus since there is always demand for their products throughout the year and peaked during festive seasons and school holidays. In fact, the demand for chickens and goats was always greater than what the respondents were able to produce. Food producers would market their own products themselves by placing their products in local shops. Most often, their products would also be available upon orders.

c. KPW (Women Famers Extension Group)

The projects were aimed to increase the income and standard of living of the participants. . Our respondents consist of 4 married women with children, two single parents and one respondent is not married. They considered the projects undertaken under KPW as their main occupation as these projects contributed a significant amount to their household income. Two of the respondents opened small retail shops beside their houses and others involve in food and v illage industry. From our interview, all respondents received formal or informal training. Informal training comes in the form of support services by Agriculture Department officers on how the respondents existing projects could be upgraded and expanded. All assistance comes in the form of machinery, workshops or seeds The respondents were able to independently market their products. 86% of the respondents sold directly to their customers via pasar malam, pasar tani, restaurants, local retail stores and adjacent shops. Their products were mainly distributed within the district. Production continued throughout the year. Demand would peak during festive seasons and during school holidays when wedding ceremonies were held. During peak season, respondent normally produced more to meet extra s demand. Relatives also played an important role in bringing out these products to other states of Malaysia.

d. RISDA(Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority)

A full sample interview was conducted to RISDAs participants since there were only 4 projects. From our sample, they produced artificial flowers and other ornaments from rubber leaves, rebana (a traditional musical instrument) and food production namely kerepek ubi, tempeyek and tumpi. Income received from such activities ranges from RM250 to RM1000 for 4 respondents and between RM1000 to RM1500 for the rebana maker. Four of such projects received formal training arranged by RISDA whilst the rebana project was inherited from his family. In terms of assistance, RISDA provided machines, workshops and support services. RISDAs officers visited the respondents once or twice a year. All respondents market their products directly to consumers since their productions were mainly based on orders. Most of their products are distributed for local consumption except for the rebana which is sold outside Perak. Rubber leaves products were also sold at district level. Only two types

of projects had seasonal demand rebana and rubber leaves product whilst other products were in demand throughout the year.

Discussion
This paper is concerned with the distinctive challenges and opportunities of developing entrepreneurship in rural locations, in order to contribute to the development of policies to generate rural areas in Malaysia which need to take into account these main aspects: a. Entrepreneurial attitudes Enterprise culture and attitude of entrepreneur is widely recognized as an importance influence on entrepreneurship development. The major problem facing by rural micro enterprise is attitude of the entrepreneur. Since these projects are undertaken to supplement household income, discipline is especially lacking. Projects are done on and off depending on several factors such as the number of orders, availability of co-workers, and availability of financing. In view of the fact that the majority of the participants are housewives, these businesses can only be carried out upon completion of their daily household chores. So, production level is inconsistent. Furthermore, the projects are sometimes taken as one of their pass time activities; hence production hours, working days and quantities produced are highly irregular. These problems seem to correlate with the age of the participants. Older participants tend to be less ambitious and are often content with existing lifestyle. Their main aim is merely to sustain current living standard. Entrepreneurship on small scale is the only solution to the problems of unemployment, utilization of resources and improving iving l conditions.

b. Small size of local markets Apart from being small in nature, traditional method of production using obsolete equipment is still common. This leads to a host of other implications such as low production volume, poor quality products, poor hygiene and uncontrolled use of chemicals such as stabilizers, preservatives, coloring, and sweeteners in food products. This is partly the result of lack of training in product making, lack of information regarding the danger of over -use of certain chemicals in food and low level of health consciousness. Kaberi (2001) highlighted several problems in food processing. Lack of proper understanding of quality control and good manufacturing practices result in easily perishable products. This is further aggravated by lack of hygiene and sanitary practices. These problems arise due to lack of training amongst the participants and no quality control set-up. Another contributing factor is unstandardized raw material since they are subjected to supply and availability. Shortages in supply of raw material may interrupt production flows.

c. Social Capital In term of social capital, close or strong ties are said to be characteristics of rural communities where people rely on long term relationship and neighbor centered relationship which may represent a resource for entrepreneurship. More specifically, social capital in rural areas is based on trust and reflects in higher level engagement among individual. Rural micro enterprises are dynamic, with vast unexploited opportunities. Being owner-operators, these enterprises can easily adjust their production according to market demand due to low investment in machinery and low production costs.

As far as demand is concerned, most participants do not encounter any problems selling their products since they are tailored to suit the demand of individual consumers. Traditional delicacies for example have its specific market and peak during festive seasons and school holidays when wedding ceremonies are held. Marketing is does not seem to be a major problem since consumers usually look for these products. From one perspective, this involves enormous savings since there is practically no expenditure in marketing. Since products are made to order, attractive and costly packaging becomes unnecessary. On the whole, given that the level of production is relatively low, domestic demand is enough to absorb all production.

d. Lack of entrepreneurial culture in rural areas Micro enterprise can be viewed as a training ground for small and medium size enterprises. It provides first hand work experience where participants can learn the processes of production from the very beginning. This will assist in the development of genuine entrepreneurs especially from the Bumiputera population. However a fundamental change in attitudes towards entrepreneurship may take at least a generation to take place. In order to develop entrepreneurial awareness, active promotion of role models from successful rural entrepreneur must be taken by the government to promote these projects to younger generation especially those with higher education. A smoother transition is needed for the younger generations to continue the projects that have been undertaken by their parents or family members and enhance them. Younger generation often refuse to continue their parents traditional businesses since they belief that these projects are tedious, difficult, risky and has no future prospects. Coupled with the attraction of working in factories where income is stable, repetitive work and confers a sense of higher standard compared to working in the agriculture rural based enterprise are amongst the push factors from this sector. Therefore, the mind-set of the community needs to experience a paradigm shift in favour of the bountiful prospects from this segment.

e. Access to information, business service, finance and infrastructure Government ought to provide facilities, grants, support services for these infant enterprises. We classify these businesses as infant since they have not been exposed to a highly competitive business environment since their market is purely confined to fulfill local needs. Exporting goods beyond the local vicinity require these projects to be upgraded into at least small scale industries with attractive packaging, advertisements to promote the products, adequate supply of raw materials to ensure constant and increasing volume being produced and sufficient infrastructure. In other words, some amount of investment in fixed capital and working capital will be needed. Participants can no longer turn to agencies like AIM (Malaysian Initiative Financing Scheme) for small scale financing; rather, they will have to turn to larger banks such as Agro Bank Malaysia Berhad or any oth commercial banks. er Banks requiring collaterals and other documentation may be burdensome to participants, which will create another set of problems. Moreover, as Berger et al. (1998) note, most lenders find it more risky to finance such kinds of enterprises. Kashuliza et al. (1998) and Satta (2006)both report that formal institutions found it difficult to deal with micro enterprises because of the lack of collateral, the high incidence of defaults and the disproportionately high transaction costs associated with issuing of small amounts of credit. Often there is also no standard procedure to assess loan application. However, this will not be covered in this paper.

Conclusions
This study provides a preliminary survey rural micro enterprise. The district of Perak Tengah is chosen to illustrate some of the common problems, practices and potentials of micro enterprise. Although there may be cultural and habitual differences taking place in different districts in Malaysia, the findings of this study will not deviate too far since the main objective of this study is to highlight burgeoning problems and future prospects. Based on this survey, this paper offers some recommendations for government agencies that can be put forward in light of rural micro enterprise such as: 1. Actively promote entrepreneurship as a career option to young people in secondary school and in higher education institutions serving rural areas by using a combination methods of experiential learning through students placements, junior enterprise schemes and active dissemination of entrepreneurial role models; 2. Multiple linkages between numerous participants (entrepreneurs, potential entrepreneurs and key institutions) in rural areas to develop a networking culture which link a new entrepreneur to their more experience counterparts and to relevant institutions in order to ensure that rural micro enterprise can access high quality of advice and support. 3. Promote active involvement of higher education institutions in entrepreneurship development in rural areas, by establishing a higher education rural micro enterprise fund to support the development links between higher educations institutions and entrepreneur. Rural entrepreneur increasingly need a comprehensive package of support services to promote enterprise development in rural areas where the barriers to entrepreneurial success are closely intertwined. The development of rural micro enterprise should be recognizing as a part of the supply chain with linkages with input suppliers, manufacturers, traders, and large scales commercial farmers also exporters. The implication is that these enterprises should be promoted to satisfy the demand of broad range of clients, not only rural micro enterprise but SMEs Networks should be encouraged by combinations of private service providers and public sector support also higher learning institutions. This calls for the development of better communication between rural entrepreneurs, service providers, training institutions and other support services such as finance. Despite a supporting role of rural entrepreneur in the household economy with the profits used to meet immediate household needs. By removing barriers to entry, market liberalization will made rural micro enterprise as a more popular strategy to find niches in the market to complement agricultural activities.

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