Morris Users Guide Ad Dams

USER'S GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES
STFATE V.5.01, LTFATE V.1.0 AND MDFATE V.1.1 IN THE MS WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT
By Peter H. Morris
USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES
Technical Reports
The technical reports present data and its analysis, meta-studies and conceptual studies, and are considered to be of value to industry, government or other researchers. Unlike the STCRCs Monograph series, these reports have not been subjected to an external peer review process. As such, the scientific accuracy and merit of the research reported here is the responsibility of the authors, who should be contacted for clarification of any content. Author contact details are at the back of this report.
EDITORS Prof Chris Cooper Prof Terry De Lacy Prof Leo Jago
University of Queensland Sustainable Tourism CRC Sustainable Tourism CRC
Editor-in-Chief Chief Executive Director of Research
National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication Data Morris, P.H. (Peter H.) Users guide for the MSDOS-based ADDAMS program modules STFATE v.5.01, LTFATE v.1.0 and MDFATE v.1.1 in the MS Windows environment Bibliography. ISBN 1 920704 83 3. 1. Dredging spoil Computer programs Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Sediment transport computer programs Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Marine sediments Computer programs Handbooks, manuals etc., I. Title. 627.73028553684
Copyright CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2004

All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. Any enquiries should be directed to Brad Cox, Communications Manager [brad@crctourism.com.au] or Trish OConnor, Publishing Manager [trish@crctourism.com.au].
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT _____________________________________________________________________ V SUMMARY ____________________________________________________________________ VI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ___________________________________________________ 1 CHAPTER 2 THE ADDAMS SUITE________________________________________________ 2
ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES ____________________________________________________________ CONCISE DESCRIPTION OF STFATE, LTFATE, AND MDFATE ____________________________________ UNITS ________________________________________________________________________________ CHOICE OF MODULE _____________________________________________________________________ HARDWARE ____________________________________________________________________________ SOFTWARE ____________________________________________________________________________ DOWN-LOADING AND INSTALLATION ________________________________________________________ CONFIGURATION PRIOR TO RUNNING ________________________________________________________ PROGRAM ARCHITECTURE ________________________________________________________________ STARTING STFATE______________________________________________________________________ CONFIGURATION OF GRAPHICS SOFTWARE ____________________________________________________ INPUT DATA ___________________________________________________________________________ RUN TIMES ____________________________________________________________________________ OUTPUTS ______________________________________________________________________________ 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6
CHAPTER 3 STFATE V. 5.01 _____________________________________________________ 4
CHAPTER 4 LTFATE V. 1.0 ______________________________________________________ 8

HARDWARE ____________________________________________________________________________ 8 SOFTWARE ____________________________________________________________________________ 8 DOWN-LOADING AND INSTALLATION ________________________________________________________ 8 CONFIGURATION PRIOR TO RUNNING ________________________________________________________ 8 PROGRAM ARCHITECTURE ________________________________________________________________ 9 PROGRAMMING ERROR IN PC LTFATE 1.0 ___________________________________________________ 9 STARTING LTFATE _____________________________________________________________________ 9 INPUT DATA __________________________________________________________________________ 10
Input data for PC_WAVEFIELD___________________________________________________________________ 10 Input data for PC_TIDAL ________________________________________________________________________ 10 Input data for PC_LTFATE_______________________________________________________________________ 11
RUN TIMES ___________________________________________________________________________ 11 OUTPUTS _____________________________________________________________________________ 12
CHAPTER 5 MDFATE V.1.1 _____________________________________________________ 15

HARDWARE ___________________________________________________________________________ SOFTWARE ___________________________________________________________________________ DOWN-LOADING AND INSTALLATION _______________________________________________________ CONFIGURATION PRIOR TO RUNNING _______________________________________________________ MULTI-TASKING _______________________________________________________________________ PROGRAM ARCHITECTURE _______________________________________________________________ STARTING MDFATE____________________________________________________________________ INPUT DATA __________________________________________________________________________ 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 17
Sediment transport rates _________________________________________________________________________ 17 Disposal site grids ______________________________________________________________________________ 17 Long term processes ____________________________________________________________________________ 18 Short term processes ____________________________________________________________________________ 18
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Wave data ____________________________________________________________________________________ 19 Tide data _____________________________________________________________________________________ 20 Volume calculations ____________________________________________________________________________ 20
RUN TIMES ___________________________________________________________________________ 20 OUTPUTS _____________________________________________________________________________ 20
REFERENCES _________________________________________________________________ 23 AUTHOR ______________________________________________________________________ 24
LIST OF TABLES
1: The ADDAMS suite ______________________________________________________________________2 2: Tidal harmonic constituent input data file for Mackay ocean disposal site ___________________________11 3: Bathymetry input data file for Townsville ocean disposal site _____________________________________18
LIST OF FIGURES
3.1: Thickness of deposited spoil at end of disposal ________________________________________________7 4.1: Tidal elevations based on Townsville Fairway Beacon elevation data _____________________________12 4.2: North-south tidal velocity magnitudes based on Townsville Port Authority current meter data __________13 4.3: East-west tidal velocity magnitudes based on Townsville Port Authority current meter data ____________13 4.4: Tidal velocity directions based on Townsville Port Authority current meter data_____________________14 5.1: Variation of sediment transport rate with sediment diameter ____________________________________21 5.2: Hay Point ocean disposal site bathymetry at July 1993 _________________________________________21 5.3: Estimated change in Townsville ocean disposal site bathymetry between June 1991and June 1993 ______22 5.4: Measured change in Weipa ocean disposal site bathymetry between May 1994 and June 1996_________22
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Abstract
The potential for the application of the ADDAMS suite of computer program modules to the preliminary assessment of the ocean disposal of sediments from marinas and small boat harbours under Australian conditions has been investigated at The University of Queensland. The ADDAMS suite is under continuing development by the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg. The performance of the ADDAMS modules, STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE, which model the short and long term fate of dredged sediments disposed of at sea, was found to be reasonably robust and generally satisfactory for the preliminary assessment of disposal sites in Australia. Executable versions of the three modules and the associated users manuals may be downloaded free of charge from the Waterways Experiment Station Internet site. This Users Guide supplements the Waterways Experiment Station users manuals for the three modules, covering aspects of their downloading, installation, and operation that are not discussed therein and expanding the discussion of others.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank and acknowledge the following contributors whose combined efforts and willing cooperation made this research possible: Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland) Mr Chris Pattearson and Ms Katrina Wilkes Lawson and Treloar Pty Ltd Mr Ray Rice Mackay Port Authority Mr Ian Meech Port of Brisbane Corporation Ports Corporation of Queensland Mr Steve Hillman Queensland Government Hydraulics Laboratory Mr David Robinson and Mr Jim Waldron Queensland Transport, Hydrographic Services Mr Rod Ridley and Mr Bill Page Queensland Transport, Maritime Division Captain J Watkinson and Mr John Broadbent The University of Queensland Professor Colin Apelt and Mr Peter McMillan Townsville Port Authority Ms Caryn Anderson, Mr John Neal, and Mr Mick Fitzpatrick US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg Dr Paul Schroeder WestHam Dredging Pty Limited Mr Kevin Green The Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre, an Australian Government initiative, funded this research.
Summary
The computer program modules, STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE, which are the focus of this Users Guide, form part of the ADDAMS suite of computer program modules. The ADDAMS suite, which is under continuing development by the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, provides a comprehensive set of tools for modelling the land and ocean disposal of dredged sediments. The software and users manuals for STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE can be downloaded, free of charge, from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site. The program files are self-extracting and do not require a compiler to operate. MSDOS, which is required to run the three modules, is included in MS WINDOWS. This Users Guide, which is intended to supplement rather than replace the Waterways Experiment Station users manuals, covers aspects of the downloading, installation, and operation of the three modules that are not discussed therein. It is based on the findings of research conducted at The University of Queensland into the modules suitability for application to the preliminary assessment of the ocean disposal of sediments from marinas and small boat harbours under Australian conditions. STFATE models the short-term fate of a single dump of contaminated dredged sediments from a hopper dredge or barge. LTFATE models the long-term fate of sediments on the seabed, but is limited to relatively simple bathymetry. Contaminants are not considered. MDFATE incorporates the capabilities of both STFATE, except that contaminants are not considered, and LTFATE. MDFATE can also model multiple dumps and complicated bathymetry. MDFATE thus offers greater flexibility than either STFATE or LTFATE, and is consequently the best choice for most analyses of dredge spoil disposal. However, both LTFATE and STFATE provide graphical output that is not available from MDFATE. A mixture of metric and US units is used for the input data for STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE, and for the output data from STFATE. The outputs of LTFATE and MDFATE are in US units only. The STFATE and LTFATE modules were designed for personal computers with Intel 80386 (or larger) central processors. The MDFATE module was designed for personal computers with Intel 80486 or PENTIUM central processors. All three modules require compatible printers or plotters for direct hard copy output. However, soft and hardcopy output for the three modules can be obtained indirectly using WINDOWS graphics programs and a compatible printer. STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE initially require 6 MB, 5.2 MB, and 9.3 MB of hard disk storage, respectively. These requirements increase as input and output files are generated. It may be necessary to unload network and other software and to modify some files prior to running the three modules. The STFATE graphics software must be configured while STFATE is running. The three modules can be run with the computer in MSDOS mode. However, it is generally more convenient to run them from WINDOWS so that multi-tasking is possible. Menu-driven environments are used in all three modules. In STFATE, it is possible to determine the most significant of a number of contaminants, to compile or edit an input data file, to simulate dredged material disposal using an existing input data file, to generate graphics, and to view or print outputs. All input data are entered interactively and only one contaminant at a time can be considered. The disposal site topography, seawater parameters, and controls for program input, execution, and output must be specified. The dredged sediments and the disposal operation must also be described, and the values of a number of model coefficients specified. If desired, contaminants can be ignored, and STFATE used to model only the short-term fate of dumped dredge spoil. In LTFATE, it is possible to generate simulated wave-field databases and tide sequences of arbitrary length, to create or edit mound topography files, to simulate long-term mound movement under the effects of waves, tides, and currents, and to simulate storm induced mound movement. It is also possible to plot the topography of the mound at specified times during each simulation, and to view or print the outputs. Interactive data entry of the mound topography, mound sediment parameters, and the residual current magnitude and direction is required to model mound movement. However, only the sand material type option is currently available. External usersupplied site-specific wave, tide, and storm input data files are required. There is a significant programming error in the long-term mound movement simulation option of LTFATE. It is accordingly recommended that MDFATE rather than LTFATE be used for such simulations. In MDFATE, it is possible to create, update, or edit an open water disposal site grid, to simulate dredged material disposal within an existing grid, to view or print outputs, and to calculate volumes and sediment transport rates. To model sediment disposal, it is necessary to define the disposal site topographic grid, to specify the duration of the simulation, and to specify the values of numerous parameters associated with the processes of interest and the wave and tidal environments. Periods of any duration and disposal campaigns of any complexity can be modelled using multiple simulations. Smooth-bottomed topographical grids are defined interactively, but complicated site bathymetry can be input using external user-supplied data files. Existing disposal site grids can be edited using either method. vi
If only the long term processes affecting dredged material already deposited on the seabed are to be simulated using MDFATE, it is necessary to input the duration of the simulation; the residual (non-tidal) water speed and direction; and wave, tide, and dredged sediment data. There are restrictions on the percentage of sand in the dredged sediment that can be specified. If the short term processes that affect the descent of dredge spoil from a disposal vessel to the seabed are to be simulated, it is necessary to input the duration both of dumping and of the overall simulation, the residual (non-tidal) water speed and direction, dredged sediment and seawater data, dredge dimensions and operating parameters, the quantity of spoil dumped, and dredging technique, wave, and tide data. Up to four different sediment types can be modelled in a single MDFATE simulation. However, the cohesive sediment option is currently unavailable and all sediments must be specified as non-cohesive. Dumping pattern data can be input interactively or by using external user-supplied data files. However, the option to dump spoil at random positions along a specified transect gives erroneous outputs, and should not be used. Wave data can be entered in MDFATE as average wave parameters, or the effects of waves can be neglected. In the latter case, non-zero default values are used. For sites in the US, wave data can also be entered in MDFATE as external user-supplied input data files. The external input data files required to do this are not available and cannot be generated for Australian disposal sites. Tide data can be entered in MDFATE as external user-supplied input data files, or, if no suitable data are available, the effects of tides can be ignored. The tidal data input files used in MDFATE are almost identical with those used in LTFATE. The time required to execute simulations in STFATE and LTFATE ranges from a few seconds to a few minutes on personal computers equipped with an Intel PENTIUM central processor. Running times on smaller computers may be up to 30 times greater. The time required to execute MDFATE simulations ranges from a few minutes to more than an hour on personal computers equipped with an Intel PENTIUM central processor. However, the total time required for multiple analyses can be reduced if multi-tasking in WINDOWS is used. The results of STFATE computations can be listed on screen and written to print files or devices. The available graphics outputs include plots of contaminant concentration versus time, contaminant concentration contours, and the thickness of the deposited spoil. The results of LTFATE computations can be displayed in graphical format on-screen and written to a printer. The available outputs include histograms and time series plots of wave height, period, and direction; history plots of tide elevations, velocity component magnitudes, and velocity directions; and contour plots and crosssections of the mound modelled. The outputs of MDFATE consist of on-screen data listings and numerical and graphical outputs. The latter can be displayed on screen and written to a printer or plotter. They include plots of potential sediment transport rates, and two-dimensional contour plots of the disposal area.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
This Users Guide provides guidance on the installation and operation of the ADDAMS (Automated Dredging and Disposal Alternatives Management System) computer program modules STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE, which model the ocean disposal of dredged sediments. The ADDAMS suite is under continuing development by the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg. This Guide is intended to supplement rather than replace the existing users manuals for STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE (Chapter 2). It is based on experience gained during the evaluations of these modules for application to the preliminary assessment of the ocean disposal of dredged sediments under Australian conditions reported in Morris (2004a-d) and Morris (2002). Since the available data were unsuitable for use with STFATE and LTFATE, the analyses described in these reports were undertaken primarily using MDFATE. However, because MDFATE incorporates much of the programming used in STFATE and LTFATE, these analyses constituted evaluations of STFATE and LTFATE as well as MDFATE. The ADDAMS suite, the modules, STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE, and their applications are described in Chapter 2 of the Guide. The hardware, software, installation, architecture, input data requirements, operating characteristics, and outputs of STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE are described in Chapters 3, 4, and 5, respectively.
Chapter 2
The ADDAMS Suite

ADDAMS Program Modules
The US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, has developed the ADDAMS suite of computer modules as a continually evolving personal computer based system that provides a comprehensive set of tools for modelling the land and ocean disposal of dredged sediments. Each module comprises computer programs designed to assist in the evaluation of a single aspect of a dredging project. The ADDAMS dredged material management modules currently available are listed in Table 1. (Water quality modules are not listed). Most are MSDOS based, but some are available in Windows versions (Table 1). Both the ADDAMS modules and the associated user's manuals may be down-loaded, free of charge, from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site at [www.wes.army.mil/el/elmodels/index.html#addams.] However, source coding is available only for the HELP3 module. Addresses for correspondence regarding the performance of the modules and related matters are posted on the Waterways Experiment Station Internet site. Table 1: The ADDAMS suite Applications Combined disposal facilities (CDFs) design Hydraulic retention and efficiency of CDFs Combined effluent pathway evaluation (EFQUAL + LAT-E) Modified elutriate test analysis (effluent quality) Laboratory analysis of toxicity CDF effluent Runoff water quality and dilution needs analysis Laboratory analysis of toxicity CDF runoff Combined runoff pathway evaluation (RUNQUAL + LAT-R) Leachate quality and production prediction Freshwater plant uptake prediction Consolidation and desiccation of dredged fill Dredged material disposal management Fate of continuous discharge mixing zone Short term fate of disposal in open water Long term fate of disposal in open water Fate of multiple discharges in open water Contaminant release from bottom sediments Resuspension and contaminant release by dredge Demonstration of ADDAMS modules Hydrologic evaluation of landfill performance
Module SETTLE DYECON EFFLUENT EFQUAL LAT-E RUNQUAL LAT-R RUNOFF HELPQ PUP PSDDF D2M2 CDFATE STFATE LTFATE MDFATE RECOVERY DREDGE DEMO HELP3
Current Version 3.0 3.0 1.0 (Windows) 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 (Windows) 2.1 1.0 2.1 SPN 1.0 5.01 1.0 1.1 3.0 1.1 2.0 3.07
Concise Description of STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE

The module STFATE models the Short Term FATE of sediments with contaminants disposed of in a single dump from a dredge or barge. LTFATE models the Long Term FATE of sediments on the seabed. MDFATE (Multiple Dump FATE) models the long-term fate of sediments disposed of by multiple (or single) dumps. The corresponding users manuals are E.P.A. Office of Water and Office of Science and Technology and US Army Corps of Engineers (1995) (Chapter 3), Scheffner, Thevenot, Talent and Mason (1995) (Chapter 4), and Moritz (1994) (Chapter 5). In STFATE, disposal is assumed to occur from either a split-hull barge or a hopper dredge. The disposal of a number of different materials is represented by the release of a sequence of convecting clouds at constant time intervals during the total time required for the dredged material to leave the disposal vessel. (A single material type is represented by a single cloud.) The behaviour of each cloud is separated into three phases: convective descent, dynamic collapse, and passive transport-dispersion. In convective descent, the cloud falls under the influence of gravity and its initial momentum is imparted by gravity. Dynamic collapse occurs when the descending cloud either impacts the seabed or arrives at a level of neutral buoyancy, where descent is retarded and horizontal spreading dominates. Passive transport-dispersion commences when material transport is determined more by ambient currents and turbulence than by the dynamics of the disposal operation (E.P.A. Office of Water and Office of Science and Technology and US Army Corps of Engineers, 1995). LTFATE uses coupled hydrodynamic, sediment transport, and bathymetry change models to compute the stability over time of dredged sediments placed in a mound on the seabed as a function of local waves, tides, 2
currents, bathymetry, and sediment size. It was developed to enable existing or proposed disposal sites to be classified as either dispersive or non-dispersive. Mound avalanching is modelled and the effects of storms may be simulated. The seabed sediments may be fixed or moveable. Thus, if the disposal site is dispersive, LTFATE will provide an estimate of the temporal and spatial fate of the dredged sediments and, if applicable, the seabed sediments (Scheffner et al. 1995). However, only relatively simple mound and seabed geometry can be modelled. (There is a significant programming error in LTFATE. Consequently, it cannot be used for some of its intended applications, see Chapter 4. However, MDFATE can be used instead). MDFATE models the same phenomena as both STFATE and LTFATE, except that contaminants are not considered. Almost identical programming is used in both cases. The short-term phenomena modelled by STFATE and wave, tidal, and residual current effects can be neglected if desired. (If tidal effects are neglected, non-zero default inputs are used.) Sediments can be placed in any number of dumps over any length of time, any pattern of dumping can be specified, and both simple and complicated mound or seabed geometry can be modelled (Moritz 1994). In the currently available versions (Table 1) of STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE, some options are inoperative, some outputs are unavailable, and there are programming errors of varying significance. These and other limitations of the modules are discussed in Chapters 3 to 5.
Units
A mixture of metric and US units is used for the input data for STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE, and for the output data from STFATE. However, the outputs of LTFATE and MDFATE are in US units only. Since the source coding for STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE is unavailable, this cannot be changed. (Any consistent set of units can be used with ADDAMS modules such as PSDDF, see Table 1).
Choice of Module
If the fate of contaminants is of concern, it will be necessary to use STFATE and limit the analysis to modelling the fate a single dump from a barge or dredge. STFATE also offers three-dimensional graphical output that is not available from LTFATE or MDFATE (Chapters 3, 4, and 5). If the fate of contaminants is not a consideration, MDFATE, which offers much greater flexibility in both inputs and modelling than either STFATE or LTFATE, will be the best choice for most analyses of dredge spoil disposal. However, LTFATE can be used to provide graphical output of tidal elevation and current input data (Chapter 4) that is not available from MDFATE (Chapter 5). This approach was used in the analyses of the short and long term fate of dredge spoil at ocean disposal sites at Weipa, Townsville, Hay Point, and Mackay described in Morris (2004a-d) and Morris (2002).
Chapter 3
STFATE v. 5.01
Hardware
The STFATE module was designed for a personal computer with an Intel 80386 central processor, an Intel 80387 mathematics co-processor, 640 KB of random access memory, and a hard disk. A wide variety of monochrome or colour monitors may be used (E.P.A. Office of Water and Office of Science and Technology and US Army Corps of Engineers, 1995). A printer or a plotter is required for direct hard copy outputs. STFATE is compatible with a wide variety of printers, but only Hewlett-Packard plotters can be used. Some soft and hardcopy output can also be obtained indirectly using WINDOWS graphics programs and a compatible printer.
Software
The software required for STFATE includes MSDOS and the STFATE software package (E.P.A. Office of Water and Office of Science and Technology and US Army Corps of Engineers, 1995). Suitable versions of MSDOS are accessible from the command prompt within MS WINDOWS. The STFATE software package is available from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site (Chapter 2). No compiler is required to run STFATE, which includes only executable files and data files.
Downloading and Installation

The STFATE users manual file, INLANDC.PDF, which is available from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site (Chapter 2), is in Adobe Acrobat v. 3 format and can be downloaded into any folder (directory). It is 86 pages in length and can be viewed or printed using Adobe Acrobat Reader 3.0 or higher. The latest version of Adobe Acrobat Reader may be downloaded, free of charge, from the Adobe Internet sites at, www.adobe.com/products/acrobat, and elsewhere. The STFATE program file, ZSTFATE.EXE, which is available from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site (Chapter 2) is a self-extracting, compressed archive of the installation routine for STFATE v. 5.01. When ZSTFATE.EXE is requested from the Waterways Experiment Station Internet site, it is automatically downloaded to the MY DOWNLOAD FILES folder in WINDOWS. From there, it can be moved or copied to a temporary folder and extracted by double-clicking on the ZSTFATE.EXE icon. (Alternatively, ZSTFATE.EXE can be started by entering ZSTFATE at the DOS prompt in the temporary folder.) This will extract a number of executable, batch, and other files and the ADDAMS.ZIP, STFATE.ZIP, and HARDWARE.ZIP files into the temporary folder. For simplicity, if more than one ADDAMS module is to be downloaded, the modules should be moved or copied to separate folders prior to extraction and installation. If this is done with two or more modules located in a single folder, it is necessary to both extract and install each module before proceeding to the next. STFATE can then be installed by double clicking on the INSTALL.EXE icon in the temporary folder and following the on-screen instructions. Alternatively, INSTALL.EXE can be started by entering INSTALL at the DOS prompt in the temporary folder. In either case, if they do not already exist, the folder, ADDAMS, and, within it, the folder, STFATE, are then created on the C: (hard disk) drive or other user-specified drive. Alternatively, these folders can be created manually by the user. The ADDAMS.ZIP file should then be moved or copied from the temporary folder to the ADDAMS folder and unzipped using WINZIP. The STFATE.ZIP and HARDWARE.ZIP files should be transferred to the STFATE folder and also unzipped. Installation is then complete. The ADDAMS and STFATE folders initially require 0.2 MB and 6 MB of hard disk storage, respectively. The space required for STFATE will increase as input and output files are generated. The ADDAMS folder is used only to access STFATE and any other ADDAMS modules that have been installed (via the ADDAMS Application Selection Menu). Hence it may be omitted if desired.
Configuration Prior to Running

STFATE requires about 565 KB of free RAM to run. Consequently, on small computers, it may be necessary to unload network and other software prior to program execution (E.P.A. Office of Water and Office of Science and Technology and US Army Corps of Engineers, 1995).
Program Architecture
The architecture of STFATE is described comprehensively in the Waterway Experiment Station STFATE users guide (E.P.A. Office of Water and Office of Science and Technology and US Army Corps of Engineers, 1995). The following is a brief summary of the main features. 4
STFATE uses a menu-driven environment. The Activity Selection Menu is the main menu and is the first encountered when STFATE is started. The options available on the it are F1, Build or Edit an Input Data File; F2, Execute STFATE; F3, Print or View Output; F4, Generate Graphics; F5, Perform Hardware Configuration for Graphics; and an option to terminate STFATE. Selecting option F2, F3, or F4 on the Activity Selection Menu opens the Execution Data File Selection Menu, the Output Data File Selection Menu, and the Graphics File Selection Menu, respectively. The Execution Data File Selection Menu enables the selection of an STFATE data file and its subsequent execution. The Output Data File Selection Menu enables output data files generated by the execution of STFATE to be viewed on screen. The Graphics File Selection Menu enables output graphics to be generated from the output data files. Selecting option F1 on the Activity Selection Menu opens the Evaluation Selection Menu. Of the four options (other than returning to the Activity Selection Menu) presented on this Menu, only options F3, Section 404 (b) (1) Reg. Analysis for Navigable Waters, and F4, Determine Contaminant of Concern Based on Dilution Needs, are operational. (Selecting either F1 or F2 on the Evaluation Selection Menu will also select F3.) Selecting option F3, Section 404 (b) (1) Reg. Analysis for Navigable Waters, on the Evaluation Selection Menu opens the Input Data File Selection Menu. This enables STFATE input data files to be compiled or edited and saved using the Disposal Option Selection, the Input Selection, and the Input File Saving Menus. Selecting option F4, Determine Contaminant of Concern Based on Dilution Needs, on the Evaluation Selection Menu opens the Contaminant File Data Selection Menu. This enables the contaminant of concern to be determined using the Menu for Selection of a Contaminant for Modelling and the Contaminant Data File Saving Menu.
Starting STFATE
STFATE can be run with the computer in MSDOS mode. However, it is generally more convenient to run it from WINDOWS so that WINDOWS programs and multi-tasking are accessible. STFATE is started from WINDOWS by clicking on the MSDOS icon in the PROGRAMS folder (directory). The WINDOWS folder will then be opened in MSDOS. The folder should then be changed to either ADDAMS, if installed, or STFATE. (MSDOS can be closed at any time by entering EXIT at the DOS prompt.) If the ADDAMS folder is selected, the ADDAMS shell program is started by entering ADDAMS at the DOS prompt. Screens with logos, credits, and a disclaimer statement are displayed, followed by the ADDAMS Application Selection Menu. STFATE is then started by selecting it from this Menu. Alternatively, STFATE can be started directly by entering STFATE at the DOS prompt in ADDAMS. If the STFATE folder is selected, STFATE is started by entering STFATE at the DOS prompt. When STFATE is started by any of these procedures, screens with logos, credits, and a disclaimer statement are displayed, followed by the STFATE Activity Selection Menu.
Configuration of Graphics Software

The STFATE graphics software must be configured for the printer, plotter, and monitor to be used by selecting the Perform Hardware Configuration for Graphics option from the Activity Selection Menu. The manufacturer, model, and resolution of the printer; the manufacturer, paper size, port, and baud of the plotter; and the graphics card and display type for the monitor are then selected from the extensive range of options incorporated in STFATE.
Input Data
All input data are entered interactively in STFATE. No external input data files are required or can be used. Only one contaminant at a time can be considered. Consequently, if more than one is present, it is necessary to first determine the most significant, which is denoted the contaminant of concern, or to consider each contaminant in turn. To determine the contaminant of concern, it is necessary to specify for each contaminant considered the water quality criterion (in milligrams per litre), the background concentration, and either the solids concentration of the dredged material and the contaminant concentration in the bulk sediment, or the contaminant concentration in the elutriate. If desired, contaminants can be ignored, and STFATE used to model only the short-term fate of dumped dredge spoil. To model the short term fate of dredge spoil, whether contaminants are considered or not, it is necessary to specify the disposal site topography, seawater parameters, and controls for program input, execution, and output. Descriptions of the dredged sediments and the disposal operation, and the values of a number of model coefficients are also required. The data required to define the disposal site topography are the (rectangular) topographic grid, the water depth, and the bottom roughness. Guidance for the selection of both the dimensions of the grid and the bottom roughness are provided within STFATE. The elevation of the seabed may be constant or vary irregularly. In the latter case, the elevation data are entered interactively on a point-by point basis. Alternatively, the seabed may be specified as a plane sloping in two directions. 5
Seawater velocities and either the water density profile or the salinity and temperature profiles must be specified. The former may be input as an average velocity or a two-point velocity profile, or velocities (in two orthogonal directions) may be specified for the entire topographic grid. The input, execution, and output controls to be specified are the location of the mixing zone, the water quality standard for the contaminant (expressed in milligrams per litre) at the border of the zone or the dilution required to meet the toxicity standard (expressed as a percentage of the initial concentration), the initial concentration of the contaminant in the sediment or in its fluid fraction, and the contaminant background concentration at the disposal site. Alternatively, the location of a zone of initial dilution and the water quality standard at its border or the dilution required to meet the toxicity standard at the border may be specified. If contaminants are to be ignored, dummy input, execution, and output control data must be entered. The data required to describe the dredged sediments are the number (to a maximum of six) of layers of dredge spoil in the disposal vessel, the volume of each layer, the speed of the vessel in two orthogonal directions during the dumping of each layer, and the number (to a maximum of four) of distinct solid fractions (clumps, gravel, sand, silt, and/or clay) and their volumetric concentration in each layer. The specific gravity, fall velocity, void ratio after deposition, and critical shear stress of each solid fraction, and whether it is cohesive or non-cohesive and stripped or not stripped during descent must also be specified. If desired, the entrainment and drag coefficients for the dredged sediments may be adjusted in accordance with their moisture contents. The moisture content/liquid limit ratio for each layer of dredged sediments and the water density or the water salinity and temperature at the dredging site are then also required. The data required to describe the disposal operation are the position of the vessel on the topographic grid; the number, size, and position of bins on the disposal vessel; the number of bins opened simultaneously; the speed in two orthogonal directions of the vessel while the bins are opened; the disposal vessels draft before and after dumping; and the total time required to empty all bins. An option that allows dumping in a seabed depression is also available. However, in this case, the disposal vessel must be stationary during dumping. The dimensions of the depression must be specified. Values of fourteen coefficients are required to accurately specify entrainment, settling, drag, dissipation, apparent mass, and density gradient differences. Default values are supplied and should be used unless sitespecific information is available. However, the value of the diffusion coefficient can be calculated within STFATE if desired. The Pritchard expression is used and no input data are required. Worked STFATE application examples are included in the STFATE users manual (E.P.A. Office of Water and Office of Science and Technology and US Army Corps of Engineers, 1995).
Run Times
The time required to execute STFATE is quoted within the program as up to 60 minutes for a large simulation and about 20 minutes for a typical simulation. However, these estimates are based on the assumption that STFATE will be run on a 33 MHz personal computer with an Intel 80386 central processor. Run times on personal computer equipped with an Intel PENTIUM central processor are an order of magnitude or more smaller.
Outputs
Results from STFATE computations can be displayed in tabular format on screen and written to print files or devices. However, the option in the Output Data File Selection Menu that allows the output data file to be printed is inoperative. The worked STFATE application examples included in the STFATE users manual (E.P.A. Office of Water and Office of Science and Technology and US Army Corps of Engineers, 1995) include examples of output data tables as viewed on screen. The graphics outputs available from STFATE, which are accessed via the Graphics File Selection Menu include plots of the maximum contaminant concentration versus time, the contaminant concentration contours in the horizontal plane, and the thickness of the deposited spoil at the end of the simulation. All are operational. Examples of the first two types of plot are given in the worked application examples in the STFATE users manual. An example of the third derived from the barge disposal worked example in the users manual is shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Thickness of deposited spoil at end of disposal
While direct output of graphics is the most reliable option, some indirect soft and hardcopy graphics output from STFATE can be obtained in WINDOWS by producing an on-screen plot and placing it on the WINDOWS clipboard by simultaneously depressing the Alt and Print Screen keys. The clipboard can be accessed via the programs PHOTO EDITOR or PAINT, which are started by clicking on the corresponding icons in the PROGRAMS folder and the ACCESSORIES folder (in the PROGRAMS folder), respectively. The plot is then pasted into a PHOTO EDITOR or PAINT file, which can be modified prior to saving to disk or printing. This procedure is unsatisfactory for plots of the thickness of the deposited spoil at the end of the simulation because the on-screen plots are very cramped with overlapping numbers on the horizontal scales.
Chapter 4
LTFATE v. 1.0
Hardware
The LTFATE module was designed for a personal computer with an Intel 80386 central processor, an Intel 80387 mathematics co-processor, 620 KB of resident memory, a hard disk, and a VGA monitor. A HewlettPackard LaserJet II or III or compatible printer is required for direct hardcopy output (Scheffner et al., 1995). However, soft and hardcopy output can also be obtained indirectly using WINDOWS graphics programs and any compatible printer.
Software
The software required for LTFATE includes MSDOS v. 3.3 or higher and the LTFATE software package. Suitable versions of MSDOS are accessible from the command prompt within MS WINDOWS. The LTFATE package includes the LTFATE shell programs, modelling programs and data files, topographical grid generation and editing programs, wave field and tide generating programs, and programs for generating graphical output (Scheffner et al. 1995). It is available from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site (Chapter 2). No compiler is required to run LTFATE, which includes only executable files and data files.

The LTFATE users manual file, DRP-95-1.PDF, which is available from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site (Chapter 2), is in Adobe Acrobat v. 3 format and can be down-loaded into any WINDOWS folder (directory). It is 64 pages in length and can be viewed or printed using Adobe Acrobat Reader 3.0 or higher. The latest version of Adobe Acrobat Reader may be downloaded, free of charge, from the Adobe Internet sites at, www.adobe.com/products/acrobat and elsewhere. The LTFATE program file, ZLTFATE.EXE, which is available from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site is a self-extracting, compressed archive of the installation routine for LTFATE v. 1.0. When ZLTFATE.EXE is requested from the Waterways Experiment Station Internet site, it is automatically downloaded to the MY DOWNLOAD FILES folder in WINDOWS. From there, it can be moved or copied to a temporary folder and extracted by double clicking on the zstfate.exe icon. (Alternatively, ZLTFATE.EXE can be started by entering ZLTFATE at the DOS prompt in the temporary folder.) This will extract a number of executable, batch, and other files, and the ADDAMS.ZIP and LTFATE.ZIP files into the temporary folder. For simplicity, if more than one ADDAMS module is to be downloaded, the modules should be moved or copied to separate folders prior to extraction and installation. If this is done with two or more modules located in a single folder, it is necessary to both extract and install each module before proceeding to the next. LTFATE can then be installed by double clicking on the INSTALL.EXE icon in the temporary folder and following the on-screen instructions. Alternatively, INSTALL.EXE can be started by entering INSTALL at the DOS prompt in the temporary folder. In either case, if they do not already exist, the folder, ADDAMS, and, within it, the folder, LTFATE, are then created on the C: (hard disk) drive or other user-specified drive. Alternatively, these folders can be created manually by the user. The ADDAMS.ZIP and LTFATE.ZIP files should then be moved or copied from the temporary folder to the ADDAMS folder and the LTFATE folder, respectively, and unzipped using WINZIP. Installation is then complete. The ADDAMS and LTFATE folders initially require 0.2 MB and 5.2 MB of hard disk storage, respectively. The space required for LTFATE will increase as input files are added and output files are generated. The ADDAMS folder is used only to access LTFATE and any other ADDAMS modules that have been installed (via the ADDAMS Application Selection Menu). Hence it may be omitted if desired.
Configuration Prior To Running

LTFATE may access all memory within the 640 KB MSDOS limit. Consequently it may be necessary to run it (from the DOS prompt) with all resident memory programs removed to ensure enough memory is available for execution (Scheffner et al., 1995). Changes may be necessary to the CONFIG.SYS file (on the C: drive) if the FILES and BUFFERS lines of the CONFIG.SYS file are absent or if they are set to values that are too small (Scheffner et al. 1995). Because CONFIG.SYS is processed only when the operating system starts, any changes that are made will take effect only after the system is re-booted.
Setting FILES (e.g. FILES=32) in CONFIG.SYS defines the maximum number of files that can be open at any one time. In MSDOS v. 5, any number of files from 8 to 255 may be specified, and the default value is 30 (Dvorak & Anis, 1992). LTFATE may operate satisfactorily with this, but may require 32 or more. In MSDOS v. 5 or higher, the number of buffers is set automatically and need not be considered. For 512 KB of random access memory and MSDOS v. 3.3 or higher, any number of buffers from 1 to 99 may be specified (Dvorak & Anis, 1992). The default of 15 may be sufficient for LTFATE to operate satisfactorily. If necessary, it can be increased by setting BUFFERS (e.g. BUFFERS=20) in CONFIG.SYS. LTFATE cannot be configured for direct hard copy output on hardware other than Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printers. If these are not available, indirect methods of obtaining soft or hard copies of outputs must be used.
The architecture of LTFATE is described comprehensively in the Waterway Experiment Station STFATE users guide (Scheffner et al. 1995). The following is a brief summary of the main features. LTFATE, which uses a menu-driven environment, consists of the three main programs, PC_WAVEFIELD, PC_TIDAL, and PC_LTFATE. The programs PC_WAVEFIELD and PC_TIDAL are primarily used to generate input files required by PC_LTFATE, but may also be used independently (Morris 2004a-d). The three programs are accessed from the LTFATE Main Menu, which also offers the options of quitting LTFATE or shelling to DOS. (If the latter is selected, the user must input EXIT at the DOS prompt to return to LTFATE.) Selecting PC Wavefield (PC_WAVEFIELD) on the LTFATE Main Menu opens the Wave Field 1.0 Menu. This offers the options returning to the Main Menu or running the wave Simulation Program, the wave Statistical Program, or the Histogram Plotting and Time Series Plotting programs. Site-specific wave input data files are required to run the Simulation and Statistical Programs. The input data are used to generate arbitrarily long, simulated wave-field databases for input into PC_LTFATE. The two plotting programs are disabled until both the Simulation and Statistical Programs have been run. Their outputs, which are derived from the simulated wave-field databases, are described later in this chapter. Selecting PC Tidal (PC_TIDAL) on the LTFATE Main Menu opens the Tidal Menu. This offers the options of returning to the Main Menu or running either the Tide Simulation Program, which simulates an arbitrarily long tide sequence, or the Tide Plotting Program. Site-specific tidal harmonic constituent input data files are required to run the Tide Simulation Program. The Tide Plotting Program is disabled until the Tide Simulation Program has been run. Its output is described in Outputs. Selecting PC_LTFATE (PC_LTFATE) on the LTFATE Main Menu opens the PC Dredge 1.0 Menu. (PC_LTFATE should be run only after PC Wavefield and PC Tidal have been executed. The PC Dredge 1.0 Menu offers the options of returning to the Main Menu or running the Mound Topography Creation Program, the Mound Movement Simulation Program, the Mound Contour Plotting Program, or the Mound Cross-section Plotting Program. The Mound Topography Creation Program creates new mound topography files and revises existing files. However, only the mound elevations can be revised. The topography of the new or revised mound can be viewed using the Mound Contour Plotting Program. The Mound Movement Simulation program enables the simulation of long-term mound movement under the effects of waves, tides, and currents, or of storm induced mound movement. However, the long-term option contains a programming error. The long term and storm options both allow the creation of simple pyramidal mounds or the use of topography files produced by the Mound Topography Creation Program. Both require interactive data input, but the storm option also requires access to an external input data file. The topography of the mound at specified times during either simulation can be viewed (after the simulation is completed) using the Mound Contour Plotting Program and the Mound Cross-section Plotting Program.
Programming Error in PC LTFATE 1.0

There is a programming error in the long-term simulation option in the Mound Movement Simulation Program in PC LTFATE 1.0 (See Program Architecture). Following the final regular interactive input data entry (See Input Data), PC LTFATE 1.0 should initiate automatically and run to completion. However, the program immediately requests further, irregular data entry with ENTER DEPTH (METERS) OF WIS WAVE INPUT and pauses until numerical data are entered. After data are entered, PC LTFATE 1.0 may run to completion or terminate prematurely, depending on the simulation to be run and the data input. No reliable guidance is available on either the nature of the programming error or of the input data requested. It is consequently recommended that LTFATE not be used for long-term simulations of mound movement. MDFATE, which does not contain an equivalent programming error, can be used for such simulations (Chapter 5), with the added advantage that complicated mound and seabed geometry can be modelled (Chapter 2).
Starting LTFATE
LTFATE can be run with the computer in MSDOS mode. However, it is generally more convenient to run it from WINDOWS so that WINDOWS programs and multi-tasking are accessible. 9
LTFATE is started from WINDOWS by clicking on the MSDOS icon in the PROGRAMS folder (directory). The WINDOWS folder will then be opened in MSDOS. The folder should then be changed to either ADDAMS, if installed, or LTFATE. (MSDOS can be closed at any time by entering EXIT at the DOS prompt.) If the ADDAMS folder is selected, the ADDAMS shell program is started by entering ADDAMS at the DOS prompt. Screens with logos, credits, and a disclaimer statement are displayed, followed by the ADDAMS Application Selection Menu. LTFATE is then started by selecting it from this Menu. Alternatively, LTFATE can be started directly by entering LTFATE at the DOS prompt in ADDAMS. If the LTFATE folder is selected, LTFATE is started by entering LTFATE at the DOS prompt. When LTFATE is started by any of these procedures, screens with logos, credits, and a disclaimer statement are displayed, followed by the LTFATE Main Menu.
Input Data
Data must be entered interactively in PC_WAVEFIELD, PC_TIDAL, and PC_LTFATE. In addition, the external user-supplied ASCII input data files, HPDSIM.OUT, TIDAL.DAT, and STORM.DAT may be required. Examples of these files that are included in LTFATE v. 1.0 are used in the tutorials incorporated in the LTFATE users manual (Scheffner et al., 1995). However, site-specific input data files are required for all analyses.
Input data for PC_WAVEFIELD

PC_WAVEFIELD requires the interactive input of the duration of the wave simulation to be run and access to the external wave data file, HPDSIM.OUT, which must be in the LTFATE folder. HPDSIM.OUT consists of a 3-hr-increment time series of wave height, period, and direction. For sites outside the US, it must be supplied by the user. The required formatting is given in Appendix B of the LTFATE users manual (Scheffner et al., 1995). HPDSIM.OUT can be generated internally in PC_WAVEFIELD for sites in the US for which HDPRE.OUT data files are available (Borgman & Scheffner 1991). These files are part of the output of the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Wave Information Study. If a HDPRE.OUT file is used to generate HPDSIM.OUT, the month and year of the beginning and end of the simulation, and a random number seed must be input interactively.
Input data for PC_TIDAL

PC_TIDAL requires the interactive input of the duration of the tide simulation and access to the ASCII tidal data file, TIDAL.DAT, which must be in the LTFATE folder. TIDAL.DAT comprises tidal amplitude and epoch harmonic constituents for both elevations and currents. It is used by PC_TIDAL to generate elevation and current constituents in the appropriate format for input into PC_LTFATE. For sites outside the US, the user must generate TIDAL.DAT files by means of harmonic analyses of tidal elevation and current time series data. Examples of the use of external data are given in Scheffner and Talent (1994) and Morris (2004a-d). The example of a TIDAL.DAT file shown in Table 2 was assembled for the analyses of the Mackay ocean disposal site described in Morris (2004d). The file consists of two lines of informational data followed by the number of harmonic constituents in the file, the average elevation, and the velocity components directed towards the north and east, respectively. Two additional lines of informational data are followed by the name and speed and the amplitudes and epochs of the tidal elevation and currents for each constituent. Up to 50 constituents can be used in LTFATE. The required formatting is given in Appendix B of the LTFATE users manual (Scheffner et al., 1995).
10
Table 2: Tidal harmonic constituent input data ile for Mackay ocean disposal site Mackay, Queensland Tidal Harmonic Constituents
CONST M2 S2 K1 O1 Sa Msf Q1 P1 2N2 MU2 N2 NU2 L2 T2 K2 MN4 M4 MS4 2MN6 2MS6 20 0.0 SPEED-D/H 28.984104 30.000000 15.041070 13.943034 0.041067 1.015895 13.398661 14.958932 27.895355 27.968208 28.439730 28.512583 29.528479 29.958933 30.082136 57.423834 57.968208 58.984103 86.407938 87.968208 -2.1 9.2 AMP-M EPOCH-D HEIGHT 1.67 322.00 0.61 0.39 0.20 0.10 0.01 0.04 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.41 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.18 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.04 320.80 186.80 147.40 350.10 282.70 123.80 183.50 296.80 64.80 304.00 301.40 308.90 303.90 318.50 0.00 188.90 182.30 0.00 252.20 AMP-C/S EPOCH-D VEL-U 53.3 22. 23.4 3.0 1.4 0.0 2.9 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.2 14.7 0.0 6.0 0.0 7.0 1.5 2.9 2.4 2.3 3.1 29. 186. 93. 0. 157. 128. 183. 0. 233. 6. 0. 19. 0. 19. 166. 176. 170. 296. 311. AMP-C/S EPOCH-D VEL-V 2.9 113. 0.3 1.5 0.7 0.0 2.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.4 132. 302. 268. 0. 355. 359. 298. 0. 299. 2. 0. 282. 0. 123. 71. 68. 75. 3. 5.
Input data for PC_LTFATE

The Mound Topography Creation Program in PC_LTFATE requires interactive data entry only. The drive, path, and name of the file, the file description, the averaged depth of the surrounding seabed, the grid spacing, the mound boundaries, and the elevations of the mound within the boundaries are required. To run the long-term mound movement option of the Mound Movement Simulation Program (See Program Architecture), output files from PC_WAVEFIELD and PC_TIDAL are required. Hence the Simulation Program should be run only after both PC_WAVEFIELD and PC_TIDAL have been executed. In addition, the interactive entry of the median particle size of the mound sediments, the residual current velocity magnitude and direction, the duration of the simulation, and the output interval are required. The latter must be a multiple of 3 hrs. It is also necessary to either import a bottom geometry file generated by the Mound Topography Creation Program or create a simple mound geometry file. (Only disposal sites that are rectangular in plan can be modelled.) In the latter case, the grid spacing, average depth, maximum mound elevation above the seabed, and average mound diameter must be input. Finally, the mound sediment material type and its angle of initial yield for avalanching and residual angle after shearing are required. The Possible Dredged Material menu within Mound Movement Simulation Program offers the material type options of sand, clay/sand mixture, inorganic clays, and organic clays. However, only the sand option is operational. To run the storm option of the Mound Movement Simulation Program, interactive data entry identical with that required for the long term mound movement option is necessary. In addition, access to the external ASCII storm data file, STORM.DAT, which must be in the LTFATE folder, is required. STORM.DAT files should describe a particular storm event or a storm event of assumed shape and duration and must be assembled from existing databases or by the user. They consist of 3-hr-increment storm surge elevation and current time series hydrographs together with the corresponding storm wave heights and periods. The required formatting is given in Appendix B of the LTFATE users manual (Scheffner et al., 1995). The Mound Contour Plotting Program requires access to the output of the Mound Topography Creation Program or of long term or storm simulations in PC_LTFATE. Contours may be plotted without data input using the Contour Levels option or at specified levels using the Contour Lines option. In the latter case, the number of contours and the levels of the minimum and maximum contour levels must be supplied. The Mound Cross-section Plotting Program requires access to the output of long term or storm simulations in PC_LTFATE. The distance of the cross-section from the mound centre-line must be entered interactively.
Run Times
The time required to execute programs in LTFATE is minimal, ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes, on personal computers equipped with Intel PENTIUM central processors. Run times on personal computers equipped with Intel 80386 central processors and mathematics co-processors, the minimum required to run LTFATE, are about 30 times greater. 11
Outputs
The results of LTFATE computations can be displayed in graphical format on the monitor screen and written to the printer. All graphics output options for LTFATE are operational. The Histogram Plotting and Time Series Plotting Programs in the Wave Field 1.0 Menu generate wave height, period, and direction histograms and time series plots based on the simulated wave-field databases generated by the wave Simulation and Statistical Programs in the Wave Field 1.0 Menu. Examples of these plots are presented in the worked application examples in the LTFATE users manual (Scheffner et al. 1995). The periods represented in these plots are determined by the input for the wave Statistical Program. The maximum periods that can be represented in the histogram and time series plots are 625 days and 375 days, respectively. The Tide Plotting Program in the Tidal Menu generates time history plots of the tide elevation, the northsouth and east-west tidal (stream) velocity component magnitudes, and the tidal velocity directions based on the output of the Tide Simulation Program in the Tidal Menu. Examples of these plots derived in analyses of the Townsville ocean disposal site (Morris 2004b) are shown in Figures 4.1 to 4.4. (Examples are also presented in the LTFATE users manual.) Figures 4.1 to 4.3 represent periods of one year, while Figure 4.4 represents a period of 312 days, the maximum allowed by LTFATE. The maximum period allowed for both the elevation and velocity magnitude plots is 416 days. The period represented is determined by the input for the Tide Simulation Program. There is a spelling error in the fixed output of the velocity direction plots. This was corrected manually in Figure 4.4, which was saved as a bitmap file in MS PAINT. Figure 4.1: Tidal elevations based on Townsville Fairway Beacon elevation data
12
Figure 4.2: North-south tidal velocity magnitudes based on Townsville Port Authority current meter data
Figure 4.3: East-west tidal velocity magnitudes based on Townsville Port Authority current meter data
13
Figure 4.4: Tidal velocity directions based on Townsville Port Authority current meter data
The Mound Contour Plotting Program in the PC Dredge 1.0 Menu generates contour plots of the mound modelled at the start of mound-movement simulations and at other, user-specified times during the simulations. (The user can scroll through the plots by depressing the Enter key or clicking the left button on the mouse.) The Mound Cross-section Plotting Program generates cross-sections of the mound at user-specified locations (at all user-specified times). Only cross-sections parallel to the horizontal axis on the on-screen contour plots can be plotted. Examples of these plots are presented in the worked application examples in the LTFATE users manual. Indirect soft and hardcopy graphics output from LTFATE can be obtained in WINDOWS by producing an on-screen plot and placing it on the WINDOWS clipboard by simultaneously depressing the Alt and Print Screen keys. The clipboard can be accessed via the programs PHOTO EDITOR or PAINT, which are started by clicking on the corresponding icons in the PROGRAMS folder and the ACCESSORIES folder (in the PROGRAMS folder), respectively. The plot is then pasted into a PHOTO EDITOR or PAINT file, which can be modified prior to saving to disk or printing.
14
Chapter 5
MDFATE v.1.1
Hardware
The MDFATE module was designed for personal computers with an Intel 80486 central processor and mathematics co-processor or a PENTIUM central processor. At least 526 KB of available (free) DOS controlled random access memory and a VGA monitor are also required (Moritz, 1994). A printer or a plotter is required for direct hard copy outputs. MDFATE is compatible with a wide variety of printers, but only Hewlett-Packard compatible plotters can be used. However, soft and hardcopy output can also be obtained indirectly using WINDOWS graphics programs and any compatible printer (See Outputs).
Software
The software required for MDFATE includes MSDOS v.5.0 or higher and the MDFATE software package. Suitable versions of MSDOS are accessible from the command prompt within MS WINDOWS. The MDFATE software package includes the MDFATE shell programs, installation programs for monitor and printer access, short and long term modelling programs and data files, topographical grid generation and editing programs, wave field and tide generating programs, and utility programs for generating graphical output and calculating volumes and transport rates (Moritz, 1994). It is available from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site (Chapter 2). No compiler is required to run MDFATE, which includes only executable files and data files.

The MDFATE users manual file, MDFATE.PDF, which is available from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site (Chapter 2), is in Adobe Acrobat v. 3 format and can be down-loaded into any WINDOWS folder (directory). It is 43 pages in length can be viewed or printed using Adobe Acrobat Reader 3.0 or higher. The latest version of Adobe Acrobat Reader may be down-loaded, free of charge, from the Adobe Internet sites at, www.adobe.com/products/acrobat and elsewhere. The MDFATE program file, ZMDFATE.EXE, which is available from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Internet site (Chapter 2) is a self-extracting, compressed archive of the installation routine for MDFATE v. 1.1. When ZMDFATE.EXE is requested from the Waterways Experiment Station Internet site, it is automatically down-loaded to the MY DOWNLOAD FILES folder in WINDOWS. From there, it can be moved or copied to a temporary folder and extracted by double clicking on the ZMDFATE.EXE icon. (Alternatively, ZMDFATE.EXE can be started by entering ZMDFATE at the DOS prompt in the temporary folder.) This will extract a number of executable, batch, and other files and the ADDAMS.ZIP, MDFATE1.ZIP, and MDFATE2.ZIP files into the temporary folder. For simplicity, if more than one ADDAMS module is to be down-loaded, the modules should be moved or copied to separate folders prior to extraction and installation. If this is done with two or more modules located in a single folder, it is necessary to both extract and install each module before proceeding to the next. MDFATE can then be installed by double clicking on the INSTALL.EXE icon in the temporary folder and following the on-screen instructions. Alternatively, INSTALL.EXE can be started by entering INSTALL at the DOS prompt in the temporary folder. (Press the Enter key to continue when INSTALL.EXE pauses and requests Disk 2.) In either case, if they do not already exist, the folder, ADDAMS, and, within it, the folder, MDFATE, are then created on the C: (hard disk) drive or other user-specified drive. Alternatively, these folders can be created manually by the user. The ADDAMS.ZIP file should then be moved or copied from the temporary subdirectory to the ADDAMS folder and unzipped using WINZIP. The MDFATE1.ZIP and MDFATE2.ZIP files should be moved or copied to the MDFATE folder and also unzipped. Installation is then complete. The ADDAMS and MDFATE folders initially require 0.2 MB and 9.3 MB of hard disk storage, respectively. The space required for MDFATE will increase as input files are added and output files are generated. The ADDAMS folder is used only to access MDFATE and any other ADDAMS modules that have been installed (via the ADDAMS Application Selection Menu). Hence it may be omitted if desired.
Configuration Prior To Running

Pre-existing resident software may compete for the random access memory required by MDFATE. Consequently, the pre-existing CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files may require modification to enable MDFATE to execute (Moritz, 1994). Because CONFIG.SYS is processed only when the operating system starts, any changes that are made will take effect only after the system is re-booted. 15
It may be necessary to configure MDFATE for the available graphics, monitor, printer, or plotter by installing both LOOK.EXE and UT1.EXE using INSTALL.EXE. This is done by typing INSTALL at the DOS prompt in the MDFATE folder. INSTALL will then ask for the name of the file to install, and the user must respond by entering the file name and extension and answering the on-screen prompts. An extensive range of hardware options is incorporated in MDFATE. As defaults, both LOOK.EXE and UT1.EXE are configured for VGA video graphics and Hewlett-Packard printing (Moritz, 1994).
Multi-tasking
Running times in MDFATE may be lengthy. Consequently, multi-tasking (that is, opening and running MDFATE more than once at the same time) in WINDOWS may be desirable. MDFATE is MSDOS based and is accessed in the normal way from WINDOWS via the MSDOS prompt in the Programs menu. However, if multitasking is attempted using an MDFATE module installed in a single folder, the runs will terminate prematurely if WINDOWS attempts to access programs within the folder more than once at any time. This restriction can be circumvented by replicating the entire MDFATE module within separate folders, and running it entirely within those folders. Otherwise unused data files within the original MDFATE folder can be accessed from the replicate MDFATE folders, if desired, but it is simpler to either move or copy them to the replicate folders as required.
The architecture of MDFATE is described at length in the Waterway Experiment Station MDFATE users (Moritz 1994). The following is a brief summary of the main features. MDFATE uses a menu-driven environment. The Activity Selection Menu is the main MDFATE menu and the first menu encountered when MDFATE is started. The options available on the Activity Selection Menu are F1, Create an Open Water Disposal Site Grid; F2, Update or Edit the Bathymetry of an Existing Site Grid; F3, Simulate Dredged Material Disposal Within an Existing Grid; F4, View MDFATE Output: Grid Bathymetry, Disposal Summary Data; F5, Access Utilities for Mounds, Volumes, or Transport Rates; and an option to terminate MDFATE. Selecting option F1 on the Activity Selection Menu opens the Open Water Disposal Area Grid Generation Menu. This and all other Menus accessible from the Activity Selection Menu offer the option of returning to that Menu. To generate a new disposal site grid, it is first necessary to specify its name and DOS path. (In this and all other MDFATE Menus, the DOS path may be omitted if the file is in the MDFATE folder.) The new disposal site grid parameters can then be entered and the new grid created. Selecting option F2 on the Activity Selection Menu opens the Open Water Disposal Area Grid Editor Menu. The name and DOS path of an existing grid file that is to be edited are then entered. The new disposal area grid parameters can then be entered and the grid revised. Selecting option F3 on the Activity Selection Menu opens the Simulation of Open Water Dredged Material Disposal Menu. This enables the name and DOS path of the disposal site grid on which disposal is to be simulated to be entered. The disposal operation parameters can then be entered, and the simulations executed. All output data files are generated automatically and saved with the six-character root name specified by the user and three-character suffixes supplied by MDFATE. The available options include simulations that only track sediments that are already on the seabed, and others that include spoil dumping operations. The output of any simulation can be used as the input for another. Thus disposal operations of virtually any length and complexity may by modelled. Selecting option F4 on the Activity Selection Menu opens the Viewing Utility Menu. This enables the onscreen listing of data and the generation of graphical output. The name and DOS path of the file for the disposal site grid for which the output is required are entered, and the desired output is then specified and generated. Selecting option F5 on the Activity Selection Menu opens the Utilities Menu. This enables the determination of potential sediment transport rates under the effects of waves (no topographical grid is required, and the generation of a simple mound feature on an existing topographical grid. It is also possible to calculate the volume within a topographical grid above a specified elevation and the volume difference between any two topographical grids of the same plan dimensions. In addition, a surface describing the difference between any two such grids can also be generated (See Outputs).
Starting MDFATE
MDFATE can be run with the computer in MSDOS mode. However, it is generally more convenient to run it from WINDOWS so that WINDOWS programs and multi-tasking are accessible. MDFATE is started from WINDOWS by clicking on the MSDOS icon in the PROGRAMS folder. The WINDOWS folder (directory) will then be opened in MSDOS. The folder should then be changed to either ADDAMS, if installed, or MDFATE. (MSDOS can be closed at any time by entering EXIT at the DOS prompt.) If the ADDAMS folder is selected, the ADDAMS shell program is started by entering ADDAMS at the DOS prompt. Screens with logos, credits, and a disclaimer statement are displayed, followed by the ADDAMS 16
Application Selection Menu. MDATE is then started by selecting it from the menu. Alternatively, MDFATE can be started directly by entering MDFATE at the DOS prompt in ADDAMS. If the MDFATE folder is selected, MDFATE is started by entering MDFATE at the DOS prompt. When MDFATE is started by any of these procedures, screens with logos, credits, and a disclaimer statement are displayed, followed by the MDFATE Activity Selection Menu.
Input Data
Some input data must be entered in upper case characters to be recognised by MDFATE. For simplicity, it is recommended that upper case characters be used for all interactive data entry. To model sediment disposal, it is necessary to define the disposal site topographic grid, to specify the duration of dumping (if relevant) and of the whole period modelled, and to specify the values of numerous parameters associated with the processes of interest. The latter include the wave and tidal environments. The input data required for this and for the preliminary estimation of sediment transport rates and the calculation of the volumes of dredged sediments added to or removed from disposal sites are described both in this section and in the worked MDFATE application example included in the MDFATE users manual (Moritz, 1994).
Sediment transport rates

The input data required to calculate potential sediment transport rates (in the Utilities Menu, see Program Architecture) are the wave height and period, the water depth, and the sediment grain size. Cohesive or noncohesive transport relationships are used, depending on the input grain size (Moritz 1994). The outputs are described in the Outputs section of this Chapter.
Disposal site grids

Only disposal sites that are rectangular in plan can be modelled. The input data required to generate a disposal site grid (in the Open Water Disposal Area Grid Generation Menu, see Program Architecture) are the disposal site corner co-ordinates, which are entered as eastings and northings or as latitudes and longitudes, and the width and length of the site. The grid mesh must also be specified (in increments of 10 ft). A maximum of 9500 grid points can be used (Moritz, 1994), but grids comprising fewer than 2000 points give satisfactory results. The number of grid points used has a considerable effect on the speed of the computations (Morris, 2004a-d). To define a smooth-bottom grid, it is also necessary to specify the elevation of the north-west corner and the slopes in the east-west and north-south directions. Circular mounds and elongated berms can be superimposed on smooth-bottomed grids (in the Utilities Menu, see Program Architecture). The inputs required for a circular mound are the location of the centre, the base diameter, the maximum elevation above the seabed, and the side slope. The inputs required for an elongated berm are the locations of the corners, the width and elevation of the crest above the seabed, and the side slope. Complicated site bathymetry can be input using external ASCII data files. These must consist of eastings, northings, and elevations (in ft units) compiled in any order in three columns separated by spaces. File names must consist of any six-character root name followed by any three-character extension. No headings may be used (Moritz 1994). The file name and the DOS path are requested by MDFATE during data entry prior to the execution of the simulation. If the input file is located in the MDFATE folder, the DOS path can be omitted. The recording interval for the survey on which the file is based is also required. The MDFATE grid mesh should be no smaller than one quarter of the recording interval (Moritz 1994). Part of a typical ASCII bathymetry input file for MDFATE is shown in Table 3 (Morris, 2004b). The three columns represent eastings, northings, and depths, respectively. The eastings and northings were reduced to six digits to comply with the limitations of the MDFATE graphics programs. The bathymetry data files used in the MDFATE analyses described in Morris (2004a-d) ranged in length from less than 600 to more than 9000 lines of data.
17
Table 3: Bathymetry input data file for Townsville ocean disposal site 619208 619260 619383 619416 619476 618852 619552 619609 619679 619725 619778 619840 619924 618914 619974 620020 620076 620174 620278 620320 620396 620449 (etc.) 862127 826193 862395 862477 862572 860623 862676 862757 862850 862925 863026 863119 863282 860738 863390 863469 863555 863690 863881 863956 864082 864155 44.6 44.7 44.7 45.0 45.2 42.9 45.4 45.6 45.5 45.5 45.8 45.7 45.9 43.0 46.2 46.2 46.1 46.4 46.5 46.8 46.9 47.1
Existing disposal site grids can be edited (in the Open Water Disposal Area Grid Editor Menu, See Program Architecture) interactively on a point by point basis, or by importing bathymetry data in an ASCII data file. The input data required for point by point editing are the number of points to be edited (to a maximum of 500), and the easting, northing and depth for each point. The format of the ASCII input files used for grid editing is identical with that of the files used for grid generation.
Long term processes

If only the long term processes that affect dredged material already deposited on the seabed are to be simulated (in the Simulation of Open Water Dredged Material Disposal Menu, see Program Architecture), it is necessary to input the duration of the simulation; the residual (non-tidal) water speed and direction; and wave, tide, and dredged sediment data. The required wave and tide input data are described in the sections Wave data and Tide data, respectively. It is also necessary to specify whether the elevation output data are to be in datum or relief format, and whether the seabed sediment has been dredged mechanically or hydraulically. (The method of dredging used affects the dredged material avalanching process, Moritz 1994.) The output format selected must be used consistently throughout any given analysis. MDFATE simulations can range in duration from seven to 770 days, in seven-day increments. However, because the output of any simulation can be used as the input for another, periods of any duration can be modelled. The dredged sediment data that are required include the bulk void ratio of the sediments on the seabed, the median particle size, and the respective percentages of sand, silt, and clay size particles present. The minimum percentage of sand that can be specified varies with the specified median particle size. Any median particle size from fine gravel to clay size (about 3 mm to 0.001 mm) can be used if a sand fraction of 80% or more is specified. However, the minimum allowable median particle size decreases with the specified percentage of sand. (These limitations may be linked to the unavailability of the cohesive sediment option, see Short term processes). It is possible to specify that the seabed sediments are either fixed or moveable in both short and long term simulations. However, in long term simulations, they must be specified as moveable.
Short term processes

If the short term processes that affect the descent of dredge spoil from a disposal vessel to the seabed or both these and the long term process that affect dredged material already deposited on the seabed are to be simulated (in the Simulation of Open Water Dredged Material Disposal Menu, see Program Architecture), it is necessary to input the duration of dumping and of the overall simulation; the residual (non-tidal) water speed and direction; dredged sediment and seawater data; dredge dimensions and operating parameters; the quantity of spoil dumped; and wave and tide data. The required wave and tide input data are described in Wave data and Tide data, 18
respectively. It is also necessary to specify whether the elevation output data are to be in datum or relief format, and whether the seabed sediment has been dredged mechanically or hydraulically. The duration of both dumping and of the overall simulation can range from seven to 770 days, in seven-day increments, but spoil disposal can be modelled only at the beginning of a simulation. However, because the output of any simulation can be used as the input for another, periods of any duration and disposal campaigns of any complexity can be modelled. A maximum of four different sediment types can be modelled. The dredged sediment data required for each sediment type include the specific gravity, the volume fraction of solids in the dredge hopper, the median particle size, the bulk void ratio of the sediments on the seabed, and the critical shear stress for avalanching. It is also necessary to specify whether each sediment type is cohesive or non-cohesive, whether it is stripped during descent, and whether the seabed sediments are fixed or moveable. A table of representative values of sediment geotechnical parameters is incorporated in MDFATE. Unfortunately, the cohesive sediment option is currently unavailable. Consequently, cohesive sediments must be specified as non-cohesive, and the minimum median particle size that can be modelled is 0.006 mm. MDFATE may become unstable if the specified volume fraction of solids in the dredge hopper is less than about 0.5. This can be prevented by inputting an artificially high volume fraction of solids in the hopper, and reducing the in-hopper volume of spoil commensurately. This appears to have little effect on the overall results obtained (Morris, 2004a,b). (The instability may be linked to the unavailability of the cohesive sediment option.) The seawater data required are the water column density at the disposal site at a minimum of two depths, and the water density at the dredge site. An indicative range of values is incorporated in MDFATE. The dredge data required include the type of vessel (barge, scow, or hopper dredge) used; its operating capacity, length, beam, and loaded and unloaded drafts; the time required to dump a single load; and the speed and heading during dumping. For multiple hopper dredges, the total number of bins, the number of bins to be emptied simultaneously, the dimensions of the bin door openings, and the bin spacing are also required. MDFATE may become unstable if the distance travelled during dumping is a large fraction of the dimensions of the disposal site modelled (Morris, 2004d). It is also necessary to specify the minimum navigable depth (the depth above which dredge spoil cannot be placed) and the minimum distance from the disposal site boundaries that spoil may be placed. During dumping, the dredge may be located at random positions within a specified radius of a predetermined point, individual disposal points may be specified interactively on a load-by-load basis, or disposal may be controlled by co-ordinate locations listed in an ASCII input data file supplied by the user. There is also an option to dump at random positions along a specified transect, but this gives erroneous outputs and should not be used. If dumping at individual disposal points is specified, MDFATE will request the eastings and northings of each point during the execution of the simulation. External ASCII input data files used to control disposal must consist of eastings and northings (in ft units) compiled in any order in two columns separated by spaces (see Table 3). File names must consist of any six-character root name followed by any three-character extension. No headings may be used (Moritz, 1994). The file name and the DOS path are requested by MDFATE during data entry prior to the execution of the simulation.
Wave data
There are three options for inputting wave data. The method to be used is entered interactively in the Continue with Specifying Disposal Operation Parameters option in the Simulation of Open Water Dredged Material Disposal Menu. Data can be entered in the form of the external user-supplied ASCII input data file, HDPRE.OUT, which must be located in the MDFATE folder or as average wave parameters, or the effects of waves can be neglected. HDPRE.OUT files are available only from the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Wave Information Study Internet site for some locations in the United States. They can be derived for other sites from time series of wave height, period and direction using the program HDPRE (Borgman & Scheffner, 1991; Scheffner & Borgman, 1992), but this program is not available to the public. Consequently, the only options available for Australian disposal sites are to use average parameters or ignore the effects of waves. If average wave parameters are used, the wave height, period, and direction must be specified. The wave heights and periods used in MDFATE are not defined in the users manual (Moritz, 1994), but data from the Wave Information Study Internet site that are intended for use with MDFATE indicate that Hm0, the spectrally significant wave height, and either Tp, the wave period at the peak spectral energy, or Tsig, the average period of the highest one-third of zero up-crossing wave heights should be used. The period Tp was used in the studies of the Weipa, Townsville, Hay Point, and Mackay disposal sites reported in Morris (2004a-d) and Morris (2002). If the effects of waves are neglected, MDFATE uses default values for the average wave height, period, and direction of 0.61 m, 3.0 s, and 0o, which corresponds to wave movement from north to south. These values represent a low wave energy environment comparable to that of many Queensland spoil disposal sites. However, the wave energy environment can be even lower at some sites (Morris, 2002).
19
Tide data
There are two options for the inputting of tide data. The method to be used is entered interactively in the Continue with Specifying Disposal Operation Parameters option in the Simulation of Open Water Dredged Material Disposal Menu. Data can be entered in the form of the external user-supplied ASCII input data file, TIDAL.DAT, which must be located in the MDFATE folder, or, if no suitable data are available, the effects of tides can be ignored. TIDAL.DAT comprises tidal amplitude and epoch harmonic constituents for both elevations and currents at the location of the mound to be studied. For sites outside the US, the user must generate TIDAL.DAT files by means of harmonic analyses of tidal elevation and current time series data. A maximum of 20 constituents can be used in MDFATE. Examples of the use of external data are given in Scheffner and Talent (1994) and Morris (2004a-d). The TIDAL.DAT files (see Table 2) used in LTFATE differ from those used in MDFATE only in the maximum number of tidal harmonic constituents that can be used. The required formatting for TIDAL.DAT files for both MDFATE and LTFATE is given in Appendix B of the LTFATE users manual (Scheffner et al. 1995).
Volume calculations
To calculate the volume above a specified elevation in a topographic grid or the volume between two grids (in the Utilities Menu, see Program Architecture), one or more disposal site topographic grids generated within MDFATE are required.
Run Times
The time required to run the MDFATE pre and post-processing programs (in the Utilities Menu, see Program Architecture) is minimal. However, depending on its duration and complexity, the time required to execute a disposal operation simulation (in the Simulation of Open Water Dredged Material Disposal Menu), ranges from a few minutes to more than an hour on personal computers equipped with an Intel PENTIUM central processor. Run times on personal computers equipped with an Intel 80486 central processor and mathematics co-processor are significantly longer. However, the total time required for multiple MDFATE analyses can be reduced if multi-tasking in WINDOWS is used.
Outputs
The outputs of MDFATE consist of on-screen data listings and numerical and graphical outputs. Two on-screen data listings are offered in the Viewing Utility Menu (See Program Architecture), but only the Listing of the Disposal Area Summary Data is currently operational. The available numerical outputs are the volume above a specified elevation within a topographical grid and the volume difference between two grids. No tide time series or histogram plots can be plotted using MDFATE. However, because the TIDAL.DAT files that are used in MDFATE can also be used in LTFATE, these plots can be obtained using LTFATE. All MDFATE graphical outputs are displayed on screen and written to a printer or plotter. The graphical output of the potential sediment transport rates calculation in the Utilities Menu is automatically displayed on screen. All other MDFATE graphical outputs must be displayed on screen using the Viewing Utility Menu. An example of the output of the sediment transport rates calculation, with the sediment diameter as the variable parameter, is shown in Figure 5.1. Graphs with the water depth, the wave height, or the wave period as the variable parameter can also be plotted.
20
Figure 5.1: Variation of sediment transport rate with sediment diameter
Three graphical output options are offered in the Viewing Utility Menu, but only the 2-D Contour Plot of the Disposal Area Seabed is currently operational. However, numbers displayed in the horizontal scales on some plots generated using this option may overlap with each other and with numbers in the tabular contour line data (Figures 5.2 to 5.4). The input data can be varied to eliminate this or the errors corrected manually (see below). Examples of the contour plots generated by MDFATE are shown in Figures 5.2 to 5.4 (Morris ,2004a,b,c). As well as the colour-coded contour line option used to produce these Figures, MDFATE offers a colour contour level option that is unsuitable for conversion to monochrome for reproduction here. The output data files used to produce Figures 5.2 to 5.4 were generated using the grid generation, the dredged material disposal simulation, and the post-processing programs, respectively. Only the contours at the end of each dredged material disposal simulation can be plotted. However, since the output of any simulation can be used as the input for another (See Program Architecture), contour plots corresponding to any time during the process modelled can be obtained. Examples of MDFATE output plots are also presented in the worked application example in the MDFATE users manual (Moritz, 1994). Figure 5.2: Hay Point ocean disposal site bathymetry at July 1993
21
Figure 5.3: Estimated change in Townsville ocean disposal site bathymetry between June 1991 and June 1993
Figure 5.4: Measured change in Weipa ocean disposal site bathymetry between May 1994 and June 1996
Indirect soft and hardcopy graphics output from MDFATE can be obtained in WINDOWS by producing an on-screen plot and placing it on the WINDOWS clipboard by simultaneously depressing the Alt and Print Screen keys. The clipboard can be accessed via the programs PHOTO EDITOR or PAINT, which are started by clicking on the corresponding icons in the PROGRAMS folder and the ACCESSORIES folder (in the PROGRAMS folder), respectively. The plot is then pasted into a PHOTO EDITOR or PAINT file, which can be modified prior to saving to disk or printing.
22
References
Borgman, L.E. and Scheffner, N.W. (1991). The simulation of time sequences of wave height, period, and direction, Technical Report DRP-91-2, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Dvorak, J.C. and Anis, N. (1992). Dvoraks inside track to DOS and PC performance. Osborne McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, California. 879 pp. E.P.A. Office of Water and Office of Science and Technology and US Army Corps of Engineers (1995). Evaluation of dredged material proposed for discharge in waters of the US Testing Manual: Appendix C Evaluation of initial mixing. 80 pp. Moritz, H.R. (1994). Users Guide for the Multiple Dump Fate Model Final Report for US Army Waterways Experiment Station. 43 pp. Morris, P.H. (2004a). Progress report on research into land disposal of sediments dredged from marinas and small boat harbours: modelling of ocean disposal at the Port of Weipa. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Griffith University, Queensland. Morris, P.H. (2004b). Progress report on research into land disposal of sediments dredged from marinas and small boat harbours: modelling of ocean disposal at the Port of Townsville. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Griffith University, Queensland. Morris, P.H. (2004c). Progress report on research into land disposal of sediments dredged from marinas and small boat harbours: modelling of ocean disposal at the Port of Hay Point. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Griffith University, Queensland. Morris, P.H. (2004d). Progress report on research into land disposal of sediments dredged from marinas and small boat harbours: modelling of ocean disposal at the Port of Mackay. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Griffith University, Queensland. Morris, P.H. (2002). An evaluation of the ADDAMS computer program modules relevant to the disposal of maintenance dredging spoil from marinas and small boat harbours. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Griffith University, Queensland. Scheffner, N.W. and Borgman, L.E. (1992). A stochastic time series representing wave data, Journal of Waterways, Ports, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 118(4) 337-351. Scheffner, N.W. and Talent, J.R. (1994). Dispersion analysis of the Charleston, South Carolina, ocean dredged material disposal site, Miscellaneous Paper DRP-94-1, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Scheffner, N.W., Thevenot, M.M., Talent, J.R., and Mason, J.M. (1995). LTFATE: A model to investigate the long term stability of dredged material sites, Technical Report DRP-95-1, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
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Author
Dr Peter H. Morris
Peter H. Morris, who holds B.E. (Hons 1) and Ph.D degrees in civil engineering, worked in the heavy construction industry in Australia and New Guinea with emphasis on marine and riverine structures prior to joining The University of Queensland in 1986. From 1986 to 1999, he was engaged in investigating the engineering behaviour and the disposal of coarse and fine mine wastes. Since February 1999, he has been engaged in the investigation of the ocean and land disposal of dredged sediments from marinas and small boat harbours. Email: p.morris@uq.edu.au
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USER'S GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

University of Queensland Sustainable Tourism CRC Sustainable Tourism CRC

Editor-in-Chief Chief Executive Director of Research

Copyright CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2004

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

CHAPTER 3 STFATE V. 5.01 _____________________________________________________ 4

CHAPTER 4 LTFATE V. 1.0 ______________________________________________________ 8

RUN TIMES ___________________________________________________________________________ 11 OUTPUTS _____________________________________________________________________________ 12

CHAPTER 5 MDFATE V.1.1 _____________________________________________________ 15

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Wave data ____________________________________________________________________________________ 19 Tide data _____________________________________________________________________________________ 20 Volume calculations ____________________________________________________________________________ 20

RUN TIMES ___________________________________________________________________________ 20 OUTPUTS _____________________________________________________________________________ 20

REFERENCES _________________________________________________________________ 23 AUTHOR ______________________________________________________________________ 24

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

The ADDAMS Suite

Concise Description of STFATE, LTFATE, and MDFATE

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Downloading and Installation

Configuration Prior to Running

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Configuration of Graphics Software

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Figure 3.1: Thickness of deposited spoil at end of disposal

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Downloading and Installation

Configuration Prior To Running

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Programming Error in PC LTFATE 1.0

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Input data for PC_WAVEFIELD

Input data for PC_TIDAL

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Input data for PC_LTFATE

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Downloading and Installation

Configuration Prior To Running

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Sediment transport rates

Disposal site grids

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Long term processes

Short term processes

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

Figure 5.1: Variation of sediment transport rate with sediment diameter

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

USERS GUIDE FOR THE MSDOS-BASED ADDAMS PROGRAM MODULES

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RUN TIMES _ 11 OUTPUTS ___ 12

Wave data __________________________________________ 19 Tide data _ 20 Volume calculations __________________________________ 20

RUN TIMES _ 20 OUTPUTS ___ 20

REFERENCES _ 23 AUTHOR ______ 24