TURBIDIMETRY

I. PURPOSE a. Studying and understanding the using of turbidimeter. b. Determining concentration of sample solution by turbidimetry. i.THEORY Turbidimetry is a method for determining the concentration of a substance in a solution by measuring the loss in intensity of a light beam through a solution that contains suspended particulate matter. Turbidimetry is measurement of reduction in the intensity of the transmitted light at 180. In analytical chemistry, turbidimetry is methods for determining the amount of cloudiness, or turbidity, in a solution based upon measurement of the effect of this turbidity upon the transmission and scattering of light. Turbidity in a liquid is caused by the presence of finely divided suspended particles. If a beam of light is passed through a turbid sample.

Kind of light scattering: 1. Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It can occur when light travels in transparent solids and liquids, but is most prominently seen in gases. Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in clear atmosphere is the main

reason why the sky is blue. It caused by blue colour has short wavelength, so short wavelength can be more scattered than other. Rayleigh and cloudmediated scattering contribute to diffuse light (direct light being sunrays). Rayleigh scattering can be defined as scattering in small size parameter regime . The amount of Rayleigh scattering that occurs to a beam of light is dependent upon the size of the particles and the wavelength of the light; in particular, the scattering coefficient, and hence the intensity of the scattered light, varies for small size parameter inversely with the fourth power of the wavelength. 2. Tyndall scattering The Tyndall effect is the effect of light scattering on particles in colloid systems, such as suspensions or emulsions. The Tyndall effect is used to tell the difference between the different types of mixtures, namely solution, colloid, and suspension. For example, the Tyndall effect is noticeable when car headlamps are used in fog. The light with shorter wavelengths scatters better, thus the color of scattered light has a bluish tint. This is also the reason why the sky looks blue when viewed away from the sun: the blue light from the sun is scattered to a greater degree and is therefore visible far from its source. This effect occurs because short wavelengths of light towards the blue end of the spectrum hit the air molecules in the earth's atmosphere and are reflected down to the earth's surface. Longer wavelengths towards the red end of the spectrum are less affected by the particles and pass on through the earth's atmosphere. Blue light scatters more readily than does red light. At sunset the path length of the light through the atmosphere is larger than at any other time of day, and is sufficiently long that the blue components of the light have undergone multiple scattering events such that the intensity at such a great viewing distance is minimal. Due to the prolonged path length, the red light shows obvious scattering effects as observed by the sky appearing

different hues of red. The red light is visible only at such great distances through the atmosphere because it is less affected (scattered) by the particles of air than the blue light, which is no longer visible. 3. Raman scattering When light is scattered from an atom or molecule, most photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering). The scattered photons have the same energy (frequency) and wavelength as the incident photons. However, a small fraction of the scattered light (approximately 1 in 1 million photons) is scattered by an excitation, with the scattered photons having a frequency different from, and usually lower than, the frequency of the incident photons. Molecule may undergo a vibration transition (not an electronic shift) at exactly the same time as scattering occurs This result in a photon emission of a photon differing in energy from the energy of the incident photon by the amount of the above energy Instruments of Turbidimetry Light source Tungsten-filament lamp operated at a color temperature between 2200 and 3000 degree K. Sample Volume Some on-line turbidimeters utilize the glass sample cell, but most designs use a flow-through chamber with the light source located outside the sample. Photodetector Photodetectors detect the light produced from the interaction of the incident light and the sample volume and produce an electronic signal that is then converted to a turbidity value. Filter or monochromator Filter that used should be convenient with color of solution.

Cuvette Use a transparent cuvette to minimize absorbing by color of cuvette.

Factors that influence the scatters of light 1. Concentrations of ions Concentrations of ions has a linear relationship with light scattered 2. The size/shape of particle Scattered light intensity will increase if the particle size is bigger. 3. Wavelength Coefficient of turbidity influence by wavelength Three kinds of method in determining turbidity in solution: 1. Comparing incident light intensity with emitted light intensity. 2. Comparing incident light intensity with scattered light intensity. 3. Determination of extinction effect. Factors that influence determination of scattered light intensity: 1. Amount of particle in solution 2. Size of particle 3. Relative refractive index between particle and its medium 4. Wavelength we used 5. Form of particle

III.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 3.1 Devices and Materials

A. Device Volumetric flask Measuring pipette Burette Beaker glass Pipette Turbidimeter HCl 4 M Standard solution sulphate 1000 ppm Tween 80 Aquadest (distilled water) BaCl2

B. Material

3.2 Experiment Scheme A. Making Standard Solution make standard solution of sulphate 100 ppm in volumetric flask 100 mL make the various concentration of standard solution, 0; 4; 8; 12; and 20 ppm in each volumetric flask 50 mL. add 2 mL of HCl 4 M and 2 mL of Tween 80 + BaCl2, shake it and dilute it with aquadest Measure the turbidity from the lowest concentration of standard solution B. How to Use Turbidimeter Connect it to electric current source

Press button ON and let it be stable in minutes Fill the blank solution (aquadest) in cuvette, set this device When we are setting turbidimeter, the perception we see in telescope must be mixed between dark and bright perception, it means they have no boundary line anymore Change the blank with standard solution. We have to make the perception mixed with set the scale left and right Measure the other standard solutions and also the sample

3.3 Scheme of Equipment

IV.

CALCULATION AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Data and Calculation

1. Making Standard Solution of Sulphate V1 . N1 V1 . 1000 ppm V2 = V2 . N2 = 100 mL . 100 ppm = 10 mL

2. Diluting Standard Solution to Make Various Concentration 0 ppm V1 . N1 V1 . 100 ppm V1 4 ppm V1 . N1 V1 . 100 ppm V1 8 ppm V1 . N1 V1 . 100 ppm V1 12 ppm V1 . N1 V1 . 100 ppm V1 20 ppm V1 . N1 V1 . 100 ppm V1 = V2 . N2 = V2 . N2 = V2 . N2 = V2 . N2 = V2 . N2

= 50 mL . 0 ppm = 0 mL

= 50 mL . 4 ppm = 2 mL

= 50 mL . 8 ppm = 4 mL

= 50 mL . 12 ppm = 6 mL

= 50 mL . 20 ppm = 10 mL

Data Concentratio n Blank (0) 4 8 12 20 Sample Left Scale 8 21 31 42 60 39 Right Scale 10 24 33 44 61 42 Average Scale 9 22.5 32 43 60.5 40.5

3. Regression Equation x = concentration (ppm) y = average scale No. 1 2 3 4 5 Average x 0 4 8 12 20 44 8.8 y 9 22.5 32 43 60.5 167 33.4 xy 0 90 256 516 1210 2072 16 64 144 400 624 x2 0

B = n . xy - x . y n. x2 - (x)2 B = 5 (2072) - (44 x 167) 5 (624) - (44)2 = 3012 1184 = 2.5439 A = y - Bx

= 33.4 (2.5439 x 8.8) = 11.01367 So, the regression equation is y = A + Bx y = 11.01367 + 2.5439x My sample: Average scale is 40.5 y = 11.01367 + 2.5439x 40.5 = 11.01367 + 2.5439(x) x = 11.6 So, my sample has concentration 11.6 ppm Volume of my sample is 7 mL, so the concentration: V1 . N1 7 mL . 100 ppm N2 % of mistake = V2 . N2 = 50 mL . N2 = 14 ppm

= conc. of theory conc. of experiment x 100 % conc. of theory = 14 ppm 11.6 ppm x 100 % 14 ppm = 17.14 %

4. Graph

Curve of Standard Solution vs Regression

70 60 Average Scale 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Concentration Standard Solution Regression Curve

4.2 Discussion

Turbidimetry is one of analysis method which based on measurement of turbidity in a solution. This turbidity is caused by colloid or suspended particle in the solution. In this experiment, we want to know the turbidity in some standard solutions in various concentration. The main substance we used is sulphate 1000 ppm solution that we dilute it until 100 ppm. The others are BaCl2, HCl and tween 80. Here is the reaction: SO42- + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2ClThis reaction will make BaSO4 precipitate. To prevent this precipitation, we use HCl. Because we need the suspended solution which the suspensions are flying in solution, not in precipitate form. If we get precipitate, so the light will not pass through the solution. The function of tween 80 is keeping the colloid suspension in solution stable. In this experiment we got that the turbidity of solution will increase if the concentration is higher. To set this device, we use blank solution (aquadest/distilled water). To know the concentration of our sample, we can use regression equation by comparing the standard solutions with its each turbidity. We got the regression equation is y = 11.01367 + 2.5439x. The turbidity of my sample is 40.5. This value is average of right and left perception value. After calculate it, we got the concentration is 11.6 ppm, while the truly sample is 14 ppm of concentration. So the percent of mistake is 17.14%. This mistake is probably caused by using eye to determine mixed perception of bright and dark light. Mixed perception we get if there is no boundary line between bright and dark light. Eye has limited sensitivity in seeing light. The other possibility of mistake in experiment is the device we used; turbidimeter is not working well anymore.

V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion From the experiment about turbidimetry, we can give some conclusion, they are: Turbidimetry is one of analysis method based on measurement turbidity in solution containing suspended particle. Sample solution can be determined by using regression equation. Concentration of my sample solution is 11.6 ppm The percent of mistake is 17.14%. Limited sensitivity of eye can cause the mistake in seeing mixed perception between dark and bright light. 5.2.1 Suggestion

In order to get best result in this experiment, we give some suggestions to other person who will do this experiment, they are: Be careful in diluting sulphate solution. Be careful in seeing mixed perception between dark and bright light in turbidimeter. Understand the working steps.

REFERENCES

Brink O.C. et. Al. 1993. Fundamentals of Instrumental Chemistry. Bandung: Bina Cipta. Pp: 183, 204 206 http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/esimmuno/ch4/nephelom.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003545.htm http:/www.thefreedictionary.com/turbidimetry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidimetry