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Acknowledge

This project could not have been written without Miss Ting, who encouraged and
challenged me through my academic program. She never accepted less than my best efforts. Thank you.

What are done in this project are materials that I found in articles or in internet. I make no
claim to be comprehensive. A special thanks to the authors. Without you, this project would have
taken years off my life (which I dont have many to spare).

I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to my family and
friends words alone cannot express what I owe them for their encouragement and whose patient
love enabled me to complete this project. A special thanks to Wai Yan for help me doing some
of the solving calculation.

And especially to God, who made all things possible.









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Objective

y The aims of carrying out this project work are:

y To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems

y To improve thinking skills

y To promote effective mathematical communication

y To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases
students interest and confidence

y To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely

y To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning

y To develop positive attitude towards mathematics





















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INTRODUCTION

Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special
occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and others. Cakes are treasured not only because of
their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating

Baking a cake offers a tasty way to practice math skills, such as fractions and ratios, in a
real-world context. Many steps of baking a cake, such as counting ingredients and setting the oven timer, provide
basic math practice for young children. Older children and teenagers can use more sophisticated math to solve
baking dilemmas, such as how to make a cake recipe larger or smaller or how to determine what
size slices you should cut. Practicing mathematics while baking not only improves your math
skills, it helps you become a more flexible and resourceful baker













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QuestionPart I
Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special
occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and others. Cakes are treasured not only
because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how
mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings.
Answer:
Geometry :
To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes
that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced.
When making a batch of cake batter, you end up with a certain volume, determined by
the recipe. The baker must then choose the appropriate size and shape of pan to achieve the
desired result. If the pan is too big, the cake becomes too short. If the pan is too small, the cake
becomes too tall. This leads into the next situation.

The ratio of the surface area to the volume determines how much crust a baked good will
have. The more surface area there is, compared to the volume, the faster the item will bake, and
the less "inside" there will be. For a very large, thick item, it will take a long time for the heat
to penetrate to the center. To avoid having a rock-hard outside in this case, the baker will have to
lower the temperature a little bit and bake for a longer time. We mix ingredients in round bowls
because cubes would have corners where unmixed ingredients would accumulate, and we would
have a hard time scraping them into the batter.

Calculus (differentiation) :

To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate munimum or maximum
amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate minimum or maximum size of cake produced.
Progressions :
To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total
ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration.
For example when we make a cake with many layers, we must fix the difference of
diameter of the two layers. So we can say that it used arithmetic progression. When the diameter
of the first layer of the cake is 8cm and the diameter of second layer of the cake is 6cm, then the
diameter of the third layer should be 4cm.In this case, we use arithmetic progression where the
difference of the diameter is constant that is2 . When the diameter decreases, the weight also
decreases. That is the way how the cake is balance to prevent it from smooch. We can also use
ratio, because when we prepare the ingredient for each layer of the cake, we need to decrease its
ratio from lower layer to upper layer. When we cut the cake, we can use fraction to divide the
cake according to the total people that will eat the cake.


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Part II
Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in
Diagram 1 for the Teacherss Day celebration. (Diagram 11)

1)
h cm



d cm

If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800cm
3
, and the height of the cake is to be7.0cm, calculate the diameter of
the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school.
[Use = 3.142]

Answer: Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake
3800 x 5 = (3.142)(

) x 7

= (

)
2

863.872 = (

= 29.392
d = 58.784 cm

2)The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in
height.
a)If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights, h cm, and the
corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used, d cm. Tabulate your answers

Answer:

First, form the formula for d in terms of h by using the above formula for volume of cake,
V= 19000, that is:
19000 = (3.142)(

)h
19000/(3.142)h=(

)
24188.415/h=d
2

d=

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Height, H (cm) Diameter, D (cm)
1.0 155.53
2.0 109.98
3.0 89.80
4.0 77.77
5.0 68.56
6.0 63.49
7.0 58.78
8.0 54.99
9.0 51.84
10.0 49.18

(b) Based on the values in your table,(i)state the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and
explain your answers.

Answer:

h < 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven.
Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive.


(ii) Suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for
your answer.

Answer:
h= 8cm, d= 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling.

(c)(i) Form an equation to represent the linear relation between hand d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the
equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of computer software.]
Answer:
19000 = (3.142)(

)h
19000/(3.142)h =

24188.415/h= d
d =

d= 155.53h
-

log d =log155.53h
-

log d =

log h + log 155.53

Log h 0 1 2 3 4
Log d 2.19 1.69 1.19 0.69 0.19



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(ii)(a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5cm, use
your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required.
Answer:
h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d= 47.86cm
(b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake
obtained.
Answer :

d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140,
h = 13.80cm

3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is
normally set to a uniform layer of about1cm
(a)Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested
in 2(b)(ii).

Answer:

h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm

V=V
1
- V
2


V=

V= 3782.15 cm
3


(b)Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii).
Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes.

Answer:
1 - Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid)






19000 = base area x height
base area =190002
length x width = 2375
By trial and improvement,
2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50, width = 47.5, height = 8)




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Therefore, volume of cream
= 2(Area of left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front/back side surface)(Height
of cream) + Vol. of top surface
= 2(8 x 50)(1) + 2(8 x 47.5)(1) + 2375
=3935 cm

2 -Triangle-shaped base








19000 = base area x height base area
= 2375

x length x width = 2375

length x width = 4750

By trial and improvement,
4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50)
Slant length of triangle = (95 + 25)= 98.23

Therefore,
amount of cream= Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant
rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface
= (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375
=4346.68 cm
3 - Pentagon-shaped base



19000 = base area x height base area
= 2375
= area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon

Therefore:

2375 = 5(length x width)
475 = length x width

l=a 19 1


By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19)

Therefore, amount of cream
= 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + volume of top surface= 5(8 x 19) + 2375
=3135 cm

(c)Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used?

Answer:

Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used.



































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Part III

Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least
two different methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such
dimensions. Give reasons for your answers.

Answer:

Method 1: Differentiation

Use two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in Q2/a), and the formula for amount
(volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in Q3/a).

19000 = (3.142)rh (1)
V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)rh (2)

From (1):
h =19000/(3.142)r
2
(3)
Sub. (3) into (2):
V = (3.142) r + 2(3.142) r (19000/(3.142)r
2

V = (3.142) r + (

)
V = (3.142) r + 38000r
-1


(

= 2(3.142) r - (38000/ r
2
)
0 = 2(3.142) r - (38000/ r
2
) - - >> minimum value, therefore(

)= 0
38000/ r
2
= 2(3.142) r
38000/(2)(3.142)= r
6047.104 = r
r = 18.22

Sub. r = 18.22 into (3):
h =19000/(3.142)(18.22
2
)
h = 18.22
therefore,
h = 18. 22 cm, d = 2 r = 2 (18.22) = 36.44cm

Method2: Quadratic Functions
Use the two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used
as the quadratic function.
Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake:

19000 = (3.142)rh (1)
f(r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr (2)

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From (2):f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142)
= (3.142)[ (

) - (

) ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and c = 0

= (3.142)[ (r + h) -h ]
= (3.142)(r + h) - (3.142)h
(a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = -(3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = -h)

Sub. r = -h into (1):
19000 = (3.142)(-h)h
h = 6047.104
h = 18.22

Sub. h = 18.22 into (1):
19000 = (3.142)r(18.22)r
= 331.894
r = 18.22
therefore,
h = 18. 22 cm, d = 2 r = 2 (18.22) = 36.44 cm
I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too
high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily.




























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FURTHER EXPLORATION

Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration,as shown in Diagram 2.

The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is
10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cakeis10% less than the radius of the
second cake and so on. (a).

Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine
whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number patterns.

Answer:
height, h of each cake = 6cm , radius of largest cake = 31cm

radius of 2
nd
cake = 10% smaller than 1
st

cake radius of 3
rd
cake = 10% smaller than 2
nd
cake

31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599
a = 31, r =9/10
V = (3.142)rh

Radius of 1
st
cake = 31, volume of 1
st
cake = (3.142)(31)(6) =18116.772
Radius of 2
nd
cake = 27.9, vol. of 2
nd
cake =14674.585
Radius of 3
rd
cake = 25.11, vol. of 3
rd
cake =11886.414
Radius of 4
th
cake = 22.599, vol. of 4
th
cake =9627.995

18116.77 2 , 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995,

a = 18116.772, ratio, r =

= = 0.81


(b) If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that
the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods.

Answer:
Sn=

Sn= 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81
57000 =

1 - 0.81
n
= 0.59779
0.40221 = 0.81
n

log
0.81
0.40221 = n

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n =

n = 4.322
therefore , n ~ 4
























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Reflection

In the making of this project, I have spent hours of time doing this project. Meanwhile, it has made me
understand more about additional mathematics. I sacrificed my fun time and working hard throughout day and
night just to complete my additional mathematics task. I have gained a lot of experience and found out that this
subject is actually easy after I have finished my project. From now on, I will do my best on every second that I will
learn additional mathematics and score better marks in this subject with all my best effort.