GENERAL INFORMATION:

This section of the chapter establishes the practices and requirements necessary for the design and detailing of semi-integral abutments. For general requirements and guidelines on the use of semi-integral abutments, see File Nos. 20.01-1 thru -5. Sample design calculations are provided to assist the designer and are intended to correspond to the sample details shown in File Nos. 20.03-2 thru -10. Note that calculations are provided for the backwall and associated structural components only. Plan and elevation views and sections of the semi-integral abutment are provided in this chapter for information on the shape of the backwall in relation to the semi-integral backwall and to illustrate some additional details required on the abutment sheets. Back of stem is the reference line on the semi-integral abutment and substructure layout sheets. End of slab is the reference line on remaining sheets. Additional sample details are provided to assist the designer in the detailing of semi-integral abutments. These details are provided to show differences in details between steel/concrete stringers, bridges with/without skew and semi-integral abutment layout. Preferred practice on semi-integral abutment layout falls in the following order: 1. Wingwalls oriented transversely to traffic, elephant ears, with the terminal wall on the superstructure. See File Nos. 20.03-11 thru -14. 2. Wingwalls oriented parallel to traffic, u-back wings, with the terminal wall on the superstructure. Offset the inside face of wall 3 feet from the face of rail/parapet to allow for dynamic deflection of the attached guardrail. See File Nos. 20.03-15 thru -18. It is generally desirable to eliminate potential conflicts between superstructure and substructure components. As such, the second layout preference should only be used where right-of-way (R/W), maintenance of traffic (MOT) or design restrictions make the preferred layout not feasible. For design/detailing check list for semi-integral abutments, see File Nos. 20.03-19 and -20.

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS GENERAL INFORMATION

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 1 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-1

DESIGN OF SEMI-INTEGRAL BRIDGE

Given and Assumptions: The calculations provided below do not fully correspond to the details shown in File Nos. 20.03-11 thru -14 but are similar. = 145 pcf Kp = 4 WBridge = 43.33 LBridge = 250.0 ft LThermal = 125.0 ft HBackwall = 6.33 ft TBackwall = 1.58 ft SBeam = 9.33 ft Overhang = 3.0 ft Cover = 3.5 in fc = 4,000 psi fcWall = 3,000 psi fy = 60,000 psi = 30 deg = 6.5 x 10-6 per deg F DAS = 1.5 ft HBearing = 3.0 in Tbottomflange = 1 in Twing = 15.0 in Unit weight of soil (select backfill material) (See Manual of S&B Division Vol. V - Part 2, file no. 17.102-2) Assumes the use of EPS material behind backwall Total bridge width Bridge length Length of thermal expansion Backwall height Backwall thickness Beam spacing Slab (and integral backwall) overhang Cover over reinforcing steel in backwall Compressive strength of backwall concrete Compressive strength of wing concrete Yield strength of reinforcing steel Bridge skew angle Coefficient of thermal expansion Depth of approach slab at backwall Height of bearing Thickness of bottom flange Wing thickness =8 Modular ratio of concrete to steel for backwall

nb =

Es 33w
1.5

' c

nw =

Es 33w
1.5 ' fcWall

=9

Modular ratio of concrete to steel for wing

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 2 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-2

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 3 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-3

Design of Backwall: Determine backwall moments and shears

w=

1 K p (HBackwall ) 2 2

Earth pressure resultant per foot

w=
L=

1 (145 pcf x 1 k/1000 lbs)(4)(6.33 ft ) 2 = 11.6 klf 2

Beam/girder spacing along skew

S Beam cos
9.33 ft = 10.77 ft cos 30o

L=

For simplicity, use the following equations to determine moments, shear, and reaction.
Mpos = 0.08wl 2 = 0.08(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft)2 = 107.6 ft-kip
M neg = 0.10wl 2 = 0.10(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft) = 134.6 ft-kip
2

Maximum positive moment Maximum negative moment Maximum shear Maximum reaction at girder

Vmax = 0.6wl = 0.6(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft) = 75.0 k R max = 1.1wl = 1.1(11.6 klf)(10.77 ft) = 137.4 k

Check to make sure overhang does not govern.

Overhang 3.0 ft MOH = 0.5w = 0.5(11.6 klf) o cos cos 30
2 2

MOH = 69.6 ft-kip < Mneg

Overhang 3.0 ft = 40.2 k < Vmax VOH = w = (11.6 klf) cos cos 30 o

Interior support governs Interior support governs

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 4 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-4

Design Integral Backwall: Group IV load combination controls. Group IV allowable overstress is 125%. **For this example, Group IV loading controls the design. It shall be the responsibility of the designer to verify which load case controls, and design accordingly. fs = 125%(0.4Fy) fc = 125%(0.4fc)
v c.allowabl e = 125%(0.95 f c' )

fs = 30,000 psi fc = 2,000 psi vc.allowable = 75 psi

Allowable stress of steel Allowable of stress of concrete Allowable shear stress in concrete

Flexure design using negative moment: n=8 h = TBackwall h = 19.0 in Modular ratio of backwall concrete to steel Height of section resisting flexure Width of section resisting flexure Depth to first mat of reinforcing steel Depth to second mat of reinforcing steel Depth to compression steel

b = HBackwall DAS = 76.0 in 18.0 in = 58.0 in d1 = h Cover = 19.0 in 3.5 in = 15.5 in d2 = h 10.0 in = 19.0 in 10 in = 9.0 in d = 3.5 in

Try #6 bars at ~9 spacing. For this backwall height, there are 7 bars in each tension layer. As1 = 3.08 in2
A d + A s2 d 2 d = s1 1 A +A s1 s2

As2 = 3.08 in2 Depth to centroid of tension steel

3.08 in 2 (15.5 in) + 3.08 in 2 (9.0 in) = 12.25 in 2 d= 3.08 in 2 + 3.08 in 2

Asc = 3.08 in2

7 bars in compression layer

Performing section analysis (including the compression steel) YNA = 3.75 in Fs1 = 29,800 psi Fc = 1,200 psi Distance from compression face to neutral axis < fs.allowable = 30,000 psi < fc.allowable = 2,000 psi OK OK In first layer of tension steel

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 5 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-5

Shear Design: V = Vmax = 75.0 k

v= Vmax 75.0 k(1000 lbs/1 k) = = 106 psi (bd) 58.0 in(12.25 in)

Actual shear stress in concrete vc.allowable = 75 psi

v > vc.allowable, Shear reinforcement required

Use #4 stirrups, with 2 legs in the shear plane, Av = 0.4 in2. Equation (8-7) from AASHTO Sec. 8.15.5.3
s=

(A v fs.allowable ) = 0.4 in2 (30,000 psi) = 6.7 in (v v c.allowable ) b (106 psi 75 psi)58.0 in

Stirrup spacing

Check AASHTO Sec. 8.19.1.2 to see if spacing above is OK.

A v.min =

(50bs )
fy

Rearranging the above equation, with Av = 0.4 in2:

s=

(A

v.min y

50b

0.4 in 2 (60,000 psi) = 8.3 in 50(58.0 in)

s = 6.7 in controls

Shear Stud Design at Girder Ends: Zr = 8.12 k For 7/8 AASHTO Sec. 10.38.5.1.1 Zr = 125%(8.12 k) Zr = 10.15 k Horizontal shear capacity per stud, with 25% overstress

nstuds =

Rmax 137.4 k = = 13.5 Zr 10.15 k

Therefore, use 7, 7/8 studs on each side of beam web, for a total of 14 studs.

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 6 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-6

Determine reaction at acute corner and wing buttress:

See lateral force derivation in files nos. 20.07-4 thru -6.

Rp =

(w (W

Bridge

) tan )
tan

WBridge 1 + L Bridge

[11.6 klf(43.33 ft)tan 30 o ] = 263.8 k 43.33 ft 1+ tan 30 o 250 ft

Determine size of rub plates:

t = 120 deg. LThermal = 125.0 ft

2 Lrub = L Thermal t 3

Estimated maximum movement in one direction at abutment. Assume that the temperature increase will only be two-thirds of the total range.

2 Lrub = [125 ft(12 in/1 ft)](6.5 10 6 per deg. F)(120o F) = 0.78 in 3

hrp = HBackwall - 3 in - 2 in - HBearing Tbottomflange

Height of rub plates (See note 4 on File No. 20.03-19)

hrp = 6.33 ft(12 in/1 ft) 3 in 2 in 3 in 1 in = 67 in Fg = 2,000 psi Maximum galling stress for ASTM A276 Type 316 steel, of which the rub plates are constructed. Allowable galling stress Minimum rub plate width

fg = 0.55 Fg = 1,100 psi

w min =

(h rp f g )
263.8 k(1000 lbs/1 k) = 3.58 in 67 in(1,100 psi)

Rp

w min =

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 7 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-7

Ensure the minimum rub plate width is maintained during extremes of the temperature cycle. w = wmin + Lrub = 3.58 in + 0.78 in = 4.36 in Use 5 in x 64 in x 0.5 in rub plate
Design wing haunch to resist load transferred through the rub plates:

Slope = 1.5
ww = Rp HBackwall = 263.8 k = 41.7 klf 6.33 ft
2

Rate of slop of wing per ft Assume that the resultant is uniformly distributed along the rub plate

Ms =
Ms =

(w

HBackwall 2

Moment about seat level

41.7 klf(6.33 ft) 2 = 835.4 ft kip 2

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 8 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-8

V = Rp = 263.8 k Lwing = 2.0 ft + HBackwall(Slope) Lwing = 2.0 ft + 6.33 ft(1.5) = 11.5 ft Ccg = 4.5 in dwing = Lwing Ccg dwing = 11.5 ft (4.5 in(1 ft/12 in) = 11.1 ft

Shear force Length of shear plane that is resisting Rp

Centroid of tension steel Distance from compression face to cg of tension steel

v c allowable

wing

' = 125%(0.95 fcwall )

vc allowable wing = 65 psi Twing = 15.0 in

v= 263.8 k(1000 lbs/1k) V = = 132 psi Twing d wing 15.0 in[11.1 ft(12 in/1 ft)]

Allowable shear stress for Group IV

Actual shear stress

v > vc allowable, Shear reinforcement required Use #4 stirrups, with 2 legs in the shear plane, Av = 0.4 in2. Equation (8-7) from AASHTO Sec. 8.15.5.3

s=

(v v

A v f s allowable
c allowable wing

)T

Stirrup spacing

wing

s=

0.4 in 2 (30,000 psi) = 11.9 in (132 psi - 65 psi)(15.0 in)

Check AASHTO Sec. 8.19.1.2 to see if spacing above is OK.

A v.min =

(50bs )
fy

Rearranging the above equation, with Av = 0.4 in2:

s=

A v.min f y 50Twing

0.4 in 2 (60,000 psi) = 32 in 50(15.0 in)

s = 11.9 in controls

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 9 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-9

Design Wing Reinforcement to resist moment due to Rp:

Try two rows of #5 bars, with 5 bars per row d1 = Lwing Cover d1 = 11.5 ft(12 in/1 ft) 3.5 in = 134.5 in d2 = d1 3 in = 134.5 in 3 in = 131.5 in As1 = 1.53 in2 As2 = 1.53 in2 Depth to second mat of reinforcing steel Depth to first mat of reinforcing steel

Performing section analysis (including the compression steel) fs1 = 25,940 psi fc = 350 psi
Thickness of the EPS layer:

< fs allowable = 30,000 psi OK < fc allowable = 2,000 psi

OK

in first layer of tension steel

Thickness of EPS layer as per File No. 20.06-6: t = 120F L = (Lthermalt) L = 125.0 ft(12in/1ft)(6.5x10-6 per deg. F )120F = 1.17 in EPSt = 10(0.01HBackwall + 0.67L) EPSt = 10[(0.01)(76.0 in)+ (0.67)(1.17 in)] = 15.4 in Therefore, use EPSt = 16 in. Total range of movement at abutment due to temperature

NOTE: DESIGN FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS IS SIMILAR.

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 10 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-10

CHECK LIST FOR SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS

1 Wing haunch at acute corner shall be designed to resist the moment and shear induced by the force resulting from the passive earth pressure and the skew. Rub plates and the additional backwall thickness are only required at the acute corners of skewed bridges. Rub plates to be centered vertically and horizontally over contact area. Minimum thickness of the preformed joint filler between the backwall and the wing at the obtuse corner shall be 1. This may be increased due to thermal expansion in the transverse direction. Extend wing 6 above finished grade. terminal wall is on the substructure. Not required for bridges without skew or where

Top of rub plate to begin 3 below top of deck. Bottom of rub plate to maintain 2 clear from top of bottom flange for steel superstructures; 3 clear from bottom of beam for concrete. Preformed joint filler to extend as shown. Provide distance from back of stem to break in seat to allow for contraction and creep with 1 clear. Delete this note if railings are used or slip forming of parapets is not allowed. Bridge plans shall be arranged such that backwall details follow the Deck Plan. For general sheet order, see File No. 01.02-4. Show plan and elevation view of integral backwall at a preferred scale of 3/8 = 1-0. The elevation view should be projected down from the plan view. When bridge is not on skew and where sufficient room is not available in elevation view, plan view is not required. Label the location centerline/baseline as shown on the title sheet. End of slab shall be used as the reference line for layout of integral backwalls. Label skew angle (if applicable). The minimum width of integral backwall shall be 1-7 for steel stringers and 1-10 for concrete stringers. Clipping flanges is preferable to increases in thickness where required due to skew. All ST series and SV series bars shall be aligned parallel to the beam/girder centerline. The maximum spacing shall be 12. ST0602 bars between the backwall and the approach slab (where applicable) are not required outside of the exterior beam/girder. Thickness of backwall shall be increased by 10 at the acute corner of skewed bridges outside of the exterior stringers. The increase in thickness shall end at the top surface of the bottom flange for steel stringers or 1 above the bottom of beam for concrete stringers. ST0501, ST0602, SV0402 and SV0504 shall be galvanized. All other backwall reinforcing steel shall be epoxy-coated. Distance between face of integral backwall and back of stem shall be a minimum of 4.

6 7

9 10 11 12

13

14

15

16

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VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 19 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-19

CHECK LIST FOR SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS (Continued)

17 The approach slab seat (7) shall be provided on all integral backwalls regardless of whether the bridge will have an approach slab. In case of single span semi-integral bridge, use the temporary blocking note shown. Otherwise, delete it. Show sections taken through the integral backwall at a preferred scale of 3/4 = 1-0. Coordinate the sections to provide the necessary details with repetition only where required. Location and details of holes in the web and the studs should be included with the beam/girder details. For additional details concerning the use of EPS material and calculations for the required thickness, see File No. 20.06-6. To ensure adequate cover on ST0602 bar, the designer must modify the approach slab standard. Maximum spacing is 12. Note not needed for PCBT-53 and larger. The minimum embedment into the backwall is 6 for steel stringers and 9 for concrete stringers. When approach slab is used with concrete superstructure, hook ST0602 bar and embed as shown. For instructions on completing the title block, see File No. 03.03. For instructions on completing the project block, see File No. 03.02. For instructions on developing the CADD sheet number, see File Nos. 01.01-7 and 01.14-4.

18

19

20

21

22

23 24 25

26

27 28 29

INTEGRAL / JOINTLESS BRIDGES SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENTS CHECK LIST

VOL. V - PART 2 DATE: 11May2007 SHEET 20 of 20 FILE NO. 20.03-20