IILICON COMPUTER PROGRAM USERS GUIDE * ILLICON computer program is coded in Fortran-77.

The consolidation problem is solved by an explicit finite difference approximation scheme. The selection of a suitable space mesh and the size of the time increment are of vital importance to ensure numerical stability. The consolidating soil profile may consist up to 15 layers. Each layer has its own distinct properties such as e log v curve and e log kv curve, each one defined by a set of (e, v), and (e, kv) coordinates. The coordinates enable the user to represent the non-linear behavior of the soil.

1. Input File Structure The input file describes the problem to be solved. It should be prepared with a text editing program such as Notepad. The program reads the input file (input.dat) when it is executed. The input file contains the information necessary to solve the desired problem. This information is organized in blocks. The beginning of each block is identified with a keyword. The entries in each block are introduced starting in the following line from where the keyword is written. What follows is a list of keywords and their description. They are presented in the order to be written in the input file. CASENAME: Name or description of the project. The entry should be a string enclosed in quotes from 1-50 characters. Example: CASENAME OLGA C EMBANKMENT, Drains spacing=1m

Taken from Manual for the ILLICON Computer Program, One-Dimensional Settlement Analysis With or Without Vertical Drains by G. Mesri, Y. K. Choi and D. O. K. Lo, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, May 1989.

NUMLAYS: Number of layers in the stratum. 15 is currently the maximum number of layers allowed. Example: NUMLAYS (NUMBER OF LAYERS) 10 NUMCOLU: Total number of columns used (including the columns in the smear zone). 10 is currently the maximum number of columns allowed. Note: In the case with no vertical drains, 1 column is sufficient. In the case with vertical drains with no smear zone, 6 columns of nodes are adequate, whereas in the case with smear zone, a total of 9 columns is recommended Example: NUMCOLU (NUMBER OF COLUMNS) 9

NUMCOLS: Number of columns used in the smear zone. Note: 3 columns of nodes within the smeared zone is generally used. The difference between the NUMCOL and NUMCOLS is the number of columns of nodes in the undisturbed zone. Example: NUMCOLS (NUMBER OF COLUMNS-SMEAR ZONE) 3 NUMDLAY: Number of layers being penetrated by the drain. Note: For fully penetrating drains, NUMDLAY is equal to the number of layers (NUMLAYS). Note that the drain always terminates at a layer interface. Example: NUMDLAY (NUMBER OF DRAIN LAYERS) 10 RAD_SOI: Radius of the soil in meters Example: RAD_SOI (RADIUS OF THE SOIL) [METERS]

0.525 RADDRA: Radius of the vertical drain Example: RAD_DRA (RADIUS OF THE DRAIN) [METERS] 0.031 RAD_SME: Radius re (meters) of soil cylinder that is influenced by the drain, radius rw (meters) of the drain, and the radius rs (meters) of the smeared soil zone around the drain. Example: RAD_SME (RADIUS OF THE SMEAR ZONE) [METERS] 0.1125 CONSLIM: Limit of progress of consolidation, in percent, for halting program execution. The progress is indicated by the overall average degree of consolidation of the entire soil profile. The default is 99%. Example: CONSLIM (LIMIT OF CONSOLIDATION) [%] 101 PRNT_ ST: Time (days) at which program will start printing first output data. Example: PRNT_ST (PRINT START TIME) 101 PRNT_FC: The print factor is the ratio of a printout time to the previous printout time. A print factor of 1.2 is the default. Example: PRNT_FC (PRINT FACTOR) 1.1 UPPERBC: Upper drainage boundary condition: enter either 0 for drained and 1 for undrained. Example: UPPERBC (0=DRAINED, 1=UNDRAINED) 0 3

LOWERBC: Lower drainage boundary condition: enter either 0 for drained and 1 for undrained. Example: LOWERBC (0=DRAINED, 1=UNDRAINED) 0 TDRAIN: Time (days) when drains are installed. Example: TIM_DRA (TIME [DAYS] WHEN DRAINS WERE INSTALLED) 0 I_F_DRA: Gradient correction factor for the pore water pressures in the drain/smear zone interface. Example: I_F_DRA (GRADIENT CORR. FACTOR, DRAIN) 1.57 I_F_SME: Gradient correction factor for the pore water pressures in the smear zone/ undisturbed soil interface. Example: I_F_SME (GRADIENT CORR. FACTOR, SMEAR) 1.67 K_DRAIN: Permeability of the drain (cm/sec). Example: K_DRAIN (DRAIN PERMEABILITY) 0.00105

LOADING SCHEDULE: The loads as a function of time that will be applied in each layer. Example: LOADING SCHEDULE (NUMPTS/ LOADS(LAY=1,NUMLAY)) 11 0 100 108 139 145 157 158 159 165 170 175 1 2 17.5 22.5 43 48 60 64.9 64.9 79.7 119 1 2 17.5 22.5 43 48 60 64.9 64.9 79.7 119 1 2 17.5 22.5 43 48 60 64.9 64.9 79.7 119 1 2 17.5 22.5 43 48 60 64.9 64.9 79.7 119 1 2 17.5 22.5 43 48 60 64.9 64.9 79.7 119 1 2 17.5 22.5 43 48 60 64.9 64.9 79.7 119 1 2 17.5 22.5 43 48 60 64.9 64.9 79.7 119 1 2 17.5 22.5 43 48 60 64.9 64.9 79.7 119 1 2 17.5 22.5 43 48 60 64.9 64.9 79.7 119 1 2 17.5 22.5 43 48 60 64.9 64.9 79.7 119 Note: In the first line the number of stages that define the loading is indicated (11) For this example the loading was applied in 11 stages.. In the second line, the starting time for each of the stages are indicated. In this case the load was applied in stages starting from time 0 up to time 175 days. After time 175, the load is assumed to be constant. From the third line to the line (3+NULAYS) the load for each stage is indicated. LAY_PARAMETERS: Indicates to the program the beginning of the block that defines the soil properties for each layer. No additional input is necessary for this command. Example: LAY_PARAMETERS LAY_PRO: The properties of each layer are indicated in order starting from layer 1. The properties need by the program are: HO: HO or H0 is the initial layer thickness (meters). PO: PO or P0 is the initial effective vertical stress (kPa). ALPHA: The ratio between C and Cc, where Cc is the compression index and C is the secondary compression index.

ALPHAS: The ratio between Cs and Cs, where Cs is the swelling index and Cs is secondary swelling index (slope of e log t curve during secondary swelling) CS : The swelling index, Cs KHKV: KHKV is the ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability for that layer. NUMROW: Number of horizontal rows of nodes for that layer. For layers of about 2-3 m thick, 6-8 rows of nodes are generally adequate. However layers adjacent to drainage boundaries where high hydraulic gradients exist, require more rows of nodes than that required by the interior layers with comparable thickness. If some layers are more than 5 m thick, more than 9 rows of nodes can be used. Exceptionally thick layers should be subdivided into thinner layers. Example: LAY_PRO 1 14.41 1 19.32 1 24.22 1 29.13 1 34.04 1 38.94 1 43.85 1 48.75 1 53.66 1 58.57 (H, P0, 1 0.033 1 0.033 1 0.033 1 0.033 1 0.033 1 0.033 1 0.033 1 0.033 1 0.033 1 0.033 KHKV, ALPHA, ALPHAS, CS, NUMROW) 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5

E_LOGKV: Descrete points describe the relation between the void ratio and the vertical permeability. The set of values of e and kv should be indicated in order, starting from the higher void ratio. Each set of values for each layer should be preceded by and integer that defines the number of coordinates used to define the permeability behavior. Start from the first layer up to the layer NUMLAYS. Example: E_LOGKV NUMPTV(LAY)/ VOIDV(POINT,LAY) VPERM(POINT, LAY) 3 6

2.063 1.7434 1.7434 3 2.468 1.8576 1.8576 3 2.548 1.847 1.847 3 2.628 1.8669 1.8669 3 2.468 1.7544 1.7544 3 2.3795 1.6937 1.6937 3 2.4985 1.7266 1.7266 3 2.462 1.7248 1.7248 3 2.088 1.5909 1.5909 3 1.888 1.8307 1.8307

0.000000120702 0.000000056504 0.000000056504 0.000000222165 0.000000066132 0.000000066132 0.00000029256 0.000000076013 0.000000076013 0.000000401805 0.000000097234 0.000000097234 0.000000335373 0.000000081352 0.000000081352 0.000000213428 0.000000052003 0.000000052003 0.000000231514 0.000000050957 0.000000050957 0.00000025909 0.000000059757 0.000000059757 0.000000419834 0.000000130784 0.000000130784 0.000000546909 0.000000471355 0.000000471355

E_LOGPS: The EOP e log v relationship of the smeared zone is input by entering the linear segments of the continuous curve. Void ratios and stress (kPa) columns are entered in order starting with order starting with the intiail conditions (e0,v0) If the final effective stress and void ratio exceed the input values, ILLICON will use the Cc of the

last input EOP e log v curve segment to extrapolate to any stress range. (Up to 30 data points can be used). Example: E_LOGPS NUMPTS(LAYER)/ ELOGPU(POINT,LAY) STRES(POINT, LAY) 3 1.999 14.42 1.743 17.64 1.188 446.68 3 2.346 19.32 1.858 25.12 1.364 402.02 3 2.408 24.23 1.847 32.29 1.393 388.61 3 2.476 29.13 1.867 39.25 1.421 388.61 3 2.325 34.04 1.754 46.25 1.37 393.08 3 2.242 38.95 1.694 53.33 1.343 397.55 3 2.344 43.85 1.727 60.73 1.382 393.08 3 2.315 48.76 1.725 67.01 1.37 415.42 3 1.989 53.67 1.591 73.02 1.216 446.68 3 1.877 58.57 1.831 61.06 1.084 759.36

E_LOGPU: The EOP (end-of-primary) e log v relationship of the undisturbed zone is input by entering the linear segments of the continuous curve, in the same way in which the smear zone compressibility is input. (Up to 30 data points can be used). Example: E_LOGPU NUMPTS(LAYER)/ ELOGPU(POINT,LAY) STRES(POINT, LAY) 15 2.063 14.42 2.046 100 1.9 112.2 1.79 125.89 1.697 141.25 1.616 158.49 1.545 177.83 1.481 199.53 1.424 223.87 1.373 251.19 1.327 281.84 1.286 316.23 1.249 354.81 1.216 398.11 1.188 446.68 15 2.468 19.32 2.455 90 2.24 100.98 2.076 113.3 1.941 127.13 1.827 142.64 1.731 160.05 1.649 179.57 1.579 201.48 1.521 226.07 1.473 253.65 1.434 284.6 1.403 319.33 1.38 358.3 1.364 402.02 15 2.548 24.23 2.537 87 2.312 97.62 2.141 109.53 2 122.89 1.881 137.89 1.779 154.71

1.692 1.619 1.557 1.506 1.465 1.433 1.409 1.393 15 2.628 2.618 2.383 2.206 2.058 1.933 1.827 1.735 1.658 1.593 1.539 1.496 1.462 1.437 1.421 15 2.468 2.46 2.245 2.081 1.946 1.832 1.736 1.654 1.585 1.526 1.478 1.439 1.409 1.386 1.37 15 2.38 2.372 2.171 2.017 1.89 1.783

173.59 194.77 218.53 245.2 275.12 308.69 346.35 388.61 29.13 87 97.62 109.53 122.89 137.89 154.71 173.59 194.77 218.53 245.2 275.12 308.69 346.35 388.61 34.04 88 98.74 110.79 124.3 139.47 156.49 175.58 197.01 221.05 248.02 278.28 312.24 350.33 393.08 38.95 89 99.86 112.04 125.72 141.06

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1.692 1.615 1.55 1.495 1.45 1.412 1.382 1.359 1.343 15 2.499 2.492 2.274 2.107 1.97 1.854 1.756 1.672 1.601 1.542 1.492 1.452 1.421 1.398 1.382 15 2.462 2.456 2.243 2.079 1.944 1.831 1.735 1.653 1.584 1.527 1.479 1.44 1.409 1.386 1.37 15 2.088 2.083 1.934 1.822 1.727

158.27 177.58 199.25 223.56 250.84 281.44 315.78 354.32 397.55 43.85 88 98.74 110.79 124.3 139.47 156.49 175.58 197.01 221.05 248.02 278.28 312.24 350.33 393.08 48.76 93 104.35 117.08 131.37 147.4 165.38 185.56 208.2 233.61 262.11 294.09 329.98 370.24 415.42 53.67 100 112.2 125.89 141.25

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1.645 158.49 1.572 177.83 1.508 199.53 1.45 223.87 1.399 251.19 1.353 281.84 1.313 316.23 1.276 354.81 1.244 398.11 1.216 446.68 15 1.888 58.57 1.879 170 1.752 190.74 1.657 214.02 1.576 240.13 1.505 269.43 1.441 302.31 1.382 339.19 1.329 380.58 1.28 427.02 1.234 479.13 1.192 537.59 1.153 603.18 1.117 676.78 1.084 759.36 ENDDATA: The program stop reading the input file. No numerical input is necessary with this command. Example: ENDDATA Addition information: When smear zone is not included in the analysis, the input format is identical to what has been described, with the following changes in the input data: Radius of the smear zone: not needed Compressibility of the smear zone: not needed The program can also be used for a case where vertical drains are not installed. This special case is then reduced to a one-dimensional consolidation problem with vertical

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flow only. The input format remains the same as what have been described with the following changes in the input data: Number of drained layers: 0 Number of columns: 1 Radius of the soil: not needed Radius of the smear zone: not needed Permeability of the drain not needed Time when the drains where installed: not needed Compressibility of the smear zone: not needed

2. Running the Program In DOS environment (or command prompt) go to the folder which includes ILLICON.exe and the input file (input.dat) and type, and execute the program. The program will show options for running a new analysis, continue an old analysis or to process the data from the output files. 1. New analysis: To start a new analysis the user will have to indicate the time at which the simulation should be stopped and the TIC. The TIC is a non dimensional value that control the time step of the numerical integration. Smaller values of TIC will give more accurate results, but they also significantly increase the time for computation. Two values of TIC should be assigned to the program. A minimum value, and a maximum value. The program will select the most appropriate value in that range. Experience using the program taught us that adecuate values are usually 1 and 100. The user should keep track of the the *.err file and select the values of TIC accordingly to reduce the error. 2. Continue analysis. In this case the program will upload the values stored in the file datafile.dat and will continue from the time at which the last analysis was stopped. 3. Analyzed output data. In this case the program print user friendly outputs. The program will read and filter the output data files (e.g. *.mtx) , and will show only the information that the user requires.

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3. Output Files Vertical profiles of excess pore water pressure (local and average in the radial direction in the case of vertical drains), effective vertical stress (local as well as the average in radial direction in the case of vertical drains) and settlement are computed by ILLICON, as a function of time. All this information will be saved in different output files. *: Name of the file for the analyzed case *.mtx : File containing pore water pressure, total and effective stresses for each node in the matrix. *.def: File that contains the settlement for each node *.set: File that containts the surface settlements *.err. File that contains the error that occurred during the calculation process *.csn: File that contains the average degree of consolidation as a function of time *.dat: File that summarizes the input data in a user friendly fashion. datafile.dat: This file will be created to store the value of the variables at the end of the calculations. This enables the program to continue the analysis from the point at which it was stopped.

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