1.

All points must be in an appropriate context Diffusion 1 2 (Molecules / ions) move down / with a concentration gradient Rate increased by larger concentration difference / higher temperatures / smaller molecules or ions / larger surface area of membrane / small diffusion distance (or converse) ; Credit example of diffusion e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, water;

Facilitated diffusion 4 5 6 (Molecules / ions) move down/ with a concentration gradient/eq Requires protein channel / carrier in membrane; Credit example of facilitated diffusion, such as glucose / amino acids / named ion

Osmosis 7 8 Movement of water; From high / less negative water potential / to low / more negative water potential //eq; 9 Across partially permeable /eq membrane;

Active transport 10 11 12 (Molecules / ions) move up / against concentration gradient; Requires protein channel / carrier in membrane; Credit further details of mechanism of active transport;

13Credit example of active transport, such as sodium / potassium / proton pumps;

Endocytosis / exocytosis /pinocytosis / phagocytosis 14 15 OR Diffusion / facilitated diffusion / osmosis do not require ATP / energy;
[10]

Description of process; Active transport / endocytosis / etc require ATP / energy;

2. Process Takes place against a concentration gradient Requires energy in the form of ATP

Diffusion

X X X
Any two correct boxes for one mark

X X X
[4]

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Active transport

3.

(a)

(net) movement / eq of, molecules / ions / particles / gases / solute / named example ; from high concentration to low concentration / down a concentration gradient ; [ignore references to membrane] concentration gradient / eq ; temperature ; (diffusion) distance / thickness (of membrane) ; [not size] permeability (of membrane) ; surface area (of membrane) ; size of, molecules / ions / particles ; polarity / solubility in lipids / eq ; (active transport) up / against concentration gradient / from low to high concentrations / involves carriers / ATP / energy / respiration ;

(b)

(c)

1
[5]

4.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Movement down concentration gradient / eq ; Involves protein in membrane ; (Active transport) requires, ATP/ energy ; (Active transport) occurs against/up the concentration gradient ;

2 2

(b)

(i)

(0.05 mol dm-3 =) 90% and (0.07 mol dm-3 =) 15% ; Difference = (90-15) = 75% ; [allow 14% reading, no consequential error] Water potential of solution is more than that of red blood cells / allow converse ; Water enters the cells ; By osmosis / down water potential gradient ; Expansion of cytoplasm / eq / increasing pressure / stretching the membrane ; Shrink / shrivel up / crenate / eq / water would move out / exosmosis ;

(ii)

max 3 1

(iii) (c)

Cell wall ; Resists expansion / eq ;

2
[12]

5.

(a) Absorbance / arbitrary units Temperature / C 25 37 47 56 65 Tube A 0.13 0.17 0.54 0.93 3.42 Tube B 0.09 0.19 0.58 0.99 3.56 Mean 0.11 0.18 0.56 0.96 3.49

Suitable table ; [shaded columns optional] Correct rows and columns with labels and units ; Mean absorbance for each temperature calculated ; ; [1 error = 1 Mark, 2 errors = 0 Marks] [decimal place inconsistency = 1 error] (b)

Line graph drawn ; Axes correct orientation and labelled with units (equal to or more than half of paper) ; All points plotted correctly ; Line joins points or good line of best fit ; 4 {Loss of pigment / absorbance} increases with temperature ; Small increase in pigment from 25 47 C ; Increase larger above 37 C / very large increase 56 C / 65 C ; Discs could be cut from different parts of the root ;
3

(c)

(d)

Handling discs could cause damage ; Discs take different times to reach temperature of water ; Liquid needs to be mixed well to ensure even dispersion of pigment ; (e) Reference to damage to cell membrane ; Reference to any protein component of cell membrane ; Denaturation of protein likely above 56 C ;

2
[14]

6.

(a)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Uptake of A increases throughout 6 hour period ; Uptake of A is {proportional to time / linear} / rate of uptake of A is constant ; Uptake of B increases then {plateaus / levels off} / rate of uptake of B decreases ; {Uptake / rate of uptake} of A greater than of B ; Credit manipulation of figures ; Rate of uptake greater at start of experiment as diffusion gradient is high ; Rate of uptake decreases as diffusion gradients lower ; {Line / rate / uptake} plateaus out when concentration of substance B inside cell is same as concentration outside cell ; Concentration inside cell doesnt decrease ; (increase in temperature) increases kinetic energy (of molecules) ; Therefore molecules move faster ; 2 3 3

(b)

1. 2. 3. 4.

(c)

(d)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Movement (of molecules) against concentration gradient / eq ; Requires {energy / ATP} ; Occurs in one direction ; Involves {carrier / transporter} proteins ; Which span the membrane / eq ; Molecule binds to {protein / carrier} ; {Protein / carrier} changes shape ; Reference to {sodium / proton} pump or other named example ; 5
[13]

7.

(a) Process Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport Requires energy from respiration (ATP) 7 7 7 3

4 Requires a concentration gradient 3 3 3 7

[Two correct for one mark] (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Large surface area; due to Many alveoli / eq; Large number / networks of capillaries / eq; Small diffusion path / thin exchange surface / eq; {Flattened / thin / squamous} alveolar (epithelial) cells / walls; Capillary (endothelial) cells / walls; Large difference in concentration; due to Ventilating the lungs / eq; Circulation of blood / eq; 4
[8]

8.

(a)

Concentration of sucrose in solution is higher than in the potato cylinder / converse / correct reference to water potential /eq; Water moves out of {the cells / potato}; By osmosis; Reference to {plasmolysis / loss of turgor}; 2

(b)

(i)

1. 2. 3.

To the right of the original curve; Curve follows a similar shape to original line; Curve starts and finishes at the same values as the original curve; 2

(ii)

1.

{Sucrose / sugar} {increases the solute concentration / reduces water potential} of the {cells / potato} / eq; More sucrose in the potato cells so cells reach {equilibrium / eq} at a higher concentration of sucrose solution / eq; Concentration difference is {less / reduced} / eq; At the start {full turgor / eq}; At the end {full plasmolysis / eq}; Reference to starch having {no / little} effect on osmosis; 2
[6]

3. 4. 5. 6.

9.

(a)

A B C D

Fatty acid / hydrophobic {region / tail} / phospholipid tail Phosphate / glycerol / hydrophilic {region / head} / phospholipid head (Channel / transmembrane / intrinsic) protein Glycoprotein [Half mark each, rounded down] 2

(b)

Facilitated diffusion Through {channel / carrier} protein; Down a concentration gradient / eq; Active transport Using carrier protein; Energy from ATP; Against concentration gradient; Exocytosis / endocytosis Vesicle containing glucose fuses with membrane; Vesicle forms (from membrane enclosing glucose); [Maximum 2 marks if only one process mentioned or described. Marks must be in context of a correct process]

(c)

(i)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Discs cut from the same beetroot; Pre-treatment of beetroot / washing discs; Standardised method of obtaining beetroot discs / discs the same {mass / volume / surface area}; Further detail of method e.g. way of keeping the discs from clumping in the water; Use of water baths at fixed temperatures; Fixed time in water baths / fixed volume of water; Use of colorimeter / description of method of measuring intensity of colour; Detail of colorimeter e.g. use of {reference blank / filter}; Membrane selectively permeable at lower temperatures; {Temperature increase above 40 C / higher temperatures} / membrane breaks down / eq; Increase of kinetic energy of {pigment molecules / phospholipids in membrane / eq}; Proteins are denatured; Membrane becomes {freely / more} permeable to (pigment molecules) with increasing temperature; Reference to diffusion of pigment molecules out of the cells / reaches equilibrium at high temperatures; 3
[12]

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

10.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

A B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Glycoprotein; Phospholipid; [do not allow bilayer] {Fatty acids / tails} are {hydrophobic / non-polar}; Idea that fatty acids are in the middle of the bilayer; {Phosphate / heads} are {hydrophilic / polar}; Idea that phosphate groups are on the outside of the bilayer; Reference to {cytoplasm / tissue fluid} being {polar / eq} in nature; 3 2 1

Cell {recognition / attachment} / {receptor / eq} / antigen;

(b)

1. 2. 3. 4.

The membrane is fluid; (Because) {phospholipids /B} are able to move (within membrane); (Therefore) proteins can move (within membrane / phospholipid bilayer); Idea that there is a new arrangement of proteins; 2
[8]

11.

(a) Chemical compound One example of the chemical compound found in living organisms Starch / Glycogen / Cellulose / Amylose / Amylopectin; Enzyme Phospholipid DNA/RNA; Subunit(s) of the chemical Monosaccharide / Glucose / named monosaccharide eg glucose; Amino acid; Fatty acids and Glycerol; Nucleotide Elements contained in the chemical

Polysaccharide

C,H,O;

Protein Lipid Nucleic acid

C,H,O,N,S C,H,O C,H,O,N,P

(b) (c)

Unsaturated contain one or more (C=C) double bonds / eq; Diagram showing a bilayer of phospholipids; Heads on outside and tails on inside [Must have two tails]; Proteins included in the diagram; [distinguishable from the phospholipids, can be intrinsic, extrinsic or transmembrane with suitable label]

3
[11]

12.

(a)

protein; fatty acid / [/ phospholipids] tail phosphate / glycerol / [/ phospholipids] head 3

(b)

A suggestion to include two from: 1. 2. 3. small (molecular size) recognised by protein receptors /eq Lipid soluble/non-polar/hydrophobic [uncharged] 2

(c)

(i) (ii)

both involve (carrier) proteins / both transport hydrophilic molecules / named molecule / selective active transport requires energy / ATP, facilitated transport does not / active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient, facilitated diffusion allows molecules to move down a concentration gradient / eq

1
[7]

13.

(a)

(i)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

There is no increase (in the intensity of red coloration) until 45C /eq; There is a small/eq increase in the (red coloration) from 45-65C; At 65-75C there is a large increase in (red coloration); There is a small/eq increase after 75C / No further increase in (red coloration) above 85C / eq; Manipulation of data; Up to 45C there is no effect on the membrane; Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of the molecules (in membrane) /eq; Proteins may change shape/eq; Phospholipids move more /eq; Allowing pigment to leak through vacuole membrane / eq; And plasma membrane / eq; By diffusion /down a concentration gradient; Reference to plateau /eq as {all membrane now disrupted/ no longer a diffusion gradient}/ eq; 3 3

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

(b)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Movement (of molecules) against concentration gradient/eq; Requires{energy/ATP}; Occurs in one direction; Involves proteins; Which span the membrane / eq; Molecule binds to protein/carrier; Protein/carrier changes shape / eq; Reference to sodium pump or named ion pump; 5
[11]

14.

(a)

diffusion; facilitated diffusion; active transport / uptake; energy / ATP; carrier / channel; endocytosis; [Reject exocytosis] 6 correct 3 marks 5 or 4 correct 2 marks 3 or 2 correct 1 mark 1 or 0 correct - 0 marks

(b)

(i)

similarity both passive / do not require energy /eq / move (molecules) down a concentration gradient; difference osmosis involves transport of water only / converse / osmosis always involves movement of molecules through a partially permeable membrane / converse;

(ii)

similarity both involve the use of vesicles to move contents / eq / both involved in bulk transport / eq both require energy / ATP; difference endocytosis involves transport of substances into the cell, exocytosis transports substances out of the cell; 2
[7]

10

15.

(a)

Facilitated diffusion: 1. (proteins provide) {channels / gates / pores / carriers / transporters} in membrane; OR {channels / gates / pores / carriers / transporters} carry molecules across the membrane; 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. (channels / gates / pores) can open or close / (carriers / transporters) can change shape; for ions / {large / polar} molecules / molecules insoluble in lipids to pass through; down {concentration / diffusion} gradient / eq; (Max 3 marks)

Active transport: molecule {binds to / fits into / attaches to / combines with} protein; use of {ATP / energy}; up concentration gradient / eq; for faster uptake / eq; 1. 2. 3. (ii) 1. 2. 3. 4. (Max 3 marks) 5

(b)

(i)

increase in concentration (in cytoplasm) for first {2.3 hours / 2.4 hrs / 2h 18 min / 2h 24 min /eq}; (then) concentration remains {constant / plateau / levels off}; calculation of rate of uptake e.g. (2.8 2.3 = 1.22 g cm3 h1); active transport cannot occur; at first, X diffuses in / can enter down concentration gradient / eq; idea that once concentration of X in cytoplasm equals concentration outside, no more can be taken up; correct reference to some ATP present at start, so some active transport will occur; 2
[9]

16.

(a)

(i)

X: phospholipid; Y: (channel) protein; Z: glycoprotein / carbohydrate;

11

(ii)

P: (passive) diffusion; Q: active transport; R: facilitated diffusion;

(b)

1. CFTR protein defective / eq; 2. chloride ions remain in cells / eq; 3. mucus lacks water/is very sticky / eq; 4. mucus blocks pancreatic (duct); 5. {fewer enzymes / correctly named enzyme} released into the small intestine; 6. lower concentration of enzymes / fewer active sites; 7. fewer collisions between substrate and the active site of the enzymes / named substrate and enzyme; 4
[10]

17.

1. 2. 3. 4.

(simple ) diffusion; facilitated diffusion; active transport; ATP;

[4]

18.

(a)

1. 2.

fluid (phospholipid) molecules can move within phospholipid {layer / monolayer}; mosaic {proteins / glycoproteins / eq} dotted throughout the {membrane / bilayer / eq}; (act as) receptors / antigens; 1. 2. 3. two {fatty acid / eq} tails; glycerol; phosphate; 3 2 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

(c)

1.

charged region (of cholesterol) only in line with hydrophilic phospholipid head /non-charged region only in line with hydrophobic phospholipid tails; all within 1 monolayer; 2

2.

12

(d)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

LDLs carry most cholesterol / HDLs more protein / eq; LDLs bind to receptors on cell membranes; if in high concentration, they overload receptors; results in high blood cholesterol; high risk of atheroma / atherosclerosis / eq; HDLs transport cholesterol to liver; cholesterol broken down therefore less risk of atherosclerosis /eq; max 4
[12]

19. Process Requires transport proteins Requires energy in the form of ATP

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport NB 1 mark for every two correct answers
[4]

20.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

{fatty acids / tails} are {hydrophobic / non-polar / eq}; (so orientate themselves) away from {water / polar environment / eq}; {phosphate/heads} are {hydrophilic / polar / eq}; (so orientate themselves) towards {water / polar environment}; idea that phospholipids arranged in bilayer due to aqueous environment on both sides of membrane / eq; max 3
[3]

21.

(a)

(i)

1. 2. 3.

active {transport / uptake}; facilitated diffusion; endocytosis / pinocytosis / endopinocytosis / eq; max 2 1

(ii)

translation;

13

(b)

(i) (ii)

299; 906; {ATP / ADP / Pi / (inorganic) phosphate}; mRNA; tRNA; rRNA;

1 1

(c)

1. 2. 3. 4.

max 2
[7]

22.

(a)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(ion / Ca2+) {binds / eq} to protein (in membrane) / {named / channel / carrier} protein; reference to {specificity / eq} of protein to {ion / Ca2+}; protein spans the membrane / eq; protein changes shape / description of shape change / eq; (ion / Ca2+) moves across from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration / down a concentration gradient / eq; until both sides are equal / eq; 1. {linear / rapid / steady / eq} increase for first {3 / 4} minutes; 2. 3. 4. 1.8. uptake slows after {3 / 4 / {next 2 / eq}} minutes; no further {increase / uptake} after {5.5 / 6 minutes}; credit correct manipulation of the data e.g. uptake is to 2 au min1; max 3 max 4

6. (b) (i)

(ii)

1. (a 10C rise) increases the (initial rate of) uptake / diffusion / eq; 2. 3. no effect on final concentration / eq; credit comparative manipulation of the data e.g. doubles the (initial) rate; max 2

14

(iii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

more kinetic energy / moving faster / eq; therefore more collisions with {membrane / protein / carrier / eq}; more ions moving into cell per unit time / eq; (dynamic) equilibrium will occur (independent of temperature) / eq; more {membrane / named} protein altered / eq; more channels open; max 2
[11]

23.

(a) Statement Movement of water Requires ATP Molecules move down a concentration gradient Carrier proteins are needed One mark for each two correct boxes. (b) (i) Award up to four marks for any of the following in context. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Rapid rate of uptake {in first 4 hours / initially}; Substance A passes down concentration gradient (into the cell) / eq; {Between 4 and 8 hours / gradually} the rate of uptake decreases; Due to smaller diffusion gradient / eq; Rate of uptake is proportional to diffusion gradient /eq; After 8 hours there is no further uptake; Concentrations inside cell equal concentration outside cell/eq; Max 4 6 Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Active transport

15

(ii)

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two marks. 1. 2. Substance B has less kinetic energy; Movement through membrane is slower/eq; Max 2
[12]

24.

(a)

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two marks. 1. 2. 3. Fluid because phospholipids moving (within membrane); Causing proteins to move; Mosaic due to presence of proteins/eq; Award up to three marks for following in sequence or context. 1. 2. 3. 4. (The presence of ) cholesterol decreases the permeability of membranes (to substance A); The higher the cholesterol content the lower the permeability; An increase in temperature increases the permeability of all 3 membranes (to substance A); A change in temperature affects the permeability of the membrane without cholesterol more than the membranes with cholesterol/eq; Max 2

(b)

(i)

Max 3

(ii)

Award up to two marks for following in sequence or context 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. cholesterol binds the tails of phospholipids together; phospholipid layer is more rigid; phospholipids more closely packed; idea that substance A cannot pass through gaps created when phospholipids moving; ref to some effect on polarity of membrane; Max 2
[7]

16