Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Surface Drilling and Blasting

    Uploaded by

    Otgonsuren Balgan
    2K views244 pages

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    2K views244 pages

    Surface Drilling and Blasting

    Uploaded by

    Otgonsuren Balgan

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 244
    = Sa X OST IAN GL eee —— } 1 ONILSV 14 GNV ONITHYG JOVAYNS a PREFACE “This handbook has been written primarily with contractors, quarry operators and mining engineers in mind, [twill bea useful tool for ‘overybody involved in the design of surface diling and blasting for rock excavation projects, quarries and mines, and responsible for selecting drilling equipment and blasting materials forthe job im hand. The book also gives guidelines for estimating costs involved in these projects and contains specifications of the Tamrock surface rilling rigs which the reader himself may need in choosing equipment for different jobs This book was written during 1987—$8 while was working asa product manager in Tamrock Trackdrils for Southeast Europe, the Middle East and Arica. My sincere wish i that the book will be ‘worn out in the hands of the practioners of the art of rock drilling and blasting also hope that this book willbe further developed by its users to serve the needs of rock drilling and blasting specilists even better inthe Future { would ike to extend my sincere thanks to all who have contributed to the material in this book and its production, Iam particularly gratetul to Leena Lchiiniemi, Peter Gregory and Andrew Gardiner, without ‘whose advice and painstaking revision this handbook would not have bee completed Jukka Naapuri Editor INTENTS, ‘Section A. ESSENTIALS OF SURFACE DRILLING. GENERAL, n ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ROCK MATERIAL 4 21. Origin of rocks 14 22. Technical properties of rock material : ST 23. Rock dillability 20 2.31. Drilling Rate index (DRI) 20 2.32. Indices for different rock types 8 2°33. Samples for deillabiity testing 35 24, Rock blastabitty so 25 241. Factors affecting rock blastability 26 2.42. Stability of rock benches 7 30 BASIS FOR BENCH DRILLING aI 3.1. Factors affecting bench dri : 3L ' 3.2. Terminology used in drilling patterns 3 33. Dritihole diameter . Snanaenn 34 34. Bench height and drilthote fensth 35 35. Burden and spacin 38 3.51, Burden 38 3552. Spacing al 3.53. Drilling pattern efficie 2 36. inclination of drillholes 42 3.61. Drillhole straightness con 3.1. Drilling patern geometry 38. Horizontal oles bench ding “8 39. Drilling pattems for bench blast st Section B: ESSENTIALS OF SURFACE BLASTING GENERAL, “ on 64 EXPLOSIVES: “Technical properties of explosives Types of explosives 2.21. High explosives 2.33. Coxts 2.34. Availability Disposal of explosives INITIATION OF EXPLOSIVES. 31 32. 33. 34, cord and blasting caps on by detonating cord Electric blast initiation 331. Electric blasting caps 3.32. Blecitic blasting citeuitry design 3.33, Testing of electric firing circui 3.36, Safety in electric blasting Nonel detonation LOADING OF EXPLOSIVES HOLE CHARGING IN BENCH BLASTING 5A 52. ‘Manual loading of explosives Paeumatic loading of explosives nfo loading 431. Pneumatic loading of anfo 432! Anfo loading by trucks 433, Control of static electricity in pneumatic loading Loading of emalsion explosives Priming of explosive charges Deck load : Determination of explosive charges 5.11. Primers and bottom charges 5.12, Column charges 5113, Stemming and total charge in the hole 5.14, Specific charging Control of bench blasts 5.21. Throw and seatiering 5.22’ Swelling 5.23. Blasting of different rock types ‘Charging patterns for bench blasting FIRING SYSTEMS FOR BENCH BLASTING 6.1. Single row blasting 6.2. Multirow blasting ROCK FRAGMENTATION 7.1, Rock characteristies 72. Biasthole straightness 73. Properties of explosives 74. Loading of blastholes 75. Specific charging 76. Firingsystem : 77. Estimation of boulder size 78. Largeboulder size 89 OT 94 94 7 100 10 102 103 los 0 Ho HL 113 113 14 M5 6 7 lg 120 120 120 123 124 125 125 125 127 128 128 140 142 143 147 147 Lag 150. 150 152 152 153 154 BLASTING SAFETY 8.1. Airblast 8.11, Hove to controlar blast 82. Ground vibrations 8.21. Ground vibration produced by «singe charge 8.22 Ground vibration caused by a multe shot 8.23. How 1o control ground vibrations 83. Fiytock DO'S AND DON'TS WHEN BLASTING ‘Section C: APPLICATIONS OF BENCH DRILLING AND BLASTING ERAL CONSTRUCTION DRILLING AND BLASTING 2.1, Highway and railway construetion 2.11. Dilling patterns 212. Charging of holes 2:13. Excavation layout Hydropower plants 2.21. Surface structures 22, Underground excavations 3.93. The Aiaturk project 2.3. Trench drilling and blasting 31. Choice ot hole diameter 2232. Placing of drillholes 2:33 Charging of blasthoes 2.34, Firing ystems. 2.35, Controlled trench blasting 24, Pipelines . 2.41. Dimensions of pipelines 242: Choice of excavation method! 2/43. Preparations along the pipeline route 25. Ground levelling . 2.51. With vertical holes 2°52, With horizontal holes 2.6. Ditch blasting .. 2.7. Small blasting jobs 28. Secondary breaking 2.81. Secondary breaking by biasting 2182. Secondary breaking by breakers QUARRYING AND OPEN PIT MINING 3.4. Quarry layouts 3.2. Open pit layouts 33. Drilling patemns 314, Selection of drilling equipment 341. Top hammer drills 3.42. DTH drills 3.43. Rotary drills CONTROLLED BLASTING ON CONSTRUCTION SITES 4.L. Presplit basting 42, Smooth blasting 43. Line diting 44. Charging explosives 4.5. Firing systems 415. Planning of controlled basting 47. Drilling equipment .. WALL CONTROL BLASTING IN OPEN PITS AND QUARRIES 5.1. Presplit blasting 5.11. Presplit hole spacing 5.12, Presplit hole charging 5.13 Presplit bast timing 52. Trimblasting UNDERWATER BLASTING 6.1. Choice of driling and biasting methods 62, Factors affecting underwater blast design 6.21. Drillbole accuracy 6.22 Faulty charges 6.23, Rock fragmentation 6.24 Swelling 6.3. Basis for underwater drilling .. 6.31, Cutspreading 64, Basis for underwater biasting 6.41. Basis for underwater blasting 6.42; Controlled blasting 65, Useof surface charges 66. Firingsystems .. 7. Salety in underwater blasting 6.11. Ground vibration 16.12. Water-borne shock waves 16.13. Rock throw and scatter 68. _ Drilling equipment 69. Drillsteel equipment ‘CRACKING AGENTS 71. General principle 72. Mixing 73. Cracking plans .. ‘Section D: SURFACE DRILLING EQUIPMENT GENERAL TOP HAMMER DRILLING 2.1. Principle of top hammer drilling 2.2. Hydraulic top hammer diling 2 Working principle ofa hydraulic rock dri 2.3, Phoumatic top hammer drilling 2.31. Working principle of « pneumatic ruck dri 24. Hydraulic vs pneumatic drilling 2.5. Mechanism of rock breakage in drilling 2.6, Drills for quarrying, open pit mining and construction 61. Handheld drilis : 2.62. Drill packages for excavators 2.63, Wagon drills 2.64. Crawler drills 2.641. Hydraulic drills 2.642. Pheumatic drills 27. Dill stecl equipment 2.71, Thread types 2.72 Integral dill sicels 2.73. Extension drill sel . 2.731. Manulcturing of extension drill stecls 2.732. Drill bits 2.733. Extension rods 2.734. Couplings 2.735. Shank adaptors 2.74 Selection of drill bits 2.75, Tube Drilling System 2.76. Dail steel service life 2.77. Grinding and chamfering of drill steels 2.78. Do'sand don'ts about drill steel use 28. Drill automation 2.9. Working safety in drilling 2.91. Factors affecting working environment 2.92, Factors improving operator safety 2.10. Overburden drilling o 2.101, OD dling 2.102. Odex drilling 2.103. Drilling equipment 2.104. Drill steels. DTH DRILLING 3.1. Principle of DTH driling 3.1. DTH hammer 3.12. DTH dill carriers 32. Drilling accessories 3.3. Driling environment 4. ROTARY DRILLING 4.1. Principle of erushing rotary drilling 4.1). Rotation 4.12. Thrust 4.13, Flushing 42. Drill carriers 43. Powespacks 44. Masts 4.5, Dust colicetion systems 46. Drilling accessories 461. Duill bits 4.62. Drill pipes 4.63. Shock subs 4.64 Stabilizers : 4.65. Service life of drilling accessories 4.66, Do's and don'ts when using tricone bits 47. Cutting rotary driling 48. Latestirendsin rotary deiling ‘Section E: TAMROCK IN SURFACE DRILLING 1. GENERAL : 2. TAMROCK'S PRODUCT LINE POR SURFACE DRILLING. Section F: PLANNING OF DRILLING AND BLASTING 1. GENERAL ' 2. PLANNING OF DRILLING AND BLASTING 3. DRILLING PERFORMANCE, 31. Drilling eapacity 3.2. Shift capacity 4. DRILL STEEL CONSUMPTION 5. WORK SCHEDULE 6. DRILLING AND BLASTING CosTS GA, Diilling costs 6.11 Investment 6.12, Maint 6.13. Drill steel 6.14, Fuel 6.15. Labour 6.16. Total driling cost 62. Blasting cost 7. CASESTUDY 8. CONVERSION FACTORS , References, 361 362 362 364 366, 366, 367 368, 369) 370 370 442 443 445 446, 452 434 455 456 456 438 439 = 461 462 403 463 465 a3 408 Section A ESSENTIALS OF SURFACE DRILLING Al. GENERAL tn sucface operations, drilling is per formed for one oF the follows Foconstruet space in the wock, to exploit the sock material being excavated, or lo use the drilled holes for pur coher than blast Constiuction operations — involve many types af rock excavation; they con- sist of highway amd railvay cuts, trench incl ditch hkisfing for pipelines, sub- harbor ponds and channels, fevelling in building founda: tions and contour bls smooth surfaces. Fxeepting large scale dam con siruetion, the holes drilled are less than 27 mm (5°) in diameter because of the need for relatively even distribution of explosives and adequately fine fragmen ration, Furthermore, the use of small diameter blastholes reduces the amount ‘of explosives per hate thus reducing the ground vibration problem, To provide Sufficient diling accuracy, the holes are normally drilled at beach hcights of less tan 20'metres, Operations, where rock is drilled in ‘onder to exploit its mineral content, are — open pit mines, ‘open cast mines for coal and other minerals In quarries all the material extracted is ly consumed asanend produet. The area excavated is relatively. unlimited, and the rock can be exiraeted where itis best available, Depending on the topo raphy. quazry maybedeveloped on the side of a hill, using conventional bench Grilling and blasting, Where the area is hilly and the rock outcrops, the quay will be developed by opening a face inte the side of the hill, When the terrain isa to ramp down a quarry that is en ce of the surround most flat, iis neces into the scam creat firey bx ing terrain, w the sur Inopen pit mines the oreistimited toa certain bedrock type, and the removal of the surrouncling Fock is required for the continence of mining on the actual orebody. Open pit mines are tl somewhat deeperthan quarries, ane! spe cial bench drilling and. blasting tech: niques and pit slope design must be ap- plied so that ore can be extracted, After the minerals of economic value have been removed from the ore, che rem ing waste material must be disposed of fore For both quarries and open pit mines the blasting pattern is determined by the geology of the material to be broken, the Fragmentation required, the hole diameter and depth, and the type of ex- plosive. The technique of smooth bbast- ing is utilized as well as normal bench drilling and_ blasting, with holes @ SL__.381 mm (2°...15°)al bench heights between 10 and 30 metres, A Dailling operations, where the hole is punched for other than rock extraction purposes, may include: = water well dri ~ anchor hole deli = cable line drilling, ~ prospecting drill oil drilling The task of the operation usualy determines the size of the drillhole and the type of machinery needed A2. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ROCK MATERIAL. The ability to tell whether a roek will he easy or hard (0 drill is sila matter of ex- perience, often Jeamed the hard way — theo and etvor. The various char acteristics typical of any given rock type ‘can be interpreted to indicate how the rock will drill, but there are still times when laboratory analysis is the only ‘means of distinguishing one type of rock from another. “The specific technical properties of the rock, which must be considered in the planning and perfor mance of rock excavation, depend on how the rock developed during its forma ion. This, together with the method used and the purpose of the excavation, cleter= ‘mine the breaking characteristics of the rock material A2.1 Origin of rocks The geological classification of ro based on their origin; rocks are divided into three major groups: — igneous, — sedimentary, — metamorphic IGNEOUS ROCKS: Igneous rocks are emplaced in a molten state either deep in the earth’serust or on the surface, through surface eruptions The depth of emplacement determines the rate of cooling and thus the grain siz. ‘The slow cooling-rate of deep-seated in- trusive magmas allows for the formation of large, well-developed crystals and a coarse grained texture results. Extrusive mas, which flow onto the earth's sur- from eruptions coo! rapidly and are fine grained, Igneous rocks are generally hed, but sive; they are relatively easy to drill with the percussion method, provided they are not too badly fissured and/or de~ composed. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS fedimentary rocks are formed thro theaccumulation and successive lay oof broken and decomposed rock ma terial, The materials may be derived from the eroding landmass and transported by water or wind £0 be deposited in layers Sedimentary formations may also result from the accumulation of shells or other organic material, or they may be com posed of minerals precipitated by chemi cal reaction. As successive layers of secl- ment accumulate, the buried layers lose water and are compacted. The mineral _gfainsare often cemented togetherby cit culating fluids, Almost all sedimentary rocks have a preferred fabric orientation and hence their properties are direction sensitive METAMORPHIC ROCKS Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are subjected to physical or chem cal forces and new minerals and/or tex- tures are developed, Although sedimen- tary rocks (from which metamorphic rocks are partly derived) undergo minor changes during compaction, the original Features are clearly preserved, However, iftheseorigneousrocksbecomeinvolved in major earth movements, where the temperature and pressure undergo dras- es, new minerals are formed; at time other features, such as banding, with characteristics of the new environment, are imprinted on them, All of these changes occur without complete melting, and the new racks, being differ- cent in origin from igneous rocks, are tolerred to.as metamorphic (~ changed Metamosphicrocksare generally har (o very hard, and usually req cussive drilling All the common racks are formed From silicate minerals, with the exception of limestones, which consist of calcium :)sbur rock-for- ming minerals tend to ecurin fairly well- defined associations. Quartz, Feldspars and miasare common constituents inal bree main rock groups, whereas amphi- bboles and pyroxenes are rae in sedi Figure A peal sedimentary (coal formation. tary rocks but common among both ig ‘us and metamorphic rocks, Olivines garnets are practically confined toig hheous and metamorphic rocks respee- Lively, and calcite is widespread among sedimentary and metamorphic rocks but is not a major constituent of igneous rocks. Tables 1 and 2 list mineralogical and chemical correlations for common types of rock, ‘Whilemetamorphic racks havechemi- cal compositions similar to igneous and sedimentary rocks, they may have quite different mineralogical compositions (he main exceptions are marbles and quartzites which are metamorphosed limestones and sandstones). Meta ‘morphism is primar stallization process, whereby ts are_redis tributed into new minerals; there is ony fement into or out of the iemical composition t= ame asin the orig- rock and so the mais essentially inal sock, TUble2 Compostionafcommon ack pein terns oh "ns of chemistry. tnwnns | metnonptie [——saimemany Miner aes a a ssc tan [te | soit | she | San | Eine ita 60. s = = Z Ms i Dlagloclase 5 42 § S : ! pyisrene = ae eee ee sani = 50, = : = “olivine: = = “ =| notte : 5 - es - niscovite = fd Aducaeda. | a 1 1 _ Statolie eee ae seabed e| clay minerals = - 50 = 7 Total ; m0 a 100100100190 a a) eee _ ; Amphi] and | Grane Bast pote | sci | sate | Si [ Ee 708 | 490 | 493 63.3 cal Neer 45] 182 | 169 17.9 | 16.6 LL OB 16 3.2 36 36 3.2. 04 18. 6.0) 68 26 2. : 09 | 76} 70] 16 25 on ie WO 95 19 17 16 aI 3 25 2.9 43 09 Ol 09] tt Pay 08 04 15 26 32 03 99 998 998 O93 A2.2 Technical properties of rock material Important engineering properties of rock material, which have an overall effect on rock drilling, = hardness, = abrasiveness, — texture, = structure, — breaking characteristis, HARDNESS Hardness is the resistance of a smooth pine surface to abrasion. Itis often used 1s 4 measure ofthe engineering proper- Liesof rock material, and can be classified in several ways. To the engineer who is eying to quantify rock behavior, a rock's hnytdness indicates how much stress is necessary to cause failure within the rock (ic. the tock breaks). Table 3 shows de- rec of hardness as a function of Moh’s hhasdness’ and uniaxial compressive strength (Protadyakonow classification). Moh’s test assigns numbers to different minerals to indicate their relative hard ness. In Moh’sscale,amineral willseratch all those with a lower rating. HARDNESS | Mohs [MPa (MN/m?) Extremely hard [7— | 200— Hard 6=7_| 120-200) [Medium hard |45~6 [60-120 Quite soft 5245 30-60 ‘Soft 2=3 [10-30 Extremely soft [1-2 | -10 Table 3 Rack hardvess and compresive strength ABRASIVENESS Abrasiveness is a time dependent par- meer for drillbit wear depends on the mineral composition of the rock, which drill wearis propotionalto, Thequartz contentis usually considered asa reliable indicator ofdrilistect wear. Table 4 shows thequartzcontentofeommon rock types, Rock Rock ‘Quartz ype type content % Amphibolite 008 Mica gneiss 0.30 ‘Anorthosite 0 Mica schist 15...38 Diase 0.5 Norite 0 10...20 Pepmatite 15...30 0 Phylite 10...25 Gneiss 15...50 Quartzite 60.100 Granite 20...35 Sandstone 25...90) Greywacke 10.25 Slate Limestone 005 Shale 0.20 Marble 0 Taconite 010 aed ‘Average quarts content of common rack pes. HON TUNE *Festute refers te te givin ntrvetincutihe fiek alia lwelosltedhyaach nop Hes We pestesity, lovnetns, density andl vl is AM thw hive w vetinite veka Fry STRUCTURE joints, bedding planes, schistosity and tock type contacts, dip and sire all in- Muence the structural strength ofthe rock ‘miterial and therefore affect drill hale straightness and drill bit penetration Spinel | ae Surat joss | lecmerlfacess ont ‘crushed 0 i enn 204 imylonitized very ti (recently sound) A lina {slightly wheathered) edinm, (wheatherel) soft (leteriorsted) Spacing of joints 1000 em 100 10 1 oa ‘A Strong rock B Medium rock C Weak rock Very weak rock gure 3. Setar properties and their effect on the siengih of rock mera, BREAKING CHARACTERISTICS Breaking characteristics of different Stiuctural properties such as. faults, Breaking characteristics describe rock behavior when struck with a hammer, each rock type has a typical manner and degree of breakage relate! to its texture, ‘mineral composition and structure tock typesare often described in terms of the Los Angeles co-efficient, which is a relative measure for determining the re- sistance of rock to crushing. Table 5 gives Los Angeles values for common rack types. Rock ype LA value® Rock ype LAvalu® | Amphibolite 19 Limestone 66 | Diorite 24 Mica pnciss 45 Paylite 1 Mica schist, 48 Gabioro 31 Quarts 36 Granitegneiss [52 Pegmatte n Grey granite 33 Granite 56 vals For rock samples tested in Finland 1961 —65 Table 5, Los Angeles values for common rock ypes Is Table 6 shows important engineering general grouping of rocks according fo properties of rock types according to hardness and abrasiveness is shown it their origin-basedl classification. A Table 7 in [Swell | Compressive] Rocktype [Specific [Grain |S: avily ize factor | sirength | Eaves [mn MPa! i jor 265-285 |15-3 [1s |170—300 | mns® | Granite oi=2 |t6 [200-350 | IGNEOUS Txpdesit ot [6 [300-400 Essie. [at oy jis |zs0-an0 Rhyolite or 1s | 20 Trachyte oi [rs 330 IG 2 1s fi40 Sonne d1mt JS 60-255 SEDIMEN- | Shale Vo fes |, TARY Dolomite 12 [16 | ee es Geiss 2 15 [140-300 METAMOR- | Quartzte ar=2.|1ss — |160—22 PLC Schist ai-1 jis Joo ee Serpentine = 4 30-150 slate or [as [iso {MPa = UMN Hhglem= 22 ps {able Prapenies of rock pes according to oigin-bused classication. MARDNESS AND ABRASIVENESS Igneous rocks Hard and abrasive [Intermediate Lessabrasive | Decomposed lite fivinebasalt | Andesite Serpentine fae Baste Bast Roo basa rei Danite Trachyte | Kaolinized Graneliorite | Olivine gabbro | Dolerite ‘granite Pepaive Ovaredionte Dit waste porphyr Chante Syenite w [Hard and abrasive rocks, Granulite Ouiartz schist Quarizite Gneiss Mica gnciss| Dolomite Hornblendeschist Mica schist Phite | Enotes | Mate | fo Metamorph rocks Conglomerate _| Agglomerate Abrasive | Abrasive “Abrasive Non Non Hard Leshard | Frable abrasive [abrasive | Hard Sofi | Siistone | Fable Limestone | Mar Voici ash [sandstones | Mudstone | Madtone Siliceous “aleareous | Freestones | Shale limestones | sandstones | Chali. Tlf Grits Coal Quarts Gritstone Oolite “Table 7 Hardness and abrasives of 100k 1p A2.3 Rock dritlability Rock lillabiltyisdefinedas thepenetra- tion rte ofa cil bit into the rock. isa property that cannot be accurately {tned by any single mechanic property of the sock (for example com- pressive o tensile strength) Lisa func tion of several rock properties such as mineral eomposition, texture, grain size, degree of weathering, et. ‘Thus several empirical methods have been developed forpredictingdrllingperformanceindi- ferent rocks. Typical indices for rock dri labiy include — Drilling Rate Index (DRI), — classification of rock types based on the drillabiity of Barre granite, = Mohs test, — Protodyakonow classification. A2.31 Drilling Rate Index (DRI) The Drilling Rate Index is not acizeet dicationofdrilingsateinthetield, butitis ‘lative meastureof the penetration rate, Way algo be viewed asa parameter for the maximum resistance of the rock drilling. ‘The methoxt was developed at the University of Trondheim (Norway) and has uso been accepted for use a8 @ Standard test procedure atthe Helsinki University of Technology (Finland). In both countriesagreatdeal of data relating to practical tests and drilling rates has ‘been collected and this indicates the DRI method is relatively reliableand accurate for predicting sock dilability The DRI is determined on the basis of twa parame- ters: (I) friaility value Sy, and (2) Sie- swers value (SI value) “The frailty vali is measured in the brittleness test (gute 4), which is & measure of rock resistance to crushing diac to repeated weight-drop impacts, agate volume of the rock sample tested corresponds o that of 0.5 te with a density of 2.65 tons/ 16.0 mm, The Irinbiity value Sp equals the percentage of undersized material which passes through an 11,2mm mesh after theaggre gate test crushing in a mortar with 20 ‘weight-drops. The mean value fora mini- mum of three to four parallel tests is chosenastheS,, valueof the rock sample We Itkg 7 R= Rock sample aggregate W= Weight (14 ko) s. 0 16.0mm D112 imme ae leness value after 20 impacts igure 4, Brees est for measuring ability value Sap SI value is given by @ miniature drill reston a precut rock sample (figure 5), The SI value isa measure of drilhole dlepth expressed in. 1/10 mm after 200 ‘evolutionsin the miniataredtil tet. The tua value ford to 8 drill holesis chosen astheSI value, Theorientationof thepre- cut rack surface tothe foliation is essen- tial forthe measurement; when the Drill ing Rate Index is calculated, driling is ‘usually performed parallel to the flia- tion 16 determine the SI value. W= Weight 20 kg) D= Minature drill ipped with tongsten carbide R= Rock sample, precut igure 5. Minianure dil et for detennining the SE value The Drilling Rate Index (DRI) can be calculated by using figure 6. DRI can be tunderstood as the brittleness value of the sock sample corrected far its SI value. 100 ‘The Drilling Rate Index equals the Say vvalueequalling 10;thisisacommon value For granite 0 *0 70 oo so 0 30 DRILLING RATE INDEX DRI 20 10 0 20 30 40 0 60-1 80 BRITTLENESSS, Figure 6, Determination of Dring Rate Index wh ability value (Sy and SI value are known, 2 ‘Table 8 presents the classification of Drilling Rate Index Drilling Ratelndex___DRT Exicemely low 2 Very low 28 Low 3 Medium 49 High 65 Very high 86 Extremely high nd ‘Table 8. Classification of Drilling Rate Index CCRT} i t TRE | CRESON A2.32 Indices for different rock types Besides the Drilling Rate Index (DRI) method, rock deillabiliy is often deter- mined by & classifiation based on the

    You might also like