Quick Reference guide for testing

40 Gbps 10 Gbps 2.5 Gbps 622 Mbps 155 Mbps

STM-256 OC-768 STM-64 OC-192 STM-16 OC-48 STM-4 OC-12 STM-1 OC-3/STS-3

x1

AUG-256 STS-768
x4

x1

AU4-256c STS-768c AU4-64c STS-192c AU4-16c STS-48c AU4-4c STS-12c AU-4 STS-3c

VC4-256c STS-768c SPE VC4-64c STS-192c SPE VC4-16c STS-48c SPE VC4-4c STS-12c SPE VC-4 STS-3c SPE
x3

C-4-256c C-4-64c C-4-16c C-4-4c C-4 TUG-3

x1

x1 x4 x1 x4 x1 x4 x1

AUG-64 STS-192 AUG-16 STS-48 AUG-4 STS-12 AUG-1 STS-3

x1

10GE ATM ATM E4

x1

x1

x1

x3

TU-3

VC-3 ATM DS3 E3 ATM DS2 ATM E1 ATM DS1

52 Mbps

STM-0 OC-1/STS-1

x1

AU-3 STS-1

VC-3 STS-1 SPE

x7

x7

C-3 TUG-2 VT-Group

x1 x3

Frame transmission Aligning Multiplexing Mapping

Pointer processing SDH Container Group POH addition

TU-2 VT-6 TU-12 VT-2 TU-11 VT-1.5

VC-2 VT-6 SPE VC-12 VT-2 SPE VC-11 VT-1.5 SPE

C-2

C-12

x4

C-11

Figure 1

SDH and Sonet Multiplexing map.

1 1 A1 A2 J0 * * * 1

3 4 4

STS-1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 Z3 Z4 N1
ptr ptr

90 90 VT pointers

VT POH
Virtual Tributary Path Overhead

Transport Overhead

Section D1 D2 D3 Overhead) H1 H2 H3 B2 K1 K2 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 Line Overhead 9 pointer

B1 E1 F1

SOH SPE ptr

V5 J2 Z6 Z7

V5

LOH

125 s 250 s V5 375 s 500 s

9 S1 M1 E2

VT SPE

VT SPE
MUX

STS POH HP POH

11

STS-1 SPE
(payload)

STS-1 STS-1 STS-1

STM-1
3:1

VC4 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
10 ptr ptr TU pointers

x3

RSOH AU4 ptr

V5

LP POH
Lower Order Path Overhead

V5
V5

J2 N2 K4
270 270 125 s 250 s 375 s 500 s

MSOH
9 1 9 10

VCn

VCn

STM-1

Figure 2

STS-1 and STM-1 frames.

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SDHSonet

SDH test SONET test SDH testing SDH installation SDH maintenance SDH guide SDH reference SDH solutions SONET testing, SONET installation, SONET maintenance, SDH SONET pocket guide, SONET solutions
LO Path HO Path Mux Section MSOH RSOH Section RSOH LO Path HO Path MSOH RSOH Section RSOH Mux Section Paths
x01 x10 x11

SDH
Layers

VC-11, VC-12, VC-2, VC-3 VC-4 (VC-3) Mux Section

Terminal Multiplexer

Regenerator

Multiplexer VTn SPE STS SPE

Regenerator

Terminal Multiplexer VT Path STS Path Paths Sections

Sonet
Layers

VT Path STS Path Line Section SOH LOH Section SOH

Line/Mux Section SOH

LOH Section SOH

Line Section

Figure 3

SDH and Sonet layered client/server model.

AU-4 / STS3c
J1 B3 H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 C2 G1 Y: 1001SS11 F2 1: all 1s byte H4 F3 K3 N1

AU-4 ptr / STS ptr

TU-n / VT-m SPE TU-n ptr V1 V1 x00 VT ptr V2

V3 V2 VC-n

payload

AU-3 ptr / STS ptr

AU-3 / STS-1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

TU3 ptr STS ptr

H1 H2 H3 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

V3

SLA H1
H2 H3 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

TU-3
V4 C-3 payload

C-3 payload

H1 or V1
N N N N S S I D
NDF

H2 or V2
I D I D I D I D
Pointer Value

H3 or V3
Negative justification

payload
Positive justification N: New Data Flag SS: Unspecified I: Invert if increment D: Invert if decrement

Pointer Movement
NNNN S S I D I D I D I D I D Frame 0 1 1 0 SS0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 i i+1 0 1 1 0 S S 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 i+2 0 1 1 0 S S 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 SS0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

New Pointer
NNNNS S I D I D I D I D I D 1 0 0 1SS x x x x x x x x x x New pointer value NDF enabled: NNNN=1001 (0001, 1101, 1011, 1000 also accepted) NDF disabled: NNNN=0110 (1110, 1010, 0100, 0111 also accepted)

Decrement

Increment

j j+1 j+2

0 1 1 0 SS0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 SS0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 SS0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

Concatenation
NNNN S S I D I D I D I D I D 1 0 0 1SS1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Figure 4

Pointer formats, codification and procedures.

Sections

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STS-1/STM-0
1 A1 A2 J0 * * * B1 E1 F1 D1 D2 D3 H1 H2 H3 B2 K1 K2 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 9 S1 M1 E2 1 1

STM-1/STS-3/OC-3
* X ^ E1 ^ ^ D2 ^ Pointer (s) F1 X D3

* * * * * * * A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 B1 ^ D1 ^

9 * X X

B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 9 S1 D5 D8 D11

K2 D6 D9 D12 M1 E2 X X

J0: Section Trace A1= 11110110 Frame Alignment A2= 00101000: Frame Alignment B1: Section Parity Code BIP8 B2: Multiplex Parity Code BIPn x 24 D1-D3: 192 kbps OA&M data D4-D12: 576 kbps OA&M data E1, E2: 64 kbps orderwire channels F1: 64 kbps user channel H1, H2, H3: pointer bytes K1, K2: Request /answer APS channels F1: 64 kbps user channel M0, M1: Re-sending of B2 errors Z0: reserved * Non-scrambled bytes X bytes reserved for national use ^ Media-dependent bytes 36

STM-4/OC-4
B1 D1

1 13 25 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ E1 ^ D2 Pointer (s) B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 9 S1 D5 D8 D11 M1 17 ^ ^ 33 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 49 ^ E1 ^ D2 65 81 ^ ^ ^ ^ K2 D6 D9 D12 E2 X X 97 X X ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ F1 X D3 X X X

* X
X

* X
X

X 113

X 129 144

STM-16/OC-48
1 1 B1 D1

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 X + + + +
^ ^

* X
X

* X
X

* X
X

* X
X $

* X
X $

+ + + + + +

^ ^

+ + + + + +

F1 X D3

+ + + + + + + + + +
X X

+ +
Pointer (s)

B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 SLA B2 K1 B2 B2 D4 D7 D10 9 S1 1 D5 D8 D11

+ +

K2 D6 D9 D12

+ + + +
X

+ + + +
X X

+ + + +
X

+ + + +
X 576

+ +

+ +

+ +
193

M1

E2 X 385

STM-64/OC-192
1 B1 D1

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 X + + + +
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ E1 ^ D2

* X
X

* X
X

* X
X

* X
X $

* X
X $

+ + + + + +

^ ^

^ ^

^ ^

+ + + + + +

F1 X D3

+ + + + + + + + + +
X X

+ +
Pointer (s)

B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 9 S1 D5 D8 D11

+ +

K2 D6 D9 D12

+ + + +
X

+ + + +
X X

+ + + +
X

+ + + +
X

+ +

+ +

+ +

M0 M1

E2 X

STM-16/OC-48 + + $ $ FEC sequence: FEC sequence: P1 P1 P1 15 1 Q1 P1 P1 P1 1

STM-64/OC-192 P1 P1 Q1 P1 P1 P1 16 P1 P1 P1 20 P1 P1 P1 63 P1 +, $: FEC sequences Q1, P1: Optional Forward Error Correction

Figure 5

STM-N/OC-M frames.

SDH test SONET test SDH testing SDH installation SDH maintenance SDH guide SDH reference SDH solutions SONET testing, SONET installation, SONET maintenance, SDH SONET pocket guide, SONET solutions
+RSOH +MSOH STM-1 AUG + Stuffing + Justification +LO-POH + Overhead VC-12 C-12 E2

+AU pointer +HO-POH x3 x3 x7 TU-12 AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2

1
CCS TS0 Time Slot 1 to 31 CAS 1 TS0 Channels 1 to 15 TS16 Channels 16 to 30 byte 34

C-12 Synchronous
1

VC-12
V5

C-12 1 Asynchronous
RRRRRRRR

RRRRRRRR
Data 32 bytes

2
34 bytes

Data 32 bytes

125 s

D: Data bit R: Fixed stuff bit O: Overhead bits Ci: Justification control bits Si: Justification if CiCiCi=000, then Si is a data bit if CiCiCi=111, then Si is a justification bit

RRRRRRRR
J2

RRRRRRRR C1C2OOOORR
34 bytes

Data 32 bytes

RRRRRRRR

TU-12
V1 H4=00 35 bytes

N2

500 s

C1C2OOOORR

3
34 bytes

Data 32 bytes

RRRRRRRR

SLA
V2 H4=01 35 bytes 140 500 s H4=10 35 bytes 9 V4 H4=11 V3 1 1 V3 4 V3

K4

C1C2RRRRRS1 S2 DDDDDDD
34 bytes

Data 31 bytes RRRRRRRR

V3

#1

#2

#3

125 s

4 TUG-2
1 V3 V3 V3 125 s 12

125 s

35 bytes

LO-POH = V5 J2 N2 K4 TU-12 pointer = V1 V2 V3 V4

Figure 6

Synchronous and asynchronous transport of a 2-Mbps circuit (I).

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1

TUG-2

12

TUG-2

12

TUG-2

12

TUG-2

12

x7 #1
9 9

#2
9

#3
9

#7

TUG-3
1 N P I

5
86 N P I

TUG-3 #2
N P I R R

TUG-3 #3

R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2....... R 9

#1

6
R

7 +HO-POH
1 1 9 10

10 11 12 13

VC-4

270

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

RSOH 8 AU4 ptr

Byte-interleaving 3 TUG-3

MSOH
9

STM-1
Figure 7

Synchronous and asynchronous transport of a 2-Mbps circuit (II). SLA

500 s

RSOH VC-4 MSOH

RSOH STM-1 VC-4 MSOH H4=xx00

RSOH STM-1 VC-4 MSOH H4=xx01

RSOH STM-1 VC-4 MSOH H4=xx10

STM-1

125 s

H4=xx11

x3 x7 x3 x3
TUG-3 #1 TUG-3 #1 TUG-3 #1

x3 x7 x3
x3 x7 x3
H4=xx00 V1

H4=xx01

V2

x7

H4=xx10

V3

500 s

TUG-2 #1

TUG-2 #2

TUG-2 #7

H4=xx11

V4 125 s

x3

VC-12

Figure 8

VC-12 is a multiframe and needs four STM-1 frames (500 s) for full mapping.

SDH test SONET test SDH testing SDH installation SDH maintenance SDH guide SDH reference SDH solutions SONET testing, SONET installation, SONET maintenance, SDH SONET pocket guide, SONET solutions
Nine bytes Path Overhead (POH)
SDH Sonet

G1:

REI

RDI

E-RDI

Spare

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 C2:

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 Z3 Z4

Path trace, message with CRC BIP8 parity control Signal label (mapping) Path status Path user channel (voice or data) Position and sequence indicator Path user channel (voice or data) Automatic Protection Switch Tandem Connection Monitoring

REI (Remote Error Indication) BIP-8 violation count RDI (Remote Defect Indication) is sent back E-RDI (Enhanced RDI information) (RDI=0) 10: Payload defect (PLM) (RDI=1) 01: Server defect (AIS, LOP), (RDI=1) 10: Connectivity defect (TIM, UNEQ) multiframe

N1:

IEC

TC REI

OEI

TC-API, TC-RDI
ODI, reserved

IEC Incoming Error Count, BIP-8 errors in Tandem Conn. TC-REI: Remote Error Indication in a TC subnetwork OEI: Outgoing Error Indication Multiframe: TC-API (Access Point Identifier) TC-RDI (RDI in Tandem Connection) ODI (Outgoing Defect Indication)

00: unequipped 01: reserved 02: TUG 03: locked TU 04: E3, T3 12: E4 13: ATM

14: DQDB 15: FDDI 16: HDLC/PPP 17: SDL 18: HDLS/LAPS 1A: 10GEthernet FE: Test Signal

H4:

LO Seq

LO Multiframe Sequence xx11xx00: pointer to V1 xx11xx01: pointer to V2 xx11xx10: pointer to V3 xx11xx11: pointer to V4
MFI2 (frames 0 and 1) SQ (frames 14 and 15)

K3:

APS

HODL

Spare

H4:

Multiframe Indicator 1

APS: Automatic Protection HODL: Higher Order Data Link

Four bytes Path Overhead (POH)

SDH V5 Sonet Path Overhead Path Trace Reserved or TCM Additional Path Overhead

VC-3/4-Xv sequence bit 5-8: MFI1 multiframe indicator (0 to 15) frame 0 bit 1-4 MFI2 MSB Multiframe Indicator 2 frame 1 bit 1-4 MFI2 LSB frame 14 bit 1-4 SQ MSB sequence indicator frame 15 bit 1-4 SQ LSB sequence indicator

V5:

BIP-2

REI

RFI

Signal Label

RDI

V5 SLA V5 J2 N2 J2 Z6 Z7

J2 500s

N2

K4

K4

BIP-2 bit 1: odd bit parity of the previous VC bit 2: even bit parity REI (Receive Error Indication RFI (Remote Failure Indication VC signal label (mapping) 000 - Unequipped 001 - Reserved 010 - Asynchronous floating 011 - Bit synchronous 100 - Byte synchronous 101 - Extended signal label 110 - Test Signal O.181 111 - VC- AIS RDI (Remote Defect Indication)

N2:

BIP-2

I-AIS TC OEI REI

multiframe TC-API, TC-RDI ODI, reserved

K4:

ESL

VC

APS

E-RDI

DL

BIP2 for Tandem Connection calculated over the VC I-AIS: Incoming AIS TC-REI: Remote Indication Error in a TC subnetwork OEI (Outgoing Error Indication) Multiframe: TC-API (Access Point Identifier) TC-RDI (RDI in Tandem Connection) ODI (Outgoing Defect Indication)

ESL (Extended Signal Label) 32 bits multiframe bits 1-11 Multiframe Alignment bits12-19: 09: ATM 0A: HDLC/PPP 0B: HDLC/LAPS 0C: Concatenated test signal bits 20-32: 0 (reserved for future) VC (Lower Order Virtual Concatenation) APS: Automatic Protection Switching channel E-RDI (Enhanced RDI information) (RDI=0) 010: Payload defect (PLM) (RDI=1) 101: Server defect (AIS, LOP), (RDI=1) 110: Connectivity defect (TIM, UNEQ) DL: Lower Order Data Link

Figure 9

Nine bytes Path Overhead is attached to VC3, VC4 and VC4-Xc. Four bytes Path Overhead is attached to VC11, VC12 and VC2.

SDH test SONET test SDH testing SDH installation SDH maintenance SDH guide SDH reference SDH solutions SONET testing, SONET installation, SONET maintenance, SDH SONET pocket guide, SONET solutions

SDH
Transmission Line Signal A1/A2 J0 B1 LOF LOS RS-TIM / TIM-S RS-BIP / CV- S Event detection Event registration B2 M12-8 M1 K26-8 K26-8 AU ptr AU ptr J1 C2 C2 G15-7 B3 G11-4 G11-4 H47-8 TU ptr TU ptr J2 V55-7 V55-7 V58 V54 V51-2 V53 V53 MS-BIP / CV- L MS-REI / REI- L MS-REI / REI- L MS-AIS / AIS-P MS-RDI / RDI-L Alarm indication sent AU-AIS / AIS- P AU-LOP / LOP-P HP-TIM / TIM-P AIS HP-UNEQ / UNEQ- P HP-PLM / PLM-P HP-RDI / RDI-P HP-BIP / CV- P HP-REI / REI-P HP-REI / REI-P TU-LOM / LOM TU-AIS / AIS-V TU-LOP / LOP-V LP-TIM / TIM-V AIS LP-UNEQ / UNEQ-V LP-PLM / PLM-V LP-RDI / RDI-V LP-RFI / RFI-V LP-BIP/ CV-V LP-REI / REI-V LP-REI / REI-V AIS AIS AIS Error indication sent Signal flow Error indication received AIS OR (logical function) Reg. Sect. Multiplexer Section Higher Order Path Lower Order Path

SLA

Transmission

Section

Line

STS Path

VT Path

Sonet
Figure 10 Events management. In Regular characters SDH, in Italic Sonet.

Acronyms
AIS API APS ATM AU AUG BIP CV DQDB ESL FDDI FEC HDLC HODL HP LAPS LO Path LOF LOH LOM LOP LOS LP MS MSOH MUX
Alarm Indication Signal Access Path Identifier Automatic Protection Switching Asynchronous Transfer Mode Administrative Unit Administrative Unit Group Bit Interleaved Parity Code Violation Distributed Queue Dual Bus Extended Signal Label Fibre Digital Data Interface Forward Error Correction High-level Data Link Control Higher Order Data Link Higher Order Path Link Access Procedure SDH Lower Order Path Loss of Framing Lower Order Overhead Loss Of Muliframing Loss Of Pointer Loss Off Signal Lower Order Path Multiplexor Section Multiplexor Section Overhead Multiplexor

NDF OA&M OC-n ODI OEI PLM POH PPP RDI REI RFI RS RSOH SDH SOH SONET SPE STM-n STS-n TC TIM TS TU TUG VC VT

New Data Flag Operation Administration and Maintenance Optical Carrier level n Outgoing Defect Indication Outgoing Error Indication Payload Mismatch Path Overhead Point to Point Protocol Remote defect Indication Remote Error Indication Remote Failure Indication Regenerator Section Regenerator Section Overhead Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Section Overhead Synchronous Optical Network Synchronous Payload Envelope Synchronous Transport Module level n Synchronous Transport Signal level n Tandem Connection Trace Identifier Mismatch Time Slot Tributary Unit Tributary Unit Group Virtual Container Virtual Tributary

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More information in: Installation and Maintenance of SDH/SONET, ATM, XDSL, and Synchronization Networks. 2003 (c) Artech House, ISBN:1580535259

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