For Pbm [3] Limits

x
1
( )
x
x
1

[ ]
x
x
1
10 0.1 1.258925 1E-10
100 0.01 1.047129 1E-200
1000 0.001 1.006932 0
10000 0.0001 1.000921 0
100000 0.00001 1.000115 0
1000000 0.000001 1.000014 0
10000000 1E-07 1.000002 0
100000000 1E-08 1 0
1000000000 1E-09 1 0
10000000000 1E-10 1 0
IE+11 1E-11 1 0
1.00E+12 1E-12 1 0
1
IIT 2006 Mathematics
Calculus:
Problems with one correct option
When only one of the choices is correct decision can be made by actually
solving, or by a process of elimination of the impossible, whichever is
quicker.
One should understand that every concept, definition, statement has
several implications which may also be indicative of the answer.
The endeavour has been to indicate how a particular question is written in
framework of XII syllabus and if at all any question is not the usual type
what should be the adjustment of the mindset. By which I mean that
viewing the same problem from a different angle will lead us to the answer
in a specific form.
Working towards the answer and manipulating the data accordingly is a
technique to master.
1..

dx
x x x
x
1 2 4
2
2 2 3
1
+

Options : A. c
x
x x
+
+
2
2 4
1 2 2
B. c
x
x x
+
+
3
2 4
1 2 2
C. c
x
x x
+
+ 1 2 2
2 4
D. c
x
x x
+
+
2
2 4
2
1 2 2
Method I: i) By elimination
ii) differentiation is simpler and more mechanical than
integration is the philosophy.
iii) Integrand is the anti-derivative of the Integral which is one
Of the 4 optionsderivative of the correct option is the
Integrand.
iv) Try to see what kind of relationship exists between the
distracters. For instance here
(A) = 2 x (D)
(B) and (C) differ in the power of x in the denominator.
2
v) 1 2 2
2 4
+ x x is present in all the options and its
derivative will have the same expression in the denominator
and to that extent we will be proceeding in the correct
direction. [Remember ) ( x
dx
d
=
x 2
1
)
Consider A:
dx
d
]
]
]
]

+
2
2 4
1 2 2
x
x x
=
4
2 4
2 4
3
2
x
2x X 1 2 2
1 2 2
4 8

+
]
]
]

x x
x x
x x
x
=
4
x
x

]
]
]
]

+
+
1 2 2
) 1 2 (2x 2 2 4
2 4
2 4 2 4
x x
x x x
=
1 2 2
2 4 2
2 4 3
2 2
+
+
x x x
x x
=
1 2 2
) 1 ( 2
2 4 3
2
+

x x x
x
But the integrand is only of this.
D is the correct answer. [ (A)= 2x(D) ]
Method II Direct Integration
Some useful connections between functions and their derivatives should
be stored in mind.
For some functions the derivatives contain part or whole of the functions.
There are some family of derivatives.
In this particular problem the family of derivatives is for
x
1
,
2
1
x
,
n
x
1
. The
derivatives form a pattern
dx
d

]
]
]

n
x
1
=
1 +

n
x
n
.
3
1
x
will figure in the derivative of
2
1
x
So, we manipulate towards that. Which can be done if we have
2
1
x
as well as
3
1
x
with dx or equivalently [a constant +
2
1
x
with
3
1
x
dx.
3

2
2
5 3
)
x
1
- (1 1
dx
1 1
+
]
]
]

x x
=

2
2
2 3
]
x
1
- [1 1
dx ]
x
1
- [1
1
+
x
Substitute t
2
x
1
1
2 dt dt
x
dx
2
1

x
dx

3 3

2
t 1
dt t

2
1
+

y t +
2
1
. 2 dy dt t
=
y y
y
dy
2
1
4
2

=

+
2
2 4
2
2
2
1 2 2
)
1
1 ( 1
2
1
2
1
x
x x
x
t
[D] is the answer.
2. If f
11
(x)= - f
) (x
and g (x) = f
1
) (x
F(
)
=

]
]
]

+
]
]
]

) 10 ( . 5 ) 5 (
) 2
(
) 2
(
2 2
F F
given
x
g
x
f
[A] 5 [B] 10 [C] 0 [D] 15
Some useful relations, connections can be established in the mind.
i))
g
) (x
is derivative of
) (x f
ii) 2
nd
derivative is the negative of
) (x f
iii) One such function is Sinx
iv) In which case
) (x F
will be a constant
v) Substituting F[5] = 5 does not help.
vi) Since derivatives figure the 1
st
attempt is to find
1
f (x)and explore further
relationship, [iv] may be indicative. Is it possible
) (x F
is const for all
such
) (x f
? In which case F
0 ) ( x
]
]
]

+
]
]
]

2
1
X )
2
( ).
2
( 2 )
2
(
2
1
X )
2
( 2 ) (
1 1 1
x
g
x
g
x
f
x
f x F
=
)
2
( )
2
( )
2
( )
2
(
11 1 1
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f +
= . 0 )
2
( ( )
2
( )
2
( )
2
(
1 1
+
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
). ( . 5 ) 10 ( ) ( B Answer F constat x F
4
3. For x > 0 limit
0 x is )
1
( ) (sin
sin
1
]
]
]

+
x
x
x
x
[A] 0 [B] 1 [C] 1 [D] 2.
Let L =
x
x
x x
x
x
sin
1
)
1
(
0
lim
) (sin
0
lim

= 2 1
L L +
say.
4.
. 0 ) ( )
x
1
( and 0 x when (0) form the of is ) (sin
0 sin
1

x when form the of is x

x
x
For such limits within the scope of Class XII a student may examine the trend
and come to a decision.
Consider 1
L
:
0 sin x when x x
Let us see the behavioural pattern when are very close to zero. The
numbers are less than 1, i.e. greater the power nearer it is to zero
[for eg.
] 0 )
10
1
( )
10
1
(
3 2
> >
.
A few of
. )
100
1
( )
10
1
( ) (
100 10
1
etc form the of are x
x
>
100 10 10
)
100
1
( )
100
1
( )
10
1
( > >
Also
100
1
0 )
100
1
(
100
1
)
100
1
( 0
100 100
than to closer much is and > >
i.e.
x than faster much x
x
0 ) (
1

Hence lim
0 ) ( . . , 0 ) ( 0
1 1
of ood neighbourh the in are x of values e i x x
x x

of
decreasing lengths.
Consider
2
L

Here a very large number
x
1
is raised to a very small number.
0 x as x x Sin
It is as follows
1000
1
100
1
10
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
) 1000 ,......( ) 100 ....( ) 10 ,.....( ) 4 ( , ) 3 ( , ) 2 ( , ) 1 (
5
The exponent tends much faster to zero than the base tends to infinity, i.e. to say
after a certain stage the exponent is almost zero and the power is of the form
. 1 ) (
0
a
To illustrate, a simple formula has been given in the excel and enclosed.
The trend is also corroborated if we take loganthim. If
x
x
y
,
`

.
|

1
[taking common log] log
x
x y
1
log
If
1 . 0 10 log
10
1
log
10
1
x y x
02 . 0 100 log
100
1
100
1
x
. 003 . 0 log
1000
1
1000
1
1000
x
. 1 0 y y Log
1 1 0
2 1
+ + L L
The answer is [C].
Problems with more than one correct option
[4] if {
2 2
x, 1, min ) ( x x f then
[A]
R x continuous is ) ( x f
[B] . 1 0 ) (
1
> > x x f
[C] R x continuous but able differenti not is ) (
1
x f
[D]
x of values for two able differenti not is ) (x f
1) Scanning the options we can see that the domain is R.
2) Hence, we should define the
R. of whole in the ) (x f
3) The definition { R. of parts 2 , , 1 min
2
x x

'

< < <

> > >
<

1 1
1 1
min 1
1 min
2 3
2 3
3
x x x
x x x
x is the x when
is the x When
) (x f
3
x
when x < 1
1 when x > 1
The choices are in respect of continuity and differentiability. Hence, let us
examine the two aspects-
Continuity
) ( ) ( ) ( 1
3
i nction monomialfu continuous x x f x <
) ( ) . ( 1 ) ( 1 ii fn const continuous x f x >
for
1 x
LHS lim
1 ) 1 (
0
) 1 (
0
3

h
h
Lt
h f
h
lt
6
RHSlt
1 ) 1 (
0
+

h f
h
Lt
Hence,
(iii) - 1 at x continuous is f
. . ) ( ) ( & ) ( ), ( correct is A Option R in continuous x f iii ii i
ability Differenti
means Derivative exists
exists x x f x x f x
exists x f x
2 1 3
1
) ( ) ( 1
0 ) ( 1 1
<
>
At x=1 quotient difference of limits L.H.S. & R.H.S by taking obtained is ) (
1
x f
From R.H.S. dif. Quotient
x
f x f

+ ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0
1 1
0
) 1 ( ) 1 (
0

+
x x
t
x
f x f
x
t
LHS From
dif. Quotient is
1 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (


x
f x f
Here 0 > x
x
f x f
x
t



) 1 ( ) 1 (
0

= 3
) 3 3 ( 1 ) 1 (
0
2 3

x
x x x
x
x
x
t
lt LHs
RHs . Hence, derivative does not exist at x=1
. ) ( R of whole the in able differenti not x f
B is not correct since 1 > x f . 0 ) (
1
x
C is a correct option.
D is not correct ( points). at two not and point one only at exist not does ) (
1
x f
7
Ps: Important concepts to understand from first principles
1)
exists it it RHS it LHs lim lim lim
exist not does it lim
2) Difference quotient at a point
x
f x f
is

+ ) ( ) (

3) Definition of a derivative - that derivative exists if the limit of the

difference quotient exists.
4) Continuity or differentiability in the whole domain
condition satisfied at every point of the domain even if it is not
satisfied at one point of the domain it fails in the whole domain.
8
Problem 5 A tangent drawn to the curve
) ( ) ( y x at x f y
cuts the
then 1 f(1) given that 1 : 3 AP : BP such that ely respectriv B and A at is x - and axis x
[A] equation of curve is
0 3 y
dx
xdy
[B] Normal at (1,1) is
4 3 + y x
[C] Curve passes through (
)
8
1
, 2
[D] Equation of curve is
0 3 + y
dx
xdy
Y

) (x f y

3 p(x,y)


y
1

180
0 x L A x
Tgt at P
tan tan ) (
) , (
1

,
`

.
|
gent the of slopes
dx
dy
or x f
y x
Now
AL
or tan tan ) 180 tan(
y
AL
y

Now
3 3
1
0
x
AL
L
AL

tan
dx
dy
x
y

0 3 + y
dx
dy
x
is a differential equation for the curve.
[D]is a correct option. Option [B] talks of normal, {c}talks of a point on the curve.
[A] is another differential equation of the curve. Since option [D] is correct, [A] is
not true.
9
Hence, for B&C we should find the curve.
Solving the different equation.
y
dx
dy
x 3
c x y log log 3 log +
=log
3
x
c
3
x
c
y
Now
c. get to condition initial the is 1 ) ( i f
1
1
1 c
c
curve the is
1
3
x
y
When
8
1
2 y x
point. a is
) 8
1
, 2 (
C is also a correct option.
For Normal at (1,1) Equn.
4
3
x dx
dy
) 1 (
3
1
1 x y
[pt. Slope form]
at
3 ) 1 , 1 (
dx
dy

Slope of normal =
3
1
1 3 3 x y
0 2 3 + y x
Hence, B is not correct.
10
6)
) (x f
is a cubic polynomial which has local maximum at . 1 x
If at minimum local has ) ( 1 ) 1 ( , 18 ) 2 (
1
x f and f f 0 x then
[A] the distance between s
where a f a and ] [ , ( ) 2 , 1 (

a x
is the point of
local minimum is 2 5
[B]
) (x f
is increasing for 5 2 , 1 ( x )
[C]
) (x f
has local minimum at 1 x
[d] The value of
. 5 ) 0 ( f
I f we know the function then the requirements in the options can be explored.
Function is a cubic polynomial
The most general form is and R d c, b, a, where ) (
2 3
+ + + x f d cx bx ax a 0.
known are d and c b, a, if known be will ) (x f
required are conditions 4
required. are equations 4

Two equations from this

'

+ +
+ + +
) 2 ( 1 1 ) 1 (
) 1 ( 18 2 4 8 18 ) 2 (
d c b a f
d c b a f
For the remaining two equations use local maximum at
) ( for 1 x f x
And local minimum of . 0 at ) (
1
x x f
11
Local maximum at 0 1 at ) ( 1
'
x f x
correct. not is D
. 5
4
34
) 0 ( [D]
correct also is [C]
correct. is [B]
. increasing is ) ( 0 ) (
5 2 1 ) 1 (
4
57
4
57
4
57
) ( [B] For
correct. not is A) ( . 13 9 4
) 1 , 1 ( and (-1,2) between distance
1
4
4
4
34
4
57
4
19
1 ) (
] 0 1 ) ( [confirm . 1 at min. Local Hence,
given 1 at max. Local
1 0 ) 1 ( 57
0 57 57
. 0
4
57
4
57
0 ) (
minimum. local of point a is a where a with deals [A]
4
34
4
57
4
19
) ( Hence,
4
34
4
57
, 0 ,
4
19
get we (4) & (3) (2), (1), Solving
. 0 0 2
) 4 ( 0 2 6 .) .
0 0 ) ( of derivative . .
) ( 0 at minimum local a has ) (
) 3 ( 0 2 3 ) 1 (
2 3 ) (
1
2
2 1
11
2
2
2 1
3
1
11 1
1
2 1

>
< <

+

+
>

+


+

+


+
+ +
f
x f x f
x x
x x f
is a at a f
x at x f x
x
x x
x
x x f
x x x f
d and c b a
b b
b ax e i
x at is x f e i
x f x x f
c b a f
c bx ax x f
12