UNW Status Report IWRM

Prepared for the 16th session of the Commission
on Sustainable Development - May 2008

Status Report on Integrated
Water Resources Management
and Water Efficiency Plans
Report
UN Water is made up of the UN agencies, programmes and funds that have a
significant role in tackling global water concerns. It also includes major non-UN
partners who cooperate with them in advancing progress towards the water-
related goals of the Decade Water for Life and Millennium Declaration. It is the
official United Nations mechanism for follow-up of the water-related decisions
reached at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Millen-
nium Development Goals and supports Member States in their efforts to achieve
water and sanitation goals and targets. Its work encompasses all aspects of
freshwater, including surface and groundwater resources and the interface
between fresh and sea water.
How to cite: UN-Water (2008). Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans
for CSD16
Acknowledgements: This is a Report of UN-Water undertaken by its Task Force
on IWRM Monitoring and Reporting. Gordon Young, supported by Binay Shah
and Fred Kimaite, drafted the Report on behalf of the Task Force with direction,
comments and advice from the members and partners of UN-Water.
Drafting, publishing and printing of the Report was funded by contributions to
UN-Water from DFID.
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AfDB AfricanDevelopmentBank
CSD CommissiononSustainableDevelopment
DFID DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(UK)
EU EuropeanUnion
GWP GlobalWaterPartnership
IWRM IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement
JPoI JohannesburgPlanofImplementation
MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoals
NGO Non-governmentalOrganization
OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment
PRSP PovertyReductionStrategyPaper
UN UnitedNations
UN-DESA UnitedNationsDepartmentforEconomicandSocialAffairs
UCC UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeCollaborativeCenter(Copenhagen)
UNESCO UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalProgramme
UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme
WHO WorldHealthOrganization
WSSD WorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment
WWAP WorldWaterAssessmentProgramme
WWDR WorldWaterDevelopmentReport
TabIe o! Contents
1.0 ExecutiveSummary 1
2.0 TheOverallSetting 3
2.1 Wateravailabilityinsufficientquantityandquality 3
2.2 Themanyusesofwater 3
2.3 Diversity 4
2.4 Fromfragmentedtointegratedmanagement 4
3.0 TheresponseoftheUnitedNationssystem 7
3.1 Theneedtosettargetsandtomonitorprogresstowardsachievingthosetargets 7
3.2 SurveyofprogressonIWRM 8
4.0 StatusofnationalIWRMplanningandimplementation 15
4.1 AnalysisoftheUN-WaterSurvey 15
4.2 ComparativeanalysisoftheUN-WaterSurveywiththoseofGWPandAfDB 17
4.3 ImplementationofIWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlansandOutcomesofImplementation 20
4.4 ExamplesofongoingIWRMprocesses 22
4.5 Casestudiesfromselectedcountries 25
4.6 Thedevelopmentofindicators 29
5.0 Keylessonslearnedandfutureactions 31
6.0 ListofAnnexes 33
AppendixDiagramsshowingRegionalandSub-Regionalcomparisons 35
1
Managers, whether in the government or private sectors,
havetomakedifficultdecisionsonwaterallocation.More
and more they have to apportion diminishing supplies
between ever-increasing demands. Drivers such as demo-
graphic and climatic changes further increase the stress
on water resources. The traditional fragmented approach
is no longer viable and a more holistic approach to water
managementisessential.
This is the rationale for the Integrated Water Resourc-
es Management (IWRM) approach that has now been
accepted internationally as the way forward for efficient,
equitable and sustainable development and management
oftheworldslimitedwaterresourcesandforcopingwith
conflictingdemands.
Countriesandregionshaveverydifferentphysicalchar-
acteristicsandareatverydifferentstagesineconomicand
social development: hence there is a need for approaches
tobetailoredtotheindividualcircumstanceofcountryand
localregion.
This Report, compiled by UN-Water, aims to illustrate
progressmadeonmeetingthetargettoDevelop integrat-
ed water resources management and water efficiency plans
by 2005, with support to developing countries, through
actions at all levels agreed at the World Summit on Sus-
tainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002,
throughtheJohannesburgPlanofImplementation(JPoI).
TheReportisbasedonasurveycovering104countries
of which 77 are developing or countries in transition and
27aredeveloped(OECDandEUmemberstates)Thesurvey
brings together the results of questionnaires by UN-DESA,
and UNEP
1
in 2007. Several other members of UN-Water
and partner agencies have supported and contributed to
the Report including UNDP, UN Statistics, WHO, WWAP
andGWP.Thesurveyrecognisesthatcountriesusedifferent
terminology for their water resources management plans.
Itprovidesthemostobjectiveandcomprehensiveoverview
ofthecurrentstatusofwaterresourcesmanagement.The
Report also includes information gathered by the more
informal surveys conducted earlier by the Global Water
PartnershipandtheAfricanDevelopmentBank.
ThroughtheUNEPCollaboratingCentreinDHI,Copenhagen
Key concIusions:
DeveIoped countries: They have advanced on almost all
majorissues,however,thereisstillmuchroomforfurther
improvement.
Ofthe27countriesrespondingtotheUN-WaterSur-
vey only 6 claim to have fully implemented national
IWRMplans;afurther10ofthosecountriesclaimto
haveplansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
The Report indicates that developed countries need
to improve on public awareness campaigns and on
gendermainstreaming.
DeveIoping countries: There has been some recent
improvement in the IWRM planning process at national
level but much more needs to be done to implement the
plans.
Ofthe53countriesforwhichcomparisonwasmade
between the GWP and the UN-Water surveys (con-
ductedapproximately18monthsapart),thepercent-
age of countries having plans completed or under
implementationhasrisenfrom21%to38%.Onthis
measure the Americas have improved most - from
7%to43%;thecomparablechangesforAfricawere
from25%to38%andforAsiafrom27%to33%.
However, some of the change may be due to differ-
encesinthequestionnaires.
Africa usually lags behind Asia and the Americas on
most issues, however it is more advanced on stake-
holderparticipationandonsubsidiesandmicro-credit
programs;
Asiaismoreadvancedoninstitutionalreformandyet
lagsbehindininstitutionalcoordination.
Case studies:Therearemanyillustrationsofthetangi-
ble benefits of implementing plans that have adopted the
IWRM approach. There are examples at the national and
internationallevels;ofparticularsignificancearetheexam-
plesatthecommunityandprovinciallevelsforitisatthese
levelsthatsomanysocietalgainscanbemade.
Water e!!iciency: It is clear that many countries
consider that plans that follow an IWRM approach auto-
maticallyalsoincludewaterefficiencymeasures.Therewas
considerable ambiguity in the responses concerning water
efficiencyinlargemeasurereflectingdiversesituations.Itis
recognised that taking actions that make water use more
efficientisbeneficialforeconomicandsocialdevelopment
1.0 Executive 5ummary
Executive Summary
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16 2
and,althoughmanycountriesindicatedthroughtheques-
tionnairesthatwaterefficiencymeasureswerenotrelevant
to their particular circumstances, it should not be implied
thatsuchmeasuresshouldnotbeconsiderednecessary.It
can be concluded from this survey that much more effort
needstobemadetoincorporateexplicitlywaterefficiency
measureswithintheframeworkofIWRM.
DeveIopment o! indicators:Agreatdealofefforthas
goneintothedevelopmentofasetofindictorsthatmeet
therequirementsofbeingspecific,measurable,attainable,
relevant, realistic and timely but more work is required.
The Roadmapping initiative, being developed concurrently
with this Report and complementary to it, is intended to
help countries focus on the steps to be taken towards
better water management, drawing inspiration from the
IWRM principles and the plans and strategies that they
have prepared to help catalyze change. At regional and
global levels, the roadmaps could serve as benchmark for
monitoringprogressinimprovingwaterresourcesmanage-
ment. Indicators and monitoring could provide countries
with a better assessment of the needs to advance in their
implementationofIWRM.
Recommendations.
The survey indicates that more emphasis is needed in the
followingareas:
Countries,particularlythosethatarelaggingbehind,
need to prioritise the development of IWRM and
waterefficiencymeasures,withthehelpofsupport-
ingagencies;
Countries need to prioritise the implementation of
policiesandplansoncetheyhavebeendeveloped;
Countries should establish roadmaps and financing
strategiesfortheimplementationoftheirplanswith
ExternalSupportAgencies(includingtheUN,donors
andNGOs)providingsupporttocountries,basedon
demand;
ExperiencesinimplementingIWRMshouldbeevalu-
ated, monitored and shared through global coordi-
nation mechanisms. This will require more work on
indicators and follow-up processes that do not add
anunduereportingburdenoncountries.
TheUNWorldWaterAssessmentProgrammeandits
associatedWorldWaterDevelopmentReportsshould
continuetoprovideanup-to-dateglobaloverviewof
progressonimplementingtheIWRMapproach.
3
Water is a key driver o! economic and sociaI deveIop-
ment vhiIe it aIso has a basic !unction in maintain-
ing the integrity o! the naturaI environment. Hov-
ever vater is onIy one o! a number o! vitaI naturaI
resources and it is imperative that vater issues are
not considered in isoIation.
2.1 Water availability in sufficient
quantity and quality
Therearegreatdifferencesinwateravailabilityfromregion
toregion-fromtheextremesofdesertstotropicalforests.
In addition there is variability of supply through time as a
resultbothofseasonalvariationandinter-annualvariation.
All too often the magnitude of variability and the timing
anddurationofperiodsofhighandlowsupplyarenotpre-
dictable;thisequatestounreliabilityoftheresourcewhich
posesgreatchallengestowatermanagersinparticularand
to societies as a whole. Most developed countries have,
in large measure, artificially overcome natural variability
by supply-side infrastructure to assure reliable supply and
reduce risks, albeit at high cost and often with negative
impacts on the environment and sometimes on human
health and livelihoods. Many less developed countries,
and some developed countries, are now finding that sup-
ply-side solutions alone are not adequate to address the
everincreasingdemandsfromdemographic,economicand
climatic pressures; waste-water treatment, water recycling
and demand management measures are being introduced
tocounterthechallengesofinadequatesupply.Inaddition
to problems of water quantity there are also problems of
water quality. Pollution of water sources is posing major
problemsforwaterusersaswellasformaintainingnatural
ecosystems.
Inmanyregionstheavailabilityofwaterinbothquantity
and quality is being severely affected by climate variability
andclimatechange,withmoreorlessprecipitationindif-
ferentregionsandmoreextremeweatherevents.Inmany
regions, too, demand is increasing as a result of popula-
tiongrowthandotherdemographicchanges(inparticular
urbanization)andagriculturalandindustrialexpansionfol-
lowing changes in consumption and production patterns.
As a result some regions are now in a perpetual state of
demandoutstrippingsupplyandinmanymoreregionsthat
is the case at critical times of the year or in years of low
wateravailability.
2.2 the many uses for Water
Water !or basic human needs and reducing absoIute
poverty is directly related to the availability and quality of
foodandtotheprevalenceofdisease.Clearlywaterisoffun-
damental importance for food production, for drinking, for
sanitationandforhygiene.Adequatewaterinbothquantity
andqualityunderpinshealthandbasicqualityoflife.
Water !or sociaI and economic deveIopment is
clearlylinkedtotheIWRMfocusonthethreeEs-namely:
equity,economicsandenvironment.Waterforsocialdevel-
opmentincludestheprovisionofeducationandhealthcare.
Withoutcleanwatersuppliesandgoodsanitationfacilities
inschoolsandhospitalssocialdevelopmentisstymied.And
for education - in schools without sanitation facilities - it
is girls who suffer most and are therefore disadvantaged,
introducing an important gender element into the equa-
tion. Water is of fundamental importance for economic
developmentthroughenergyandindustrialproduction.Itis
neededformanyformsofenergyproduction-hydropower
and the water for cooling of thermal and nuclear power
stations.Andenergyinturnisneededforpumping,includ-
ingextractionofwaterfromundergroundaquifers.Water
is needed for many industries and those industries in turn
have effect, through pollution and abstraction, on water
quality that affects both downstream users and natural
ecosystems. A major water use is non-food agriculture, in
particular recent shifts towards growing biofuels. This has
significantimplicationsforwaterresourcesmanagement.
Water and naturaI ecosystems - Natural ecosystems
are of fundamental importance to human well-being and
development. Our concern must not remain focused on
humandevelopmentconsiderationsonlybutitmustplace
thehumanbeing,asanindividual,asamemberofacom-
munityandaspartofsocietyasawholeinanenvironmen-
talcontext,toachievewell-beingandharmonywithnature.
Thelossofbiodiversityandthedegradationofecosystems
meanalossofecosystemproductsandservicesandunder-
mine the habitat Planet Earth provides for humans. We
destroyordegradethesenaturalsystemsatourperil,and
so social and economic development and basic human
bettermentmustgohandinhandwithpreservationofthe
naturalenvironment.
Water security - floods, droughts, pollution spills into
our water systems is of growing importance. Not only, in
2.0 The overaII setting
The overall setting
many regions, is there an increase in the frequency and
intensity of floods, droughts and, with increasing industri-
alization, pollution spills, but, with increases in population,
morepeoplearelivinginzonespronetodisasters.Also,with
increaseddemandforscarcerresourcesthereisanincreased
riskofconflictoverwater:itisalreadypartoftheequation
inmanyconflictssuchasDarfurandtheMiddleEast.Water
securityisalsointrinsicallylinkedtofoodsecurity.
2.3 diversity
Whiletheworldcomprisesmanyverydifferentclimaticand
hydrological regions, which will be diversely impacted by
climate change, there are many other aspects of diversity
whichaffectthewaysinwhichwaterismanaged.
2.3.1 The importance o! basin management
vithin the context o! diversity.
There is agreement among many that water should be
managedwithinnaturalhydrologicalunits-theriverbasin,
lake basin or aquifer. However, geographic situations are
diverseandnaturalunitsseldomcoincidewithadministra-
tive units. Some countries, such as Sri Lanka, are single
national units in the sense that there are no international
land borders with other countries. Indonesia is composed
of many separate islands each of which has many river
systems; administrative units may span both a number of
islandsandalargenumberofriverbasins.Theseexamples
contrast with such international river basins such as the
Nilewiththechallengesassociatedwithsharingthewaters
betweenupstreamanddownstreamneighbours.Asimilar
situation can also be seen within many large countries
where rivers run through many states (Australia, China,
India and USA). In other circumstances, such as those of
theRioGrandeseparatingMexicofromtheUSA,themajor
riveritselfformstheboundarybetweennationstatespos-
ing challenges for management of the resource. Some
major aquifers also span national boundaries but as they
arehiddentheirmanagementisoftenneglected.
2.3.2 Diversity in demographics
Therearemajorcontrastsindemographicsbetweendevel-
opedanddevelopingcountries.Manydevelopingcountries
haveveryyouthfulpopulationsvirtuallyguaranteeingrapid
population growth in the future; many developed coun-
tries by contrast have aging and diminishing populations.
Simple growth or depletion in numbers is complicated by
populationmovements.Urbanpopulationsare,ingeneral,
growing while rural populations are likely to grow at a
much smaller pace or in some places diminish. There are
also major migrations of population across international
borders, some permanent, some seasonal and some, in
thecaseoftourists,veryshortterm;suchpopulationshifts
intensifywatermanagementproblems.
2.3.3 Diversity in governance
Societies are organised in different ways from politically
centralised to highly dispersed; in some societies, such as
federal jurisdictions, responsibilities for management of
natural resources, including water, are primarily at provin-
cialratherthanatnationallevel.Indeed,theavailabilityof
waterwasamajordriverofthewaygovernancestructures
developed. Currently, responsibilities for particular aspects
of water management often are devolved to the commu-
nityleveleventhoughtheymayhaveinadequateresources
toundertaketheirresponsibilities-thisisoftenthecasefor
drinkingwatersupply,sanitationandhygiene.
Attitudes of societies towards stewardship of water
resourcesreflectculturalandreligiousbeliefsandtheydif-
fer greatly from country to country and often also within
countries where populations are of diverse ethnic and
social backgrounds. These differences are also manifested
in the effectiveness and efficiency of institutions and of
legislation. Financial resources and instruments so neces-
saryespeciallyincriticalcircumstancesareoftenlackingin
poorersocieties.
Itisnotonlygovernments,whethernational,provincial
or at lower levels of the municipality or community, that
have responsibility in water management. Very often the
privatesectorplaysvitalrolesintheprovisionofwaterserv-
ices.Inmanycountriespublic-privatepartnershipsarebeing
created to better manage supplies. Individual citizens, too
have important roles to play, especially at the community
level but all too often citizens do not have the means to
expresstheirdemandsandconcerns.
Alltheseaspectsofgovernancearecriticallyimportant
and affect the ability of societies to address their water
challenges.
2.4 from fragmented to integrated
management
Asageneralrule,inthepastwithsmallerpopulations,less
intense economic activity and with less affluent societies
demandingmuchlesswater,supplyoftheresourcewasusu-
allymuchgreaterthandemandforit.Insuchcircumstances
waterforagriculture,forindustry,fordomesticandallother
uses could be managed separately there being sufficient
watertoaccommodateallneedsandtherebeinglittlecom-
petitionbetweenusesandbetweenusers.Moreover,water
usebyhumansdidnotundulyimpingeonthenaturalenvi-
ronmentandecosystemsasitdoestoday.Thusitwascom-
mon(andstilliscommon)thatwithingovernmentsatboth
nationalandsub-nationallevelsseparateministrieswouldbe
setinplaceforeachuseforwhichwaterwasneeded.
5
As populations have grown, as food production has
increased,aseconomicactivityhasdevelopedandassocie-
tieshavebecomemoreaffluent,sodemandforwaterhas
burgeoned.Climatechangeaddsyetmorepressureonour
limitedwaterresources.Inverymanyplacesdemandhasfar
outstripped supply - this may be particularly so in seasons
whensupplymaybeseverelylimitedorinyearsofdrought,
orattimeswhendemandisparticularlyhigh,forexample
whenthereisgreatdemandforwaterforirrigation.
Thus managers, vhether in the government the
private sector or IocaI communities have to make di!-
!icuIt decisions on vater aIIocation. They !ind them-
seIves in countries and regions that have very di!!er-
ent physicaI characteristics and are at very di!!erent
stages in economic and sociaI deveIopment. hence
there is a need !or approaches to be taiIored to the
individuaI circumstance o! country and IocaI region.
More and more o!ten managers have to appor-
tion diminishing suppIies betveen ever-increasing
demands taking into account the veaker voices o! the
poor and o! the naturaI environment. The traditionaI
!ragmented or pureIy sectoraI approach is no Ionger
viabIe and a more hoIistic approach is essentiaI.
This is the rationaIe !or the Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM) approach that has
nov been accepted internationaIIy as the vay !or-
vard !or e!!icient and sustainabIe deveIopment and
management o! the vorIds Iimited vater resources
and !or coping vith con!Iicting demands. The most
videIy accepted de!inition o! IWRM is that given by
the GIobaI Water Partnership. IWRM is de!ined as a
process that promotes the coordinated deveIopment
and management o! vater, Iand and reIated resourc-
es, in order to maximize the resuItant economic and
sociaI veI!are in an equitabIe manner vithout com-
promising the sustainabiIity o! vitaI ecosystems.
The overall setting
7
3.1 the need to set targets and to monitor
progress toWards achieving those targets
There is a well recognized need to undertake compre-
hensive and objective assessments of the state of global
freshwater resources, the uses to which the resources are
put, the challenges associated with the resource and the
abilityofnationsandsocietiestocopewiththechallenges
thatwatermanagersmustaddress.Tothisend,intheyear
2000,theUnitedNationssystemcreatedtheWorldWater
Assessment Programme (WWAP) with UNESCO leading
the Programme by hosting its Secretariat. The WWAP has
producedtwoWorldWaterDevelopmentReports(WWDRs)
in 2003 and 2006. This process will continue to produce
WWDRs every three years and thus provide a reporting
mechanism to record the changes taking place in the
resourceitselfandchangingmanagementchallenges.
It is also well recognized that there is a need to set
targets towards which the world must strive if the many
water-relatedchallengesaretoberesolved.Thus,in2000,
headsofStateadoptedtheMillenniumDeclarationonthe
basis of which the UN instituted the Millennium Develop-
mentGoals(MDGs).Itcanbearguedthat,toagreateror
lesser degree, all the MDGs are water-related; with Goal
one related to growth and the others related to health or
social issues. As a follow-up to the MDGs it was further
agreed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development
(WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002, through the Johannes-
burgPlanofImplementation(JPoI),toDevelopintegrated
water resources management and water efficiency plans
by 2005, with support to developing countries, through
actionsatalllevels;thistargetiselaboratedinAnnex1.
There was further discussion on IWRM and water effi-
ciency plans at the CSD 12 and CSD 13
2
meetings with a
decisionthatatCSD16in2008thereshouldbeanassess-
mentofprogressmadetowardsmeetingthetarget.
Comprehensiveandsystematicmonitoringofallaspects
ofwaterresourcesandtheirmanagementinanintegrated
fashion is undertaken by UN-Water through the WWAP;
the series of WWDRs provide a reporting mechanism for
theUNsystem.
InadditiontotheIWRMtarget,asetofpolicyactionswasadopted
duringtheCSD3meetingandUNDESArecentlyembarkedonastudy
toassesstheimplementationoftheseactions.Fordetailssee:
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd3/csd3_decision_unedited.pdf.
InassociationwiththeJPoIanIWRMRoadmappingInitiative
hasbeenstarted,facilitatedbytheGovernmentofDenmarkin
collaborationwithUN-Water,theGlobalWaterPartnershipand
representatives of governments. This initiative recognises the
needforcountriestosetoutRoadmapsthatlayoutaseries
ofactionstobeundertakentoapplyanintegratedapproach
towaterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagementandtohelp
meettheMDGs.Itrecognizesthatdifferentcountrieswillneed
asetofactionssuitedtotheirparticularneedsandthattime
schedules for implementation would differ from country to
countrydependingonspecificcountrycircumstances.Inother
wordssolutionsmustbetailor-madeorthatnoonesizefits
all.TheRoadmappingInitiativeisbeingdevelopedasasepa-
ratebutcomplementaryinitiativetothecurrentReport.
Creation o! the UN-Water Task force on
IWRM Monitoring and Reporting
In2006aTaskForceonIWRMMonitoringandReporting(TF)
was created by UN-Water, with members drawn from UN-
Wateragenciesandfrompartnerorganizations,withtheman-
date,inter alia,ofproducingthecurrent5tatus Report on
IWRM and Water E!!iciency PIans !or C5D16(TheReport).
The Report has been undertaken by UN-Water. The
analyseswithintheReportdrawprimarilyonthequestion-
naires undertaken by UN-DESA and UNEP (through the
UNEP Collaborating Center), during 2007 and supported
by inputs from other members and partners of UN-Water,
includingUNDP,UNStatistics,WWAPandGWP.Theques-
tionnairesareincludedinAnnexes2,3and4.
The Report also includes information gathered by the
moreinformalsurveysconductedbytheGlobalWaterPart-
nership
3
(GWP)andtheAfricanDevelopmentBank(AfDB).
SeeAnnexes5and6forquestionnaires.
For the purpose of the Report countries have been
dividedintotwogroups:
Group 1 developing and countries with econo-
miesintransition(asdefinedbyUNStatistics)and
Group 2 developed (those belonging to either
OECDortheEuropeanUnion).
Regionsandsub-regionsareasdefinedbyUNStatistics.
Withintheanalysesmoreemphasisisplacedonthecoun-
trieswiththegreatestneeds,i.e.thoseinGroup1.
3
GWP,February006,SettingtheStageforChange.
3.0 The response o! the United Nations system
The response of the United Nations system
3.2 survey of progress on iWrm
Table 1:
countries responding to the un-Water survey (104 in total) and the surveys undertaken by gWp and the afdb
Country UN-Water Survey GWP 2006 Survey AfDB Survey
* Least Developed Countries Response
(2) Countries in transition Y relates to the DESA 1=plan in place
questionnaire 2=plans in preparation
X relates to the UNEP 3=only initial steps taken
questionnaire
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
AFRICA
East Africa
Burundi* 3
Djibouti* 3
Eritrea* Y 2
Ethiopia* 2
Kenya 2 X
Malawi* Y 2
Mauritius X 2
Mozambique* X 2
Rwanda* 3 X
Seychelles Y
Tanzania* X 2
Uganda* Y 1
Zambia* X 2
Zimbabwe X 1
Central Africa
Angola* X 3
Cameroon 2 X
CentralAfricanRep* 3 X
Chad* 3
Congo 3
DRCongo* X 3 X
Northern Africa
Algeria X 3
Egypt Y 2 X
Libya X 3
Morocco X 2
Sudan* 2
Tunisia Y 2 X
9
Southern Africa
Botswana X 2
Lesotho* Y 3
Namibia Y 1
SouthAfrica X 1
Swaziland X 2
Western Africa
Benin* 2 X
BurkinaFaso* Y 1 X
CapeVerde* Y 3 X
CotedIvoire X X
Ghana Y 2
Guinea* Y X
Liberia* Y X
Mali* 2
Mauritania* X 2 X
Niger* X
Nigeria 2
Senegal* 2 X
SierraLeone* Y
Togo* Y X
AMERICAS
Caribbean
Anguilla X
AntiguaandBarbuda X
Bahamas X
Barbados Y 2
Cuba Y
Dominica X
Grenada X
Jamaica Y 2
Montserrat X
SaintKittsandNevis Y
SaintLucia X
TrinidadandTobago 2
Central America
Belize X 2
CostaRica Y 2
ElSalvador X 2
Guatemala Y 3
Honduras X 3
Nicaragua X 2
Panama X 2
South America
Argentina Y 2
Bolivia X 3
Brazil X 1
Chile X 2
Colombia Y 2
Ecuador X
Paraguay X 3
Peru X 2
Uruguay X 2
Venezuela X 3
ASIA
Central Asia
Kazakhstan(2) Y 1
Kyrgyzstan(2) Y 2
Tajikistan(2) Y 2
Turkmenistan(2) Y 2
Uzbekistan(2) Y 2
Eastern Asia
China Y 1
Southern Asia
Bangladesh* 1
India 2
Nepal* 2
Pakistan 2
SriLanka Y*** 3
11
South-Eastern Asia
Cambodia* Y 3
Indonesia X 2
LaoPeoplesDR* X 2
Malaysia 2
Myanmar* 3
Philippines Y 2
Thailand X 1
VietNam Y 3
Western Asia
Armenia(2) Y 1
Azerbaijan(2) Y 3
Georgia(2) Y 3
Jordan Y
SyrianArabRepublic Y
OCEANIA
Melanesia
Fiji 2
SolomonIslands* 3
Micronesia
Kiribati* 2
Polynesia
Samoa* 1
Tuvalu* 3
EUROPE
Southern Europe
Croatia(2) Y
Serbia(2) Y
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Asia
Japan Y
RepublicofKorea Y
Turkey Y
Northern America
USA Y
Central America
Mexico Y
Eastern Europe
Cyprus Y
Bulgaria 2
CzechRepublic Y 1
Hungary Y 1
Poland 1
Romania Y 1
Slovakia 1
Northern Europe
Denmark Y
Estonia Y 1
Finland Y
Ireland Y
Latvia Y 1
Lithuania 2
Norway Y
Sweden Y
Greece Y
Malta Y
Portugal Y
Slovenia 2
Spain Y
Western Europe
Austria Y
France Y
Germany Y
Netherlands Y
Switzerland Y
Oceania
Australia Y 1
NewZealand Y
***
Sri lanka is not included in the analysis as it did not respond to the official UN-DeSa questionnaire even though it did respond to a trial run for the
questionnaire.
13
Table 2:
summary statistics for country surveys
Region and Sub-region UN-Water Survey 2007 GWP 2006 Survey AfDB Survey
AFRICA
EasternAfrica 9 13 2
MiddleAfrica 2 6 3
NorthernAfrica 5 6 2
SouthernAfrica 5 5 0
WesternAfrica 9 8 10
Totals 30 38 17
AMERICAS
Caribbean 11 3
CentralAmerica 7 7
SouthernAmerica 10 9
Totals 28 19
ASIA
CentralAsia 5 5
EasternAsia 1 1
SouthernAsia 0 5
South-EasternAsia 6 8
WesternAsia 5 3
Totals 17 22
EUROPE
EasternEurope 0 0
SouthernEurope 2 0
Totals 2 0
OCEANIA 0 5
Total developing countries 77 84
developedcountries 27 11
Grand total 104 95
Commentsonthesurveys:
Generalcomments:
The questionnaires were addressed to governments
at the national level. Therefore they do not reflect
responsibilities for management at sub-national lev-
els. The case studies in Section 4.5, below, demon-
stratethatmanymanagementdecisionsaremadeat
theprovincialandcommunitylevels.
TheGWPandAfDBsurveysweremoreinformaland
areusefulastheyreflecttheviewsofadifferentset
of stakeholders and therefore provide an alternative
perspective.
TheUN-DESAquestionnaire:
27developedcountriesand39developingcountries
(including countries with economies in transition)
responded. Of the 39 developing countries that
responded,7respondedthroughUNEP(BurkinaFaso,
Cape Verde, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo and
Uganda).
A total of 65 questions were posed to be answered
in multiple choice fashion; a further 8 questions
allowedwrittenanswerstoelaborateinmoredetail.
The responses to the 65 questions are found in the
Database(Annex8),Worksheet2:ResponsestoUN-
DESA questionnaire; the responses to the 8 written
answers may be accessed directly through the same
Worksheet for specific countries or may be found
separatelyinWorksheet4(TextResponses).
There are many cases where countries, in answering
thequestionnaire,havetickedmorethanoneboxon
the same line. In such a case UN-DESA, in making
the initial compilation of the responses, has elected
to select just one answer as the most reasonable
choice.
Many countries have chosen not to answer all the
questions.Thesummarystatisticssimplyignorethese
omissions.
TheUNEPquestionnaire:
Atotalof58countriesrespondedtotheUNEPques-
tionnaire; the complete set of responses is found in
the Database (Annex 8) Worksheet 3: Responses to
UNEPquestionnaire.
For17countriesthereareresponsestoboththeUN-
DESA and the UNEP questionnaires; this allows an
inter-comparison of responses which is important in
assessingtheircompatibility.Theinformationforthe
inter-comparisonisfoundintheDatabase(Annex8)
Worksheet5:DESA-UNEPcomparison.
MergingoftheUN-DESAandUNEPquestionnaires:
Theinformationforthe39developingcountrieswith-
intheUN-DESAquestionnairehasbeensupplement-
ed for 38 additional countries by partial responses
fromsimilarquestionsintheUNEPquestionnaire.Of
the65questionsposedbyUN-DESA26hadexactor
very similar counterparts in the UNEP questionnaire.
Overall the answers to the UNEP questionnaire are
slightly lower than the answers to the UN-DESA (for
18questionstheyarelowerandfor7questionsthey
arehigher).
Thesummarystatisticshavebeenpreparedfromthe
responsesfrom77developingcountriesplusrespons-
esfrom27developedcountries.
There are contrasts in the responses from different
regions.ApartfromapartialresponsefromSriLanka,
therearenoresponsesatallfromSouthAsia-amajor
gapinthesurvey.Incontrastthereisacompleteset
ofresponsesfromCentralAsia.
TheGWPSurvey:
Thissurveycovered95countries,84developingand
11developed.For59ofthesecountriesdatafromthe
UN-Water Survey are also available allowing a valu-
able inter-comparison between these informal and
officialsurveyselaboratedinSection4.2.
TheAfDBSurvey:
Thissurveycovered17countriesinAfrica;thesurvey
questionswereadirectsub-setoftheUNEPquestion-
naire. This survey is used to supplement the other 3
surveyswithintheAfricancontext.
15
4.1 analysis of the un-Water survey
Care must be taken in the analysis of the questionnaires
sentoutbyUN-DESAandUNEPforthefollowingreasons:
Itmustberecognizedthatmanyoftheverypoorest
countries were unable to respond to the question-
naires through lack of capacity to do so; conversely
a larger proportion of developed countries than
developing countries did respond to the survey. In
thissensethesurveyisbiasedtowardscountriesmore
capableofgivingresponses.
Some regions of the world, particularly South Asia,
areunder-representedasresponsesfrommanyofthe
countries concerned were not forthcoming - in this
sensethereisregionalbias.
Insurveysofthistypethereisalwaysroomfordiffer-
ing interpretation of the meaning of questions as a
result of cultural and linguistic diversity; indeed this
mayresultinmoreoptimisticinterpretationofsitu-
ationandstatusbysomecountriesthanbyothers.
This survey was aimed primarily at national govern-
ments.Inmanycountriesresponsibilityandauthority
for water management, especially in federal jurisdic-
4.0 5tatus o! nationaI IWRM pIanning and
impIementation
tions,issubordinatedtosub-nationallevels;converse-
ly some national governments must manage their
water within a broader context of international river
basinsorofregionaljurisdictions,forexampleinthe
caseoftheEUwheretheEuropeanFrameworkDirec-
tive becomes more important than purely national
plansandpolicies.
Severalofthequestionsarenotrelevanttoallcoun-
tries;forexampletransboundarywaterissuesmaynot
be relevant to small island countries, humid regions
may not be concerned with questions of aridity and
land-locked countries are unlikely to be concerned
withdesalination.
Despitethesecaveatsitisstillpossibletodiscernoverall
trends and to draw a number of broad conclusions from
thesurvey.
Comparative results between major country groupings
and between regions and sub-regions are presented in
Tables3aand3b.Diagramsshowingthesecomparisonsare
providedintheAppendix.
Table 3a:
comparison of developed countries with africa, the americas and asia
Main NationaI Instruments
and other NationaIlfederaI
5trategies that may
contribute to promoting
IWRM
Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvancedonmainnationalinstruments
AsiaandtheAmericasmoreadvancedonnationaldevelopmentplansandnationalenvironmental
actionplanswithIWRMcomponents
OfdevelopingcountriesAfricaleastadvancedwithpovertyreductionstrategieswithWRM
components
Water Resources
DeveIopment
Developedcountriesmoreadvancedonmostissues,but,asexpected,notforrain-waterharvesting
AsiamoreadvancedthanotherdevelopingregionsforWRassessment
Water Resources
Management
Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvancedexceptinthelessrelevantareasofcombating
desertificationandirrigatedagriculture
DevelopingregionsverysimilarexcepttheAmericasmoreadvancedinprogramsandpolicies
forwatershedmanagement,groundwatermanagementanddrainageandirrigation;Asiamore
advancedinlegislativemechanismstocontrolpollution
Water Use Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvanced
Africaconsistentlylessadvancedthanotherregions
Monitoring, In!ormation
Management and
Dissemination
Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvanced
AsiamoreadvancedthantheAmericaswhichinturnaremoreadvancedthanAfricaonallissues
exceptmonitoringandreportingtheimpactsofIWRMreformswhereAfricaismoreadvanced
Capacity uiIding and
EnabIing Environment
DevelopedregionssignificantlymoreadvancedonallissuesexceptPro-poorpolicieswhichare
designatednotrelevantbymanydevelopedcountries
Similarresponsesfromdevelopingregionswithsomeinterestingcontrasts-egAsiamoreadvanced
oninstitutionalreformsyetbehindoninstitutionalcoordinationmechanisms
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
5takehoIder Participation Developedcountriesmoreadvancedexceptonprogramsforgendermainstreamingandonpublic
awarenesscampaigns
AfricamoreadvancedthanotherdevelopingregionsonallissuesexceptlowerthanAsiaon
mechanismstoresolvetransboundarywaterissues
financing Developedregionsslightlymoreadvanced
OfthedevelopingregionsAsiabehindonstrategiesformobilizingfinancialresourcesandon
normsandproceduresforfinancialsustainability;Africasignificantlymoreadvancedonsubsidies
andmicro-creditprograms
Table 3b:
sub-regional comparisons
Africa Americas Asia
MainNationalInstrumentsand
otherfederalstrategiesthat
maycontributetopromoting
IWRM
CountriesofNAfricascore
significantlyhigheronmain
nationalinstrumentswhile
countriesofSAfricascore
higheronplanswithIWRM
componentsandonsustainable
developmentstrategies
Majordifferencesbetween
Caribbeancountriesand
countriesofSAmerica-
Caribbeanmuchhigheronmain
nationalinstruments;SAmerica
muchhigheronotherplans
contributingtoIWRM
WAsia:generallylowscoresall
round.
SEAsiahighonnational/federal
IWRMandwaterefficiency
plansincontrasttoCentralAsia
Waterresourcesdevelopment Note:severalissues(eg
desalinationandcoastalfog
harvesting)notrelevanttomany
countries-otherwiseverysimilar
responses
Similarresponsesexceptfor
Caribbeancountrieswhichrank
highforassessment,regulatory
normsandbasinstudiesbutlow
onrecycling
Hereadefiniteconsistent
hierarchyofresponsesfrom
Chinawithhighestscores
throughSEAsia,WAsiato
CentralAsia
Waterresourcesmanagement Verysimilarresponsesoverall
exceptforNAfricawhich,
aswouldbeexpectedinarid
environments,hashigherscores
ongroundwater,desertification
andirrigationissues
Aconsistenthierarchyofscores
-Caribbeanbeingconsistently
highest(except,asexpected,
insharedmanagementof
resources);CentralAmericas
beingconsistentlylowest
Aconsistenthierarchyof
responseswithEandSEAsia
havinghighscoresandCentral
Asiahavinglowscores
Wateruse NorthernAfricaconsistently
higherscoresthanotherAfrican
regionswhichdisplaysimilar
responses
Caribbeancountrieshave
significantlyhigherscoresthan
otherregionsoftheAmericas
EandSEAsiaconsistently
higherthanCentralandWAsia
Monitoring,information
managementand
dissemination
NAfricaconsistentlyhigher
scoresthanotherAfricanregions
whichdisplaysimilarresponses
Caribbeanhighestonmost
measures
CentralAsiagenerallyhas
lowestscores
Capacitybuildingandenabling
environment
Similarresponses-NAfrica
highestonsomeresponses
Caribbeangenerallyhighest EandSEAsiagenerallywith
highestscores
Stakeholderparticipation NAfricagenerallyhighest,E
Africalowest
CentralAmericagenerallylow
scores.
EandSEAsiagenerallyhigh;
CentralAsialower
Financing NAfricagenerallyhigherscores;
notmanydifferencesforother
Africanregions
SAmericagenerallywithhighest
scoresexceptforCaribbean
withgradualcost-recovery
mechanismsandstrategies
SEAsiagenerallywiththe
highestscores
17
4.2 comparative analysis of the un-Water
survey With those of gWp and afdb
Thepurposeofthiscomparisonofsurveyswastoattempt
to assess progress towards putting IWRM plans in place.
TheGWPSurveywascarriedoutabout18monthsbefore
the UN-Water Survey, therefore only small changes might
beexpectedasthisisarelativelyshorttimeperiod.
The GWP Survey was carried out at the end of 2005
specificallytoassesstheextenttowhichtheWSSDtarget
had been met. Thus it focused on the creation of IWRM
plans and did not assess the extent of implementation
of plans. The GWP Survey evaluated 95 countries (11 of
which were developed countries having high scores) and
concludedthat:
20 countries (21%) had plans/strategies in place or
a process well underway, and that incorporated the
mainelementsofanIWRMapproach.
50countries(53%)wereintheprocessofpreparing
national strategies or plans but require further work
toliveuptotherequirementsofanIWRMapproach.
25countries(26%)hadtakenonlyinitialstepsinthe
processtowardspreparingnationalstrategiesorplans
and had not yet fully embraced the requirements of
anIWRMapproach.
59 countries (Africa-24; Americas-14; Asia-15; Devel-
oped countries-6) are covered by both the GWP and UN-
Water Surveys. Although the questionnaires used for the
GWPSurveyandUN-WaterSurveyarenotcompletelycom-
parable and use different terminology they are sufficiently
similartoenablegeneralcomparisonstobemade.
Tomakeacomparativeanalysisofresultsfortheinfor-
mal GWP Survey and the official UN-Water Survey, the
order of the original GWP Survey classification has been
reversed so that responses are ranked in ascending order
fromleasttomostadvanced.
Table 4:
the ranking for the gWp and un-Water surveys
UN Water Survey GWP Survey (order reversed) Comments
1.Notrelevant
1.Countriesthathavetakenonlyinitialstepsintheprocesstowards
preparingnationalstrategies/plansandhavenotyetfullyembraced
therequirementsofanIWRMapproach
2.Underconsideration
2.Countriesthatareintheprocessofpreparingnationalstrategies/
plansbutrequirefurtherworktoliveuptotherequirementsofan
IWRMapproach;
3.Inplacebutnotyet
implemented
3.Countriesthathaveplans/strategiesinplace,oraprocesswell
underway,andthatincorporatethemainelementsofanIWRM
approach.
Forcomparisonpurposes
allthosecountriesincluded
incategories3,4and5of
theUN-Watersurveyalso
satisfycategory3ofthe
GWPsurvey.
4.Inplaceandpartially
implemented
Notassessed
5.Fullyimplemented Notassessed
Table 5:
summary statistics for gWp and un-Water surveys
Region
Number
of
countries
GWP
category
3
GWP
category
2
GWP
category
1
UN-Water
category
3
UN-Water
category
2
UN-Water
category
1
% % % % % %
EAfrica 8 2 6 0 3 5 0
CentralAfrica 2 0 0 2 0 2 0
NAfrica 5 0 3 2 2 3 0
SAfrica 5 2 2 1 2 3 0
WAfrica 4 2 2 0 2 2 0
Africa total 24 6 25.0 13 54.2 5 20.8 9 37.5 15 62.5 0 0.0
Caribbean 2 0 2 0 2 0 0
CentralAmericas 5 0 3 2 1 4 0
SAmerica 7 1 4 2 3 4 0
Americas total 14 1 7.1 9 64.3 4 28.6 6 42.9 8 57.1 0 0.0
CentralAsia 5 1 4 0 0 1 4
EAsia 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
SEAsia 6 1 3 2 4 2 0
WAsia 3 1 0 2 0 1 2
Asia total 15 4 26.7 7 46.7 4 26.7 5 33.3 4 26.7 6 40.0
Developing countries total 53 11 20.8 29 54.7 13 24.5 20 37.7 27 50.9 6 11.3
Developed countries 6 6 100 0 0 6 100 0 0
Themajorconclusionsfromtheselistingsareasfollows:
Developedcountries:
For the six countries considered in this comparison
there are no significant differences between the
surveys;asagroupthedevelopedcountriesarewell
advancedintheprocessofincorporatingIWRMprin-
ciples into their national plans and most are well on
theirwaytoimplementthoseplans.
Developing countries and countries with economies
intransition:
For the 53 countries considered in this comparison
therearemodestbutsignificantimprovementsinthe
summarystatistics:
In22countriestheUN-WaterSurveyshowsahigher
levelofprogressthantheGWPSurvey;
Whilein7countriesthereseemstohavebeenalower
levelofprogress(6ofthesebeinginAsia);
In 24 countries there has been little measurable
change;
ItisintheAmericasthatthegreatestoverallprogress
hasbeenmade.
19
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Africa
0
1
2
3
Eritrea (Y)
Malawi (Y)
Mauritius (X)
Mozambique (X)
Tanzania (X)
Uganda (Y)
Zambia (X)
Zimbabwe (X)
Angola (X)
DR Congo (X)
Algeria (X)
Egypt (Y)
Libya (X)
Morocco (X)
Tunisia (Y)
Botswana (X)
Lesotho (Y)
Namibia (Y)
South Africa (X)
Swaziland (X)
Burkina Faso (Y)
Cape Verde (Y)
Ghana (Y)
Mauritania (X)
GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey
Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansin
preparationorinplaceinAngola,DRCongo,
AlgeriaandLibya
Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansinplacein
Lesotho
Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans
completedand/orunderimplementationin
Tanzania,EgyptandTunisia
Declinefromplansinplacetoonlyinpreparation
inNamibia
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Americas
Barbados (Y)
Jamaica (Y)
Belize (X)
Costa Rica (Y)
Guatemala (Y)
Honduras (X)
Nicaragua (X)
Argentina (Y)
Bolivia (X)
Brazil (X)
Chile (X)
Colombia (Y)
Peru (X)
Venezuela (X)
0
1
2
3
Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansin
preparationorinplaceinBolivia,Guatemala,
HondurasandVenezuela
completedand/orunderimplementationinCosta
Rica,Colombia,Peru,BarbadosandJamaica
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Asia
Kazakhstan (Y)
Kyrgyzstan (Y)
Tajikistan (Y)
Turkmenistan (Y)
Uzbekistan (Y)
China (Y)
Cambodia (Y)
Indonesia (X) Lao People's DR (X)
Philippines (Y)
Thailand (X)
Viet Nam (Y)
Armenia (Y)
Azerbaijan (Y)
Georgia (Y)
0
1
2
3
Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplanscompleted
and/orunderimplementationinCambodiaand
Vietnam
completedand/orunderimplementationinLao
PeoplesRepublicandPhilippines
Declinefromplansinplacetoonlyinpreparation
inThailand,KazakhstanandArmenia;fromin
preparationtonostepstakeninKyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Developed Countries
Czech Republic (Y)
Hungary (Y)
Romania (Y)
Estonia (Y)
Latvia (Y)
Australia (Y)
0
1
2
3
Alldevelopedcountriesstaticormakingprogress
Given the relatively short time between the surveys it
wouldbeexpectedthatonlysomemodestprogresswould
bemadeandthisisconfirmedbythesefigures.Inindividual
cases the GWP or UN Water Survey may be more or less
optimistic.Forexample,GWPresultsseemoverlyoptimistic
for Central Asia. The UN-Water results may also be more
optimistic as they are completed by officials who may be
inclined to give a more positive result. Also, the question-
nairesmaynotbesufficientlyrobusttocapturenuancesin
understanding by different cultures and language groups
andinterpretationofthequestionsmaywellbesubjectto
individualbiasofthosefilingtheanswers.
Nevertheless,theresultsaresufficientlysimilaroverallto
concludethattheresultsfromthetwosurveysarecompa-
rableandindicatesomeprogresssince2005.
The AfDB undertook an additional survey in 2007; it
covered 17 African countries. Six of these countries were
notcoveredbytheUN-WaterSurveybutwereincludedin
theGWPSurvey:Benin,Cameroon,CentralAfricanRepub-
lic,Kenya,RwandaandSenegal.Allthesecountriesfallinto
theGWPcategoriesofeitherbeingintheveryinitialstages
ofdevelopingnationalplansortheplanshaveyettoprop-
erly incorporate IWRM principles. The UN-Water Survey
showsnosignificantprogressmadeinthesecountries.
4.3 implementation of iWrm and Water
efficiency plans and the outcomes of
implementation
The purpose of this section is to attempt to assess the
extent to which countries have been able to go beyond
simplyhavingplansinplacetothestageofimplementing
those plans and the extent to which tangible outcomes
have been forthcoming. This section ties in directly with
section 4.4 on examples of ongoing IWRM processes and
withsection4.5oncasestudies.
Table 6 presents responses to the UN-Water Survey
on the questions of the extent to which countries have
implemented IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans. It focuses
onthosecountriesthathaveplansinplaceandwhichare
eitherpartiallyorfullyimplemented.
Table 6:
summary statistics for un-Water survey for iWrm and Water efficiency plans
Region
Number
of countries
National/Federal IWRM plan or
equivalent strategic plan document
National/Federal Water efficiency plan
level 1-3 level 4 level 5 level 1-3 level 4 level 5
Developed countries: 27 2 10 6 10 9 3
Developing countries:
EAfrica 9 0 3 0 6 1 0
CentralAfrica 2 0 0 0 2 0 0
NAfrica 5 0 1 1 3 1 1
SAfrica 5 0 2 0 3 0 0
WAfrica 9 0 2 0 3 1 0
Africa total 30 0 8 1 17 3 1
Caribbean 11 5 3 0 6 2 0
CentralAmerica 7 2 0 0 6 0 0
SAmerica 10 3 2 0 9 1 0
Americastotal 28 10 5 0 21 3 0
CentralAsia 5 4 0 0 3 0 0
EAsia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
SEAsia 6 0 2 1 2 3 0
WAsia 5 2 1 0 2 1 0
Asiatotal 17 6 3 1 7 4 0
SEurope 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
Totaldevelopingcountries 77 16 17 2 46 10 1
Notes: level 1-3: No entry, not in place or irrelevant
level 4: In place and partially implemented
level 5: Fully implemented
21
A total of 104 countries are analysed (77 developing;
27developed).
DeveIoped countries:
10 of the 27 countries (37%) have national IWRM
plansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented;afurther6
countries(22%)havetheseplansfullyimplemented;
LessprogresshasbeenmadeinimplementingNation-
al water efficiency plans - 9 (33%) have plans in
placeandpartiallyimplementedand3(11%)havea
planfullyimplemented;37%ofdevelopedcountries
consideredwaterefficiencyplansnotrelevanttotheir
circumstancesorchosenottoanswerthequestion.
DeveIoping countries:
17 of the 77 countries (22%) have national IWRM
plansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented;afurther2
countries(3%)havetheseplansfullyimplemented;
Far less progress has been made in implementing
Nationalwaterefficiencyplans-only10(13%)have
plans in place and partially implemented and only 1
has a plan fully implemented; 60% of developing
countries considered water efficiency plans not rel-
evant to their circumstances or chose not to answer
thequestion.
A total of 64 countries (37 developing and 27 devel-
oped) provided text responses to the UN-DESA question-
naire.Asimpleanalysisfortheresponsestoquestions6,8b
and8cispresentedinTable7.Theresultsshouldbetaken
asmerelyindicativeoftheextentofimplementationofthe
IWRM approach and of results achieved. Many countries
provideddetailedlistsofactionstakenandresultsachieved;
manyotherprovidedonlyskeletalinformation.However,the
amount of information given does not necessarily properly
reflectreality.Somecountriesoptedtogivenoresponsesto
questions-butthisdoesnotmeanthatnoactionsactually
have been taken; some countries have simply stated that
noassessmentofoutcomeshasbeenmade-again,thisis
unlikelytomeanthatnobenefitshaveaccrued.
Despite these caveats there is good indication that the
IWRM approach is being incorporated into national plans
andstrategiesandthattangiblebenefitsareeitherevident
orarelikelytoberealisedinthenearfuture.
Table 7:
responses to questions 6, 8b and 8c of the un-desa questionnaire
Question6:
Ifyourcountryisinthestageof
implementation,indicatespecific
actionsundertaken
Question8b:
Whatarethemainwater
managementmeasuresundertaken?
Question8c:
Whataretheresultsachieved?
Developing
countries(37)
Severalspecificactions
taken
11 Severalmeasurestaken 10* Goodresultsachieved 7*
Someactionstaken 23 Somemeasurestaken 21 Someresultsachieved 19
Noactionstaken Nomeasurestaken 1 Noresultsachieved 4
Noresponse 3 Noresponse 5 Noresponse 7
Developed
countries(27)
Severalspecificactions
taken
25 Severalmeasurestaken 20 Goodresultsachieved 10
Someactionstaken 1 Somemeasurestaken 6 Someresultsachieved 13
Noactionstaken Nomeasurestaken 1 Noresultsachieved 2
Noresponse 1 Noresponse Noresponse 2
*)
See annex 8 Database, Worksheet 4 for more details on measures undertaken and results achieved.
4.4 examples of ongoing iWrm processes
Table 8 provides examples of developing countries that
havefoundIWRMausefulframeworkformanagementof
waterresourcesandhaveincludeditasapivotalconcept.
The concept has been included in key Government docu-
ments that guide and regulate the use, conservation and
protection of a nations water resources and implementa-
tion at local level is ongoing. The table is not exhaustive:
In addition to what is documented here, there are many
ongoing and planned IWRM programmes; as well as
numerous national and regional IWRM partnerships and
initiativesrelatedtotransboundarywaters.
Table 8:
evidence of adoption and use of the iWrm approach
Eritrea
IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementandWaterEfficiencyPlan(IWRM/WE)-MinistryofLandWater&
Environment(draft2007)
Malawi
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofIrrigationandWaterDevelopment(2005)
WaterResourcesActNo.15of1969withlateramendments.GovernmentofMalawi
IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement/WaterEfficiency(IWRM/WE)PlanforMalawi-MinistryofIrrigation
andWaterDevelopment(draft2007)
Mozambique
GovernmentofMozambique-WaterAct,LeideAguas,16/913August(1991)
IWRMPlan-DireccaoNacionaldeAguas,MinistryofPublicWorksandHousing(draft2007)
Seychelles
WaterRegulations-PublicUtilitiesCorporation(1988)
WaterSupplyDevelopmentPlan-PublicUtilitiesCorporation(2005)
WaterPolicy-PublicUtilitiesCorporation
Tanzania
NationalWaterSectorDevelopmentProgramme2006-2025-MinistryofWater(2006)
IWRMStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofWater(2004)
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWater(2002)
NationalWaterLawbasedonrevisedWaterActno.42of1974-GovernmentofTanzania(draft2007)
Uganda
ANationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWater,LandsandEnvironment(1999)
NationalWaterActionPlan-WaterResourcesManagementDepartment(1994)
WaterResourcesManagementReformStrategy-WaterResourcesManagementDepartment(2005)
NationalWaterQualityManagementStrategy-MinistryofWaterandEnvironment(2006)
Zambia
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2006)
TheRevisedNationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2007)
WaterResourcesManagementBill-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(draft2007)
NationalDevelopmentPlan-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2007)
Angola IWRM&WaterEfficiencyRoadmap-MinistryofWater&Energy(draft2007)
Algeria
NationalPlanforWater-MinistryofWaterResources(2003)
NationalWaterLaw-GovernmentofAlgeria(2005)
ActionPlanforimplementationofanIWRMFramework-MinistryofWaterResources(draft2006-7)
Egypt NationalWaterResourcesPlan-MinistryofWaterResourcesandIrrigation(2004)
Morocco
MasterPlansofIntegratedWaterResourcesDevelopmentforRiverBasins-MinistryofLand,Waterand
Environment(2001)
NationalWaterPlan-MinistryofLand,WaterandEnvironment(2006)
Decreeno2-05-1594-DevelopmentandRevisionofMasterPlans&NationalPlansforIntegratedWater
ResourcesManagement-GovernmentofMorocco
Tunisia
TheWaterCode(Lawno.16)-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1975)
WaterMasterPlanfortheNorthofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1970)
WaterMasterPlanfortheCentreofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1977)
WaterMasterPlanfortheSouthofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1983)
WaterResourcesMobilizationStrategies-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1990)
WaterConservationStrategy-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1995)
Botswana IWRMStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofMinerals,EnergyandWaterResources(2006)
23
Lesotho
RoadmaptocompletingintegratedwaterresourcesmanagementandwaterefficiencyplanninginLesotho
-MinistryofNaturalResources,WaterCommission(April2007)
Namibia
NationalWaterPolicyWhitePaper-GovernmentofNamibia(2000)
WaterResourcesManagementAct-GovernmentofNamibia(2004)
IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofAgriculture,WaterandRural
Development(2006)
Swaziland
WaterPolicy-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnergy(draft2007)
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-WaterResourcesBranch(draft2007)
WaterAct(2003)-GovernmentofSwaziland
BurkinaFaso
DecreeNo.2003-220:ActionPlanforIWRMinBurkinaFaso(PAGIRE)-MinistryofAgriculture,Hydraulics&
FishingResources(2003)
BurkinaFasoWaterVision-MinistryofAgriculture,Hydraulics&FishingResources(2000)
WaterLawNo.002-2001-GovernmentofBurkinaFaso(2001)
CotedIvoire IWRMRoadmap2007-2015-MinistryofEnvironment,Water&Forestry(2007)
Ghana
IWRMComponentSupportprogramme(2004-2008)-WaterResourcesCommission(2004)
WaterResourcesPolicy-WaterResourcesCommission(draft2007)
Liberia
LiberiaIWRMRoadmap-MinistryofLands,MinesandEnergy(draft2007)
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofLands,MinesandEnergy(draft2007)
Mauritania
IWRMActionPlan-NationalCouncilforWater(2007)
NationalDevelopmentPolicyforWater&Energy-MinistriesofWater,Energy&Environment(1998)
NationalWaterAct(Article3)-GovernmentofMauritania(2005)
Togo
NationalWaterPolicy-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)
NationalWaterLaw-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)
IWRMRoadmap-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)
Barbados
NationalWaterResourcesManagementandDevelopmentPolicy-GovernmentofBarbados(Draft,2002)
NationalWaterLaw-GovernmentofBarbados
MarinePollutionControlAct-GovernmentofBarbados(1998)
EmergencyDroughtManagementPlan-GovernmentofBarbados(1998)
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
Cuba
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(2000)
NationalWaterStrategy-MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(2000)
WaterConservation&EfficientUseStrategy-MinistryofScience,Technology&Environment(2005)
NationalEnvironmentalManagementStrategy-GovernmentofCuba(2007)
Grenada
SimultaneouspreparationofIWRMRoadmapandNationalWaterPolicy-WaterPolicySteeringCommittee
(April2007)
Jamaica
WaterResourcesAct-GovernmentofJamaica(1995)
NationalWaterPolicy,StrategyandActionPlan-GovernmentofJamaica(1999)
NationalWaterResourcesDevelopmentMasterPlan-GovernmentofJamaica(1990)
NationalIWRMFramework-WaterResourcesAuthority(2001)
CostaRica
NationalStrategyforIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement-GovernmentofCostaRica(2006)
NationalIWRMActionPlan-GovernmentofCostaRica(2006)
NationalWaterLaw(No.14585)-GovernmentofCostaRica(draft2006)
Guatemala
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(2004)
NationalWaterLaw(Initiative3118)-MinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(2005)
PlanfortheSustainableUseandManagementofWaterResources(Initiative3419)-MinistryofEnvironment
andNaturalResources(2005)
NationalLawfortheProtectionofRiverBasins(Initiative3317)-MinistryofEnvironmentandNatural
Resources(2006)
NationalIWRMPolicy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2006)
NationalIWRMStrategy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2006)
EnvironmentandNaturalResourcesProtectionandConservationPolicy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2007)
Honduras IWRMActionPlan-HonduranWaterPlatform(2006)
Nicaragua
GeneralLawonNationalWaters-GovernmentofNicaragua(2007)
EnvironmentalActionPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(1994)
IWRMActionPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(1996)
Argentina IWRMRoadmap-Sub-secretariatofWaterResources(2007)
Brazil
NationalWaterPolicy(LawNo.9433)-GovernmentofBrazil(1997)
NationalWaterResourcesPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(SRH/MMA),NationalWaterCouncil(CNRH)&
NationalWaterAgency(ANA)(2007)
Colombia NationalDevelopmentPlan2006-10-NationalPlanningDepartment(2006)
Kazakhstan
WaterCode-GovernmentofKazakhstan(2003)
DraftNationalIWRMandWEPlanforKazakhstan(2005)
IWRMNationalRoadmapincludingproposedprojectoutlines-Speed-upoftheIWRM2005objectives
implementationinCentralAsia-GovernmentofKazakhstan(2006)
China
NationalWaterLaw-(2002)
WaterPollutionPreventionandControlLaw-(1996)
NationalFloodControlLaw-(1997)
NationalWaterandSoilConservationLaw-(1991)
IWRMPlan-Planningprocessinitiatedin2002andstillongoing.
Cambodia
IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM2005)andRoadmapsinCambodia-DepartmentofWater
ResourcesManagementandConservation(2006)
WaterLaw-RoyalGovernmentofCambodia(Sept2006)
Indonesia
NationalWaterLawNo.7/2004-GovernmentofIndonesia(2004)
IWRMRoadmap-DirectorateGeneralWaterResourcesofMinistryofPublicWorks(2006)
LaoPDR
PolicyonWaterandWaterResources-GovernmentofLaoPDR(draft2000)
TheLawonWaterandWaterResources-GovernmentofLaoPDR(1996)
IWRMNationalRoadmap-WaterResourcesCoordinationCommitteeSecretariat(2006)
Malaysia
9
th
MalaysiaPlan-EconomicPlanningUnit-PrimeMinistersDepartment(2006)
NationalStudyfortheEffectiveImplementationofIWRMinMalaysia-MinistryofNaturalResourcesand
Environment(2006)
OurVisionforWaterinthe21
st
Century-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(2000)
Philippines
MediumTermPhilippineDevelopmentPlan(2004-2010)-GovernmentofPhilippines(2004)
CleanWaterAct-GovernmentofPhilippines(2004)
IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM)PlanFramework-NationalWaterResourcesBoard(2007)
Thailand
NationalWaterLaw/Code-Government.ofThailand(draft2007)
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(2000)
IWRMNationalRoadmap-DepartmentofWaterResources(2007)
Vietnam
LawonWaterResources-GovernmentofVietnam(1998)
NationalWaterResourcesStrategy-GovernmentofVietnam(2006)
NationalStrategyonRuralCleanWaterSupplyandSanitation-GovernmentofVietnam(2000)
NationalStrategicProgrammeofActiononDesertificationControl-GovernmentofVietnam(2006)
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
Armenia
WaterCode-GovernmentofArmenia(2002)
NationalWaterPolicy-GovernmentofArmenia(2005)
NationalWaterProgramme-GovernmentofArmenia(draft2007)
Azerbaijan
LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconAmeliorationandIrrigation-AzerbaijanRepublic(1996)
WaterCodeofAzerbaijanRepublic-AzerbaijanRepublic(1997)
LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconWaterSupplyandWaterDrainageSystem-AzerbaijanRepublic(1999)
LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconMunicipalityWaterResourcesManagement-AzerbaijanRepublic(2001)
NationalProgramofDevelopmentofAmeliorationandWaterResourcesManagementofAzerbaijan(2007
-2015)-AzerbaijanRepublic(2006)
25
Jordan
NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation
NationalWaterStrategy-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(2003)
NationalWaterMasterPlan-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(2004)
Syria
NationalwaterPolicy-GovernmentofSyria
NationalWaterLaw(No.31)-GovernmentofSyria(2005)
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplacebutpartiallyimplemented
Croatia
WaterAct(OG107/95,150/05)-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement
WaterManagementFinancingAct(OG107/95,19/96,88/98,150/05)-MinistryofAgriculture,Forestryand
WaterManagement
NationalEnvironmentalStrategywithembodiedNationalActionPlan(NEAP)(OG46/02)-Ministryof
Agriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement
IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Underconsideration
Serbia
NationalWaterPolicy
NationalWaterLaw-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(1991)
EnvironmentalprotectionLaw-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(2004)
WaterResourcesManagementMasterPlan-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(2002)
4.5 case studies from selected countries
Itisinstructivetocitespecificexamplesoftheimplementa-
tionoftheIWRMapproachandthebenefitstherebytobe
derived. While the UN-Water Survey was aimed primarily
at the national level, countries sharing river basins must
alsoconsidertransboundaryimplicationsandincludethem
in their planning; conversely many actions must be taken
at sub-national and at very local levels to manage water
wisely.Theexamplesbelowcoverarangeofcircumstance
andareillustrativeofthediversityofsituationwithamulti-
plicityofbeneficialoutcomes.
IWRMinactionatthelocallevel,aswellasnationaland
internationallevel,isillustratedindetailinmorethan200
case studies within the Global Water Partnerships IWRM
ToolBox: http://www.gwptoolbox.org. The second WWDR
Water a Shared Responsibility from 2006 also includes
various case studies illustrating progress on IWRM, see
http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2
China - ProvinciaI IeveI.LiaoRiverBasinManagement
Issues: The province of Liaoning with a 41 mill
population has seen a rapid development resulting
inwatershortagesandseverewaterpollution.Inthe
1980swateruseefficiencywasverylowbothwithin
urban/industrial areas and irrigation. Water pollution
wasrampant.Nofishcouldbefoundin70%ofthe
streams and ecosystem productive functions had
ceasedin60%ofthestreams.Citizenswereignorant
ofwaterconservationissues.Urbanwastewaterwas
dischargeduntreatedintostreamsandinsomecases
infiltrated into the groundwater aquifers. Deforesta-
tiontookplaceintheupperpartsofthecatchments.
IWRM Actions: Establishment of an institutional
framework comprising Liaoning Cleaner Water Proj-
ectOffice,LiaoRiverBasinCoordinationCommission,
EU-Liaoning Water Resource Planning Project Office
under which an IWRM Planning Project was devel-
oped. Under this project a water resources assess-
mentwascarriedout,areformofthepolicyforwater
exploitation and utilization was made, water prices
adjusted, a monitoring network established and
capacitybuildingwithinIWRMmade.Inaddition,the
cleanerwaterprojectwascreatingwastewaterinfra-
structure, low production/high pollution production
wasdiscouraged,pollutionpreventionandcontrolof
Liao River Basin was planned and reforestation was
implemented.
Tangible impacts: Reduction of pollution loads by
60%andqualityofriverwaterconsiderablyimproved.
Upstream-downstream conflicts were reduced and
deforestationpracticeshalted.Drinkingwaterwithin
thebasinwassafeguardedandecosystemsinseveral
river stretches were restored. Groundwater pollution
wasreducedandpublicawarenessofdemandman-
agementandpollutionriskswasraised.
Source:EULiaoningIntegratedEnvironmentalProgram
-ChiefofEUPartyAlanEdwards-MWHEnvironmental
Engineering
CoIumbia - LocaI IeveI.ConservingLaCochaLagoon
Issues: LaCochaLagoonissituatedinthehighAndes
in Colombia with the largest wetland system of the
Andes.Theforestsofthebasinareexploitedforchar-
coalproductionbeingthecauseofsoilerosion,lossof
fertility,fasterrunoffandgreatlyreducedbiodiversity.
Anotherissueistheplannedconstructionofamajor
damsystemtodivertwaterfromtheAmazonasBasin
tothePacificsideoftheAndes.Inundationof3000
haofgrasslandandthreateningofthelivelihoodsof
localfamiliesareamongthenegativeimpacts.
IWRM Actions: Partnership established between the
NetworkofPrivateNatureReserves,PeasantsDevel-
opmentAssociationandvariouscommunityorganiza-
tionwithfacilitationfromWWF.Promotionofgreater
participation in decision-making processes. Private
forestreserveswithsustainableusewereencouraged
as well as ecotourism. A Lake Defense Committee
was formed and plans for establishment of officially
protected areas to complement the private reserves
weremade.
Tangible Impacts: 387 poor families doubled their
incomeandfoodrequirementsaremetonsite.Threats
to La Cocha Lagoon and surrounding wetlands were
reduced and the Lake Defence Committee worked
with Ministry of Environment towards a declaration
of the area as a Ramsar Site. The dam system plans
were shelved as Ministry of Environment refused an
environmental license based on a balancing between
downstreambenefitsandenvironmentalcosts.
Source: IWRM ToolBox, Case # 225 - www.gwptool-
box.org
Morocco - NationaI IeveI. Management of scarce water
resourcesandpilotsonpollutioncontrol
Issues: Scarcewaterresourcescombinedwitharapid
population increase, urbanization and industrializa-
tion makes water a contentious issue with 42% of
the rural population lacking access to potable drink-
ing water. Agriculture uses 92% of the countrys
dwindling water resources. Large variations in water
resources in time and space make sustainable man-
agement of water resources a key issue. Challenges
includetheimplementationofawaterreformdecen-
tralizing financial and planning authority for water
resources to nine river basin agencies to be created
incrementally.
IWRM Actions: Improvement of institutions and
policies for water resources management following
IWRM principles. Best practices in water resources
management developed and disseminated. Non-
governmental participation in water resources man-
agement increased. Pilots were undertaken among
others within wastewater. Actions were undertaken
facilitatedbyUSAID.
Tangible impacts: Soussa -Massa River Basin Agency
established and operating according to IWRM prin-
ciples. Multi- agency cooperation and participation of
private water user associations in management deci-
sions takes place. National and regional institutional
responsibilities have been defined and consolidated.
Procedures for allocation of water were established
together with technical capacities to allocate and
monitor water quantity and quality and mechanisms
forcommunicationbetweensectorsandagencies.Pilot
projectswereundertakeninFez,AlAttaouiaandDraga
and included construction of innovative wastewater
treatmentplants.InNakhla,watershedsoillosswassig-
nificantlyreducedthroughsoilconservationmeasures.
Source: USAID Water Team - Case Study in Integrated
Water Resources Management. USAID/Morocco SO2
Close-OutReport.
fergana VaIIey - InternationaI IeveI. Improving water
accessibilitythroughIWRM
Issues: Once the most fertile valley in Central Asia,
Fergana valley with its approx 10 mill inhabitants is
now subject to high soil salinization and crops no
longer suffice to feed the population. State bound-
aries between Uzbekistan, Kyrgistan and Tajikistan
make tranboundary management problematic and
causeconstantinternalandinterstatedisputes.More
than 60% of the inhabitants do not have access to
safe drinking water and basic sanitation resulting in
widespread water-borne diseases in the rural areas.
Irrigation infrastructure is inadequate and the water
useisinefficient.
IWRM Actions: Improved management of water
resources based on IWRM principles emphasizing
higher efficiency and more equity. IWRM capacity
building within river basin management among river
commissions,provinces,municipalities,companiesand
wateruserassociations.Demonstrationofbottom-up
approachesandincreasesinyieldsandwaterproduc-
tivity by up to 30%. Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation assisted the Interstate Commission
forWaterCoordinationintheimplementation.
Tangible impacts:Partnershipbetweenallwaterman-
agement actors across Fergana Valley. Safe drinking
water provided to 28 villages with a population of
80,000 people and 320 ecological sanitation toilets
havebeenconstructedonacost-sharingbasis.Water-
borne diseases have decreased by more than 60%
on average and infant mortality has been almost
eradicatedinallvillagesdespiteprevailingpoverty.28
WaterCommitteeshavebeencreatedoperatingand
maintainingwatersystemsefficientlywithmorethan
30%participationbywomen.Expansionofimproved
irrigationpracticesaswellasinnovativesolutionsfor
irrigation canal management and sustainable water
userassociationsinadditiontosustainablefinancing
atcanal,wateruserassociationandfarmlevel.
Source: SDC in Central Asia - IWRM. www.swisscoop.
uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_
Resources_Management
27
5ri Lanka - NationaI IeveI. IWRM and Water Efficiency
Plan
Issues:Inadequatedevelopedwaterresourcestomeet
thedemands;frequentwaterrelateddisasters(floods,
droughts etc associated with climatic changes); low
water use efficiency; delay in implementing National
Water Resources Policy due to politicization of basic
policyissues.
IWRM actions: A baseline assessment of water
resources was made under Sri Lanka National Water
DevelopmentReport(SLNWDR)preparedforWWAP.
To address the inadequacy of water development,
several diversion and storage projects have been
initiated. Some were completed recently. A disas-
ter management plan and institutional setup have
beenimplementedtoo.Sectoralwateruseefficiency
improvement plans are implemented. A National
WaterDevelopmentReporthasbeenpreparedunder
WWAP and it is planned to update this every 3
years.
Tangible impacts: A considerable number of people
living in water scarce areas of the country have
benefited through diversions and storage facilities.
To bridge the water demand/availability gap, sev-
eralprojectsareplannedandimplemented.Ongoing
MenikGangaProjectandWeliOyaDiversionProject
are nearing completion. Studies on the impact are
continuing.Inthecaseofirrigationsector,severalirri-
gationschemeshaveimprovedtheirwaterproductiv-
ity.Similarimprovementsareexperiencedindrinking
water sector. The disaster management institutional
setupcontributedtomitigatetheimpactsandprovide
warning for recent floods. The SLNWDR has created
anawarenessofwaterrelatedchallengesamongthe
keystakeholders.
Source: Adapted from WWDR number 2 http://www.
unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2
U5A - 5tate IeveI. NY City Water Supply as a partner in
Watershedmanagement
Issues: Faced with deteriorating input water quality
NYCityhadthechoiceofbuildinganewwatersup-
ply treatment plant at a cost of USD 6,000 million
or taking comprehensive measures to improve and
protectthequalityofthesourcewaterintheCroton
and Catskill/Delaware watersheds totalling approx.
5000 km2 delivering water for over 9 mill people in
NewYorkCity.Dualgoalsofprotectingwaterquality
andpreservingeconomicviabilityofwatershedcom-
munitiesweresetout.
IWRM Actions:Developmentofpartnershipsbetween
NY City, NY State, Environmental Protection Agency,
watershed counties, towns and villages environmen-
tal and public interest groups. Programs were devel-
oped to balance agriculture, urban and rural waste-
waterandstormdrainageinfrastructure,environment
and the quality of water in the 19 reservoirs and 3
controlled lakes. A watershed agricultural program
was supplemented by land acquisition, watershed
regulations,environmentalandeconomicpartnership
programs,wastewatertreatmentplantupgradesand
protectionmeasuresatreservoirs.
Tangible impacts: More than 350 farms within the
watershed have embarked on implementation of
bestmanagementpracticesreducingpollutionloads,
acquisition of 280 km2 land for protection, enforce-
mentofeffectivewatershedregulations,remediation
of 2000 failing septic systems, upgrading of waste-
watertreatmentplantswithtertiarytreatment.More
than50%reductionincoliformbacteria,totalphos-
phorus and several other major contaminants were
achieved. NY City water supply was exempted from
filtration,thepopulationofthewatershedsenjoysan
improvedenvironmentalqualityandatotalsavingof
USD4,400millionwasrealized.
Source: New York City, Department of Environmental
Protection, Bureau of Water Supply: 2006 Watershed
ProtectionProgram.SummaryandAssessment.www.
ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.html
Kazakhstan - NationaI IeveI. Management of scarce
waterresourcesandpollutioncontrol
Issues:Thereareplentyofwater-ecologicalproblems
servingasobstacle,ofwhichthemostacuteonesare
growing water deficit; Pollution of open and under-
ground waters; Enormous over-norm water losses;
Exacerbationoftheproblemofqualitydrinkingwater
supply to population; Problems of interstate water
apportioning;andDeteriorationofthetechnicalstate
ofthedams,waterworksfacilitiesandotherinstalla-
tions.Actually,thesituationwithwatermanagement
is tense throughout the territory of the republic and
the environmental ill-being has overtaken all major
riverbasinsofthecountry.
IWRM actions: In accordance with the Water Code
of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Water Resource
CommitteeoftheMinistryofAgricultureisassigned
tomanage,regulatetheuseandtoprotectthewater
resources,includingrenewablewaterresources.With
thepurposeofimprovingthemanagementofwater
resources and introduction of international practice,
the Committee, as of June 2004, has been carrying
out the development of Integrated Water Resource
and Water Efficiency Management Plan (IWRM).
Legal and organizational conditions for transition to
integrated water resource management have also
been established. Basin Councils - basis for IWRM
Plan implementation - have been established to
increasetheinvolvementofinterestedpartiesinwater
resourcesmanagement.
Tangible impacts: The necessary legal framework,
namely Water Code, Land Code and Forestry Code
(2003), The Law On Sanitary-Epidemic Security of
Population (2003) is established in Kazakhstan. For
the implementation of the IWRM Plan, River Basin
Organizations, namely Basin Councils are being cre-
ated. In the sense of territorial division, the basin
councils have been created in 8 hydrographic basins
ofKazakhstanaswellasinseparatewaterobjects.
Source: The Plan of Integrated Management of Water
Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A.Y. Nikolay-
enko and A.K. Kenshimov
MozambiquelZimbabve - Transboundary IeveI. The
PungweRiverProject
Issues: During spring tide and low river flows, saline
water intrusion extends upstream of Pungwe River
mouth,whichhasanegativeimpactsonsugarcane
farminganddomesticwaterforBeiraCityinMozam-
bique.TheeffectsofgoldminingactivitiesinthePun-
gwebasindominatethewaterqualityandincreased
sediment concentrations of the surface water of the
Pungwe River. The gold mining activities in the river
basinaremainlypoverty-driven,i.e.itisasubsistence
activity. The suspended sediments make the water
unsuitable for drinking, washing and irrigation, bury
the aquatic fauna, prevent photosynthesis and have
effects on the fish population. Miners use mercury
in the gold mining process causing elevated con-
centrations of mercury in the suspended sediments.
Alsootherheavymetals,e.g.leadandcadmium,are
bound to the suspended sediments since they exist
naturallyinthesoils.Floodscausefrequentproblems
in the lower parts of the Pungwe River basin. Wide-
spreadpovertyandcompetingdemandsforavailable
waterresourceswithinandbetweenthecountries.
IWRM actions: The Pungwe Project commenced in
February2002andincludedthreephases,viz:Phase1
- Monograph Phase, Phase 2 - Scenario Development
Phase,andPhase3-JointIWRMStrategyPhase.Dur-
ing the monograph phase a large effort was directed
towardsimprovingtheknowledgebaseforthedevel-
opment of the water resources of the basin through
a number of sector studies. The scenarios for water
resourcesdevelopmentwereelaboratedinthePhase2.
Thedevelopmentscenariosincludedanumberofproj-
ectsandstudies,includinge.g.possibilitiesofmedium-
largedamsonthePungweRiveroritstributaries,flood
warning system, local groundwater assessments and
measuresforimprovedsurfacewaterquality.InPhase
3implementationplansfortheprojectsadoptedbythe
stakeholdersofthePungweRiverbasinwereelaborated
andtheJointIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement
WaterStrategyformulated.Inparallelthedevelopment
of a climate change adaptation strategy for the basin
has commenced. Local assessment of climate change
impacts were made by feeding GCM scenarios into a
regionalhigherresolutionclimatemodelsandlinkingit
tothehydrologicalmodelsofthebasin.
Tangible Impacts: Sector studies conducted by the
Projectdescribethepresentsituationinthebasinwith
regardstowaterresources,environmentandpollution,
waterdemand,infrastructureandsocio-economy.River
basin organisations have been strengthened, water
permitting and revenue collection operationalized
and stakeholder participation increased through the
establishment of a basin committee. A five year joint
program between the Governments of Mozambique
and Zimbabwe has commenced to strengthen the
capacityofkeybasinIWRMinstitutions-Tostrengthen
and expand stakeholder participation in Integrated
Water Resources Management in the Pungwe Basin;
Toensureappropriate,efficient,effectiveandsustain-
abletechnicalsystemsandcapacitiesforthecollection,
monitoring,managementandcommunicationofwater
resources data; To mobilise resources for sustainable,
poverty-oriented, water-related development invest-
ments in the Pungwe Basin through establishment of
aPungweBasinPre-InvestmentFacilityandlaunching
ofthePungweBasinInitiative.Inaddition,sevenCriti-
cal Development Projects have been developed with
their own specific objectives. Large-scale investments
suchasmajorhydraulicinfrastructureisanticipatedto
befundedthroughothersourcesmobilisedthrougha
PungweBasinInvestmentFacility.TheJointIntegrated
Water Resources Management Strategy for the Pun-
gweRiverBasinPungwehasbeenabletomaterialise
the vision of a broad and sustainable socio-economic
developmentwithoutenvironmentalharm.
Source:www.pungweriver.net
ChiIe - NationaI IeveI. Impact on water and environment
duetomacro-economicandsocialdevelopmentpolicies
Issues:Chilesmacro-economicgrowthpoliciesboost-
ed exports, but a sharp rise in demand for water
was also evident. Much of this demand occurred in
relatively water-poor basins, where it was driven by
market forces or the availability of other inputs or
resources,andnotbytheareaswaterendowments.
Thishasledtogrowingcompetitionforwaterinsome
basins. Policy makers and water planners therefore
need to be aware that if economic policies continue
29
to encourage water-dependent exports, then ever-
greater quantities of water will need to be found.
Development has placed additional pressure on the
environment in general, and on water resources in
particular. Over the two decades the use of wells in
agriculturehasincreasedsixfold,theuseofwellsfor
drinkingwaterfourfold,and,duringthelastdecade,
40aquifershavebeenclosedtonewconcessions.
IWRM actions: Improvements in water-use efficiency
have been considerable, especially in those areas
linked to exports. Cleaner production practices
triggered by globalization have also benefited the
environment. Increased private-sector investment in
sanitation has been encouraged by Chiles focus on
maintaining its macro-economic equilibrium. This
hasboostedthedevelopmentofChilessewerage,as
well as its water supply sector. New water and envi-
ronmentallawsandregulationshavealsobeenputin
place. In 2005, reform of the countrys Water Code
sought to establish a more stable balance between
thepublicinterestandtherightsofprivateindividu-
als and among social and productive demands and
environmentalconsiderations.
Tangible impacts: Working in water-scarce areas has
increased the prices of water rights and forced the
mining sector to increase the efficiency of its water
usethreefoldoverthelast20years,whilewateruse
in wood pulp production has fallen by 70% per ton
produced. Macro-economic policies to improve cost
recovery have caused household water consump-
tiontofallby10%,inreactiontoa38%increasein
domesticwatersupply.Somesectors(suchasmining,
agriculture and wood pulp production) have gone
beyond national requirements and agreed to clean
productionprogramsacceptedglobally.Thepercent-
age of sewage treated in Chile leapt from 17% in
1997 to 81% in 2005, and by 2010 almost all the
countryssewageislikelytobetreated.
Source: Water and Sustainable Development: Lessons
fromChile,PolicybriefpreparedbySandyWilliamsand
SarahCarrigerunderthedirectionoftheGWPTechnical
Committee.
Uganda - NationaI IeveI. IWRM and Water E!!iciency
PIan
Issues:Inthe1990sdeterioratingqualityandquantity
ofwaterresourcesduetopoorlandusepracticesand
inadequatelyregulateduseofwateranddischargeof
wastewater.Inadequatelegalandinstitutionalframe-
workforWRM.Reforminthelightofdecentralization
goals.IncreasedstakeholdersinvolvementinWRMat
bothnationalandlocallevelsisrequired.
IWRM actions:TheNationalWaterResourcesManage-
mentStrategyisbeingimplementedatbothnational
andlocallevels.Institutionalarrangementsatnational
level involving a 12 member high level Water Policy
Committee is being revitalized and the Department
of Water Resources Management has been elevated
toaDirectorateintheMinistryofWatertostrengthen
thepositionofwaterresourcesmanagement.Atlocal
level,catchmentmanagementorganizationsinvolving
aCatchmentAdvisoryCommittee,CatchmentSecre-
tariat,StakeholderForumandWaterUserCommittee
arebeingpilotedinonecatchmentbeforerolloutto
awiderpartofthecountryin2008.
Strengtheningwaterresourcesmanagementframe-
work involving water resources assessment and
monitoring networks and regulation of use and
pollution of water resources through continued
implementationofawaterpermitssystem
Improvement of the enabling legal and institu-
tional framework for WRM at both national and
locallevels
Decentralisationofmanagementofwaterresourc-
estocatchmentmanagementzones.
Tangible impacts: An enabling legal and institutional
framework for WRM is in place; Water resources
assessment and monitoring networks and a water
permits system are fully operational and Piloting of
decentralisation of WRM to catchments is almost
completeandrollouttoawiderpartofthecountry
willbedonein2008
Source: Adapted from WWDR number 2 http://www.
unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2
4.6 the development of indicators
There is a recognized need to develop a set of indicators
which would characterize the status of implementation
of the IWRM approach within countries. There have been
many attempts to produce indicators which would ade-
quatelyencompassdiversesituationsandtheverydifferent
time scales at which implementation is taking place. The
process is highly complicated and challenging. Moreover,
thishastobeconsideredinthelightofestablishedreport-
ingmechanisms,e.g.UN-Statistics,andavoidaddingoner-
ousreportingdemandsonnationalgovernments.
UN-Water,hasundertakenamajorinitiativethroughthe
World Water Assessment Programme to develop a com-
prehensivesetofindicators-summaryofprogressisdocu-
mentedintheSecondWorldWaterDevelopmentReport.
To further develop suitable indicators UN-Water has
established a Task Force on Indicators, Monitoring and
Reporting. Many indicators already exist to measure social
progress and the aim is to add value to these and not
reinvent the wheel. A summary of progress made to date
bythemanyagenciesandorganizationsinvolvedhasbeen
produced by UNEP-UCC and is found in Annex 7. The
Roadmappinginitiative,beingdevelopedconcurrentlywith
this Report and complementary to it, lays out a timetable
overthenextsevenyearsforthedevelopmentofanachiev-
ablesetofindicatorsincludingthosespecificallyrelatedto
IWRM,seehttp://www.unwater.org.
31
The UN-Water Survey provides the best and most objec-
tivecomprehensiveoverviewofthecurrentstatusofwater
resources management. Care must be exercised in inter-
pretingtheresultsforthefollowingreasons:
Manyoftheverypoorestofcountrieswerenotable
tocompletethesurveys-inthissensetheresultsare
biased;
There was only one partial response from the South
AsiaregionandtheEastAsiaregionwasonlyrepre-
sentedbyChina-thisisamajorshort-comingofthe
dataset;
It is not certain that questions were interpreted in
exactly the same way by different countries; indeed
there may be bias in that the least developed coun-
tries may make unreasonably positive interpretations
oftheirachievementswhilemoredevelopedcountries
mayhavebeenmoreself-criticalintheiranswers;
From the comparison of answers from the UN-DESA
and UNEP questionnaires for those countries that
completedbothitisclearthatinmanycountriesdif-
ferentanswersmaybegiventoverysimilarquestions
indicating differing interpretations between govern-
mentdepartmentsorbetweenindividualswithinthe
samedepartment;
Several of the questions are simply not relevant to
particularcountries;forexampletransboundaryissues
are of no relevance to countries that share no inter-
nationalborders,countriesinnon-aridregionsarenot
concernedwithdesertification,land-lockedcountries
areusuallynotconcernedwithdesalinationetc.
Despitetheseshort-comings,manyofwhicharealmost
inevitable given the complexity of circumstances, useful
conclusions can be reached especially when comparing
regionsandsub-regions:
Key concIusions.
DeveIoped countries.Theyhaveadvancedonalmost
all major issues, however, there is still much room for fur-
therimprovement.
Ofthe27countriesrespondingtotheUN-WaterSur-
vey only 6 claim to have fully implemented national
IWRMplans;afurther10ofthosecountriesclaimto
haveplansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
The Report indicates that developed countries need
to improve on public awareness campaigns and on
gendermainstreaming.
DeveIoping countries. There has been some recent
improvementintheIWRMplanningprocessatnationallevel
butmuchmoreneedstobedonetoimplementtheplans.
Ofthe53countriesforwhichcomparisonwasmade
between the GWP and the UN-Water surveys (con-
ductedapproximately18monthsapart),thepercent-
age of countries having plans completed or under
implementationhasrisenfrom21%to38%.Onthis
measure the Americas have improved most - from
7%to43%;thecomparablechangesforAfricawere
from25%to38%andforAsiafrom27%to33%.
However, some of the change may be due to differ-
encesinthequestionnaires.
Africa usually lags behind Asia and the Americas on
most issues, however it is more advanced on stake-
holderparticipationandonsubsidiesandmicro-credit
programs;
Asiaismoreadvancedoninstitutionalreformandyet
lagsbehindininstitutionalcoordination.
Case studies.Therearemanyillustrationsofthetangi-
ble benefits of implementing plans that have adopted the
IWRM approach. There are examples at the national and
internationallevels;ofparticularsignificancearetheexam-
plesatthecommunityandprovinciallevelsforitisatthese
levelsthatsomanysocietalgainscanbemade.
Water e!!iciency. It is clear that many countries
consider that plans that follow an IWRM approach auto-
maticallyalsoincludewaterefficiencymeasures.Therewas
considerable ambiguity in the responses concerning water
efficiencyinlargemeasurereflectingdiversesituations.Itis
recognised that taking actions that make water use more
efficientisbeneficialforeconomicandsocialdevelopment
and,althoughmanycountriesindicatedthroughtheques-
tionnairesthatwaterefficiencymeasureswerenotrelevant
to their particular circumstances, it should not be implied
thatsuchmeasuresshouldnotbeconsiderednecessary.It
can be concluded from this survey that much more effort
needstobemadetoincorporateexplicitlywaterefficiency
measureswithintheframeworkofIWRM.
DeveIopment o! indicators.Agreatdealofefforthas
goneintothedevelopmentofasetofindictorsthatmeet
therequirementsofbeingspecific,measurable,attainable,
relevant, realistic and timely but more work is required.
The Roadmapping initiative, being developed concurrently
5.0 Key Iessons Iearned and !uture actions
Key lessons learned and future actions
with this Report and complementary to it, is intended to
help countries focus on the steps to be taken towards
better water management, drawing inspiration from the
IWRM principles and the plans and strategies that they
have prepared to help catalyze change. At regional and
global levels, the roadmaps could serve as benchmark for
monitoringprogressinimprovingwaterresourcesmanage-
ment. Indicators and monitoring could provide countries
with a better assessment of the needs to advance in their
implementationofIWRM.
Recommendations.
The survey indicates that more emphasis is needed in the
followingareas:
Countries,particularlythosethatarelaggingbehind,
need to prioritise the development of IWRM and
waterefficiencymeasures,withthehelpofsupport-
ingagencies;
Countries need to prioritise the implementation of
policiesandplansoncetheyhavebeendeveloped;
Countries should establish roadmaps and financing
strategiesfortheimplementationoftheirplanswith
ExternalSupportAgencies(includingtheUN,donors
andNGOs)providingsupporttocountries,basedon
demand;
ExperiencesinimplementingIWRMshouldbeevalu-
ated, monitored and shared through global coordi-
nation mechanisms. This will require more work on
indicators and follow-up processes that do not add
anunduereportingburdenoncountries.
TheUNWorldWaterAssessmentProgrammeandits
associatedWorldWaterDevelopmentReportsshould
continuetoprovideanup-to-dateglobaloverviewof
progressonimplementingtheIWRMapproach.
33
Annexes are to be found on the UN-Water website at:
http://www.unwater.org/
Annex1 GuidingNoteandIWRMQuestionnaireSentto
Countries to seek information on Implementa-
tionofIWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlansasPart
ofTheirReportingtoCSD-16
Annex2 CoverlettersfromUN-DESAregardingUN-DESA
Questionnaire
Annex3 QuestionnairefromUN-DESA
Annex4 QuestionnairefromUNEP-CollaboratingCentre
Annex5 QuestionnairefromGWP
Annex6 QuestionnairefromAfricanDevelopmentBank
Annex7 IndicatordevelopmentforIWRMbyUNEP-Col-
laboratingCentre
Annex8 Databasecomprisingthefollowingworksheets:
Responsesummaryforallsurveys
ResponsestoUN-WaterSurvey
ResponsestoUNEPquestionnaire
TextresponsestoUNDESAquestionnaire
UNDESA-UNEPcomparison
GWPandUN-Watercomparison
6.0 List o! Annexes
List of Annexes
35
1 comparison of developed countries With the regions of africa, the americas and asia
Main National Instruments and other Strategies - All Regions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Water Policy
National/Federal Water Law
National/Federal
IWRM Plan
National/Federal Water
Efciency Plan
Poverty Reduction Strategy
with WRM Component
National Development Plan
with WRM Component
National Sustainable
Development Strategy
National Env. Action Plan
with WRM Component
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Main NationaI Instruments and
other NationaIlfederaI 5trategies
that may contribute to promoting
IWRM - 5ummary 5tatistics !or aII
Regions
Developedcountriessignificantly
moreadvancedonmainnational
instruments
AsiaandtheAmericasmoreadvanced
onnationaldevelopmentplansand
nationalenvironmentalactionplans
withIWRMcomponent
OfdevelopingcountriesAfricaleast
advancedwithpovertyreduction
strategieswithWRMcomponent
Water Resources Development - All Regions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Assessment of Water Resources
Regulatory Norms and
Guidelines for Sust. Devt.
Basin Studies for Water
Resources Management
Desalination of Seawater
Rainwater Harvesting Programs
Water Harvesting from
coastal fogs
Water Supply
Augmentation Programs
Programs for Recycling
and reuse and water
Water Resources DeveIopment -
5ummary 5tatistics !or aII Regions
Developedcountriesmoreadvanced
onmostissues,but,asexpected,not
forrain-waterharvesting
Asiamoreadvancedthanother
developingregionsforWRassessment
Water Resources Management-Summary Statistics for All Regions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Programs and Policies for Watershed
Program for improving efciency of
water Infrastructure
Progms on Catchment protection
Groundwater Management
Program
Program/Policies to reverse
Ecosystem Degradation
Programs for Flood Control
Programs to combat Desertication
Policies for efcient allocation of water resources
Mechanisms to control pollution
Demand mgt. measures to
Improve water use efciency
Drainage and irrigated
Agriculture Development
Conjunctive use of Surface
And Groundwater
Norms & Guidelines for EIAs
Programs for joint management
of shared water resources
Water Resources Management -
Developedcountriessignificantlymore
advancedexceptinthelessrelevant
areasofcombatingdesertificationand
irrigatedagriculture
Developingregionsverysimilarexcept
theAmericasmoreadvancedin
programsandpoliciesforwatershed
management,groundwater
managementanddrainageand
irrigation;Asiamoreadvancedin
legislativemechanismstocontrol
pollution
Appendix
Diagrams shoving RegionaI and
5ub-RegionaI comparisons
Appendix
Water Use-Summary Statistics for All Regions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Water Demand
Programs and Policies for
managing Agricultural
water use
Programs & Policies for
managing Municipal
water use
Programs & Policies for
Managing Industrial water use
Programs and Policies for
managing other water uses
Water Use - 5ummary 5tatistics !or
aII Regions
advanced
Africaconsistentlylessadvancedthan
otherregions
Monitoring, Information Management & Dissemination - All Regions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Functional Hydrological and Hydro-meteorological networks
Standard Procedures for
Data Collection,
Processing and Analysis
Reliable IWRM Management
Information System
Programs for Information
Exchange & Knowledge Sharing
Monitoring and Reporting
On the impacts of IWRM
Reforms
Management and Dissemination -
advanced
Asiamoreadvancedthanthe
Americaswhichinturnaremore
advancedthanAfricaonallissues
exceptmonitoringandreporting
theimpactsofIWRMreformswhere
Africaismoreadvanced
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - All Regions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Assessment of Water Sector Capacity Building Needs
Capacity Building
Establishment of River
Basin Mgt. Institutions
Institutional Reforms
Institutional Coordination
Linkage of IWRM to other
Economic Sectors
Assessment of IWRM
Research Needs and Gaps
Mechanisms to Enforce
Water Legislation
Programs for provision
of Extension Services
Technology Transfer
Programmes
Pro-poor Policies & Programs
in the Water Sector
Capacity uiIding and EnabIing
Environment - 5ummary 5tatistics
!or aII Regions
Developedregionssignificantlymore
advancedonallissuesexceptPro-poor
policieswhicharedesignatednot
relevantbymanydevelopedcountries
Similarresponsesfromdeveloping
regionswithsomeinteresting
contrasts-egAsiamoreadvancedon
institutionalreformsyetbehindon
institutionalcoordinationmechanisms
37
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for all Regions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Processes for Stakeholder Participation
Decentralized Water
Structures
Programs for Gender
Mainstreaming
Public Awareness Campaigns
Mechanisms to discuss &
resolve Transboundary
Water Resources issues
Partnerships for Water
5takehoIder Participation -
Developedcountriesmoreadvanced
exceptonprogramsforgender
mainstreamingandonpublic
awarenesscampaigns
Africamoreadvancedthanother
developingregionsonallissuesexcept
lowerthanAsiaonmechanismsto
resolvetransboundarywaterissues
Financing - Summary Statistics for all Regions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Water Sector Investment Plan
Strategy for Mobilization
of Financial Resources
Norms and Procedures for
Financial Sustainability
Gradual Cost Recovery
Mechanisms/Progressive
Tariff Structures
Subsidies/Micro credit
Programs
financing - 5ummary 5tatistics !or
aII Regions
Developedregionsslightlymore
advanced
OfthedevelopingregionsAsia
behindonstrategiesformobilizing
financialresourcesandonnormsand
proceduresforfinancialsustainability;
Africasignificantlymoreadvancedon
subsidiesandmicro-creditprograms
Appendix
2 regional analyses and inter-comparisons for africa, the americas and asia
2.1 Main NationaI Instruments and other NationaIlfederaI 5trategies that may contribute
to promoting IWRM
Main National Instruments & other Strategies - Africa Region
0
1
2
3
4
5
Water Policy
National Water Law
National IWRM Plan
Water Efciency Plan
Poverty Reduction Strategy with WRM Component
National Development
Plan with WRM Component
National Environment
Action Plan with WRM
Component
Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa
other 5trategies - 5ummary
5tatistics !or A!rica
CountriesofNAfricascore
significantlyhigheronmainnational
instrumentswhilecountriesofS
Africascorehigheronplanswith
IWRMcomponentsandonsustainable
developmentstrategies
Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Americas
0
1
2
3
4
5
Water Policy
National Water Law
National IWRM Plan
Water Efciency Plan
Component
Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas
5tatistics !or Americas
MajordifferencesbetweenCaribbean
countriesandcountriesofSAmerica
-Caribbeanmuchhigheronmain
nationalinstruments;SAmericamuch
higheronotherplanscontributingto
IWRM
0
1
2
3
4
5
Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia
National Water Law
National IWRM Plan
Water Efciency Plan
Water Policy
Component
Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Asia
5tatistics !or Asia
WAsia:generallylowscoresallround
SEAsiahighonnational/federal
IWRMandwaterefficiencyplansin
contrasttoCentralAsia
Note:countriesofSAsianot
representedatall;forEAsiaonly
Chinarepresented
39
2.2 Water Resources DeveIopment
Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Africa
0
1
2
3
4
5
Regulatory Norms&Guidelines
For Sustainable Development
Basin Studies for water
Coastal Fogs
Water Supply
And reuse of water
5ummary 5tatistics !or A!rica
Note:severalissues(egdesalination
andcoastalfogharvesting)not
relevanttomanycountries-otherwise
verysimilarresponses
0
1
2
3
4
5
Coastal fogs
Water Supply
And reuse of water
Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Americas
Regulatory Norms&Guidelines
For Sustainable Development
5ummary 5tatistics !or Americas
Similarresponsesexceptfor
Caribbeancountrieswhichrankhigh
forassessment,regulatorynormsand
basinstudiesbutlowonrecycling
Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Asia
0
1
2
3
4
5
Regulatory Norms and
Guidelines for Sustainable
Development
Coastal Fogs
Water Supply
And reuse of water
5ummary 5tatistics !or Asia
Hereadefiniteconsistenthierarchy
ofresponsesfromChinawithhighest
scoresthroughSEAsia,WAsiato
CentralAsiawithlowestscores
Appendix
2.3 Water Resources Management
Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Africa
0
1
2
3
4
5
Programs and Policies for Watershed Mgt.
Program for improving efcienc
y
of water infrastructure
Programs & Policies on
Catchment Protection
Groundwater Mgt. Program
ecosystem degradation
Flood Control Policies &Progms
Programs to combat desertication
improve water efciency
Drainage and irrigated
Agriculture Development
Conjunctive use of
Surface & Groundwater
Programs for joint management
Verysimilarresponsesoverallexcept
forNAfricawhich,aswouldbe
expectedinaridenvironments,
hashigherscoresongroundwater,
desertificationandirrigationissues
Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Americas
0
1
2
3
4
5
Programs & Policies for Watershed Mgt.
Program for improving efciency
Program to reverse
Ecosystem degradation
Programs for Flood Control
improve water use efciency
Drainage & irrigated
Agriculture Devt.
Conjunctive use of
Surface & Groundwater
Programs for joint mgt.
Aconsistenthierarchyofscores-
Caribbeanbeingconsistentlyhighest
(except,asexpected,inshared
managementofresources);Central
Americasbeingconsistentlylowest
Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Asia
0
1
2
3
4
5
Programs & Policies for Watershed Management
Program for improving efciency
ecosystem degradation
Flood Control Programs
improve water use efciency
Drainage & irrigated
Agriculture Devt.
Conjunctive use of surface
and Groundwater
Programs for joint mgt. of
Shared water resources
Aconsistenthierarchyofresponses
withEandSEAsiahavinghighscores
andCentralAsiahavinglowscores
41
2.4 Water Use
Water Use - Summary Statistics for Africa
0
1
2
3
4
5
Water Demand Surveys
Programs for Managing
Agricultural water use
Municipal water use
Industrial water use
Other water uses
A!rica
NorthernAfricaconsistentlyhigher
scoresthanotherAfricanregions
whichdisplaysimilarresponses
Water Use - Summary Statistics for Americas
0
1
2
3
4
5
Municipal water use
Other water uses
Americas
Caribbeancountrieshavesignificantly
higherscoresthanotherregionsof
theAmericas
Water Use - Summary Statistics for Asia
0
1
2
3
4
5
Programs for managing
Municipal water use
Other water uses
Asia
EastandSouthEastAsiaconsistently
higherthanCentralandWestAsia
Appendix
2.5 Monitoring, In!ormation Management and Dissemination
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Africa
0
1
2
3
4
5
Functional Hydrological & Hydro -meteorological networks
Standard Procedures
For Data Collection,
Information System
Monitoring & Reporting
on the impacts of IWRM
Reforms
NAfricaconsistentlyhigherscores
thanotherAfricanregionswhich
displaysimilarresponses
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Americas
0
1
2
3
4
5
Functional Hydrological & Hydro-meteorological networks
Standard Procedures
For Data Collection,
Processing & Analysis
Information System
Monitoring and
Reporting on IWRM
Reform Impacts
Caribbeanhighestonmostmeasures
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Asia
0
1
2
3
4
5
Functional Hydrological & Hydro-meteorological networks
Standard Procedures for
Data Collection,
Information System
Monitoring & Reporting
On the impacts of IWRM
Reforms
Management and Dissemination
- 5ummary 5tatistics !or Asia
CentralAsiagenerallyhaslowest
scores
43
2.6 Capacity uiIding and EnabIing Environment
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary for Africa
0
1
2
3
4
5
Capacity Building Programs
Basin Management
Institutions
Mechanisms
Economic Sectors
Assessment of IWRM
Water Legislation
Of Extension services
Technology Transfer
Programs
Pro-poor Policies & Programs
in the water sector
!or A!rica
Similarresponses-NAfricahigheston
someresponses
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Americas
0
1
2
3
4
5
Basin Management
Institutions
Mechanisms
Economic Sectors
Assessment of IWRM Research
Needs and Gaps
Water Legislation
Of Extension Services
Technology Transfer
Programs
Pro-poor Policies and programs
in the water sector
!or Americas
Caribbeangenerallyhighest
0
1
2
3
4
5
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary for Asia
Basin Management
Institutions
Mechanisms
Economic Sectors
Assessment of IWRM
Water Legislation
Of Extension Services
Technology Transfer
Programs
Pro-poor Policies and Programs
in the water sector
!or Asia
EandSEAsiagenerallywithhighest
scores,CentralAsiawithlowest
Appendix
2.7 5takehoIder Participation
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Africa
0
1
2
3
4
5
Decentralized Water
Structures
Programs for Gender
Mainstreaming
Mechanisms to discuss
Trans-boundary issues
NAfricagenerallyhighest,EAfrica
lowest
0
1
2
3
4
5
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Americas
Decentralized Water
Structures
Programs for Gender
Mainstreaming
Trans-boundary issues
CentralAmericagenerallylowscores.
Transboundaryanddecentralized
managementstructuresnotso
relevantforCaribbeancountries
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Asia
0
1
2
3
4
5
Decentralized Water
Structures
Programs for Gender
Mainstreaming
Transboundary issues
EandSEAsiagenerallyhigh;Central
Asialowest
Note:lowscoresinChinafor
decentralizedmanagementstructures
45
2.8 financing
Financing - Summary Statistics for Africa
0
1
2
3
4
5
Of Financial Resources
Tariff Structures
Subsidies/Micro
Credit Programs
A!rica
NAfricagenerallyhigherscores;not
manydifferencesforotherAfrican
regions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Financing - Summary Statistics for Americas
of Financial Resources
Tariff Structures
Subsidies/Micro
Credit Programs
Americas
SAmericagenerallywithhighest
scoresexceptforCaribbeanwith
gradualcost-recoverymechanismsand
strategies
Financing - Summary Statistics for Asia
0
1
2
3
4
5
Of Financial Resources
Tariff Structures
Subsidies/Micro
Credit Programs
Asia
SEAsiagenerallyhighest;CentralAsia
lowest
Appendix

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Prepared for the 16th session of the Commission

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