Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chao-Nan Chen
1989 1993
1
23
4
10%
30%~40%
50%~
60% 40%
1
2
*
97
98
Abs tract
This study uses the survey data of Health and Living Status of the
Elderly in Taiwan, which were jointly collected by Taiwan Provincial
Family Planning Institute and the University of Michigan in 1989 and
1993, to examine the relationship between leisure activities and life
satisfaction among Taiwanese elderly. Here, leisure activities include the
participation of informal organizations, travel activities, and other leisure
activities. The focus of this examination are fourfold: (1) participation
rates of various leisure activities, (2) the applicability of various theories
on leisure activities, (3) determinants of leisure activities, and (4) the
relationship between leisure activities and life satisfaction.
The analytical results show that the participation rates of informal
organization for Taiwanese elderly are relatively low, around 10%, while
the rates for travel activities are around 30%-40%. The participation
rates for leisure activities vary a lot. Watching TV is almost a unanimous
leisure activity for the elderly. The rates for visiting friends and playing
with grandchildren are between 50% and 60%; and about 40% for
worshiping god or meditation. In brief, the leisure activities for
Taiwanese elderly are mostly traditional and static.
The foci of theoretical discussion include: (1) the relationship
between activities and role, (2) changes in activities, and (3) the relationship between leisure activities and life satisfaction. The participation of
informal organization is more closely related to role than other actives. It
has been observed that although the index of informal organization
participation remains unchanged for the majority of Taiwanese elderly,
there are substantial proportions of the elderly whose index increased or
decreased. It is also observed that the increase of informal organization
participation has a positive function on life satisfaction. We thus are
99
100
1960
1993 1973 50
65 3.2% 1986
5.3% 13 1993
149 7.1%
7.0%2002 2051
651 29.8%
1990
101
Growing
oldCumming and Henry, 1961
Cumming
and Henry, 1961, pp 14-15
Talcott Parsons
universality
102
inevitability
Brehur, 1968;
Kutner, 1962; Maddox, 1964
Rose and Petersen, 1965
Havighurst, 1961; Kleemeier, 1964
Neugarten,
1964Williams and Wirths,
1965
Miller, 1965
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Miller
103
Havighurst, 1961
Atchely, 1971
Atchley general theory
Atchley1989
normal aging
104
Atchley1989
role loss
Tallmer and Kutner, 1969
Hochschild1975
(1)
deviant
Blau, 1961
Cumming Henery
105
(2)
(3)
activity
1
23
Atchley, 1987
25%
106
Cutler, 1976
Cutler1977
Glenn and
Grimes, 1968
Gordon, 1976
1990
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4,410
107
1 3,155
75.7% 23.1%70
85.9% 43.7%
7.4% 5.5%
108
5,000 6,000-10,000
12,000-15,000
16,000-20,000
20,000 +
8.7
14.4
75.7
1.2
100.0
3151
29.9
22.2
19.0
11.8
17.1
100.0
3151
40.4
8.6
32.2
8.2
5.4
4.8
0.4
100.0
3151
56.5
43.5
100.0
3151
60.4
15.4
21.2
1.6
1.4
100.0
3151
67.8
1.7
0.9
26.2
3.3
100.0
3151
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80 +
37.8
30.0
17.7
8.4
6.1
100.0
3151
17.3
22.4
32.8
17.3
4.3
5.9
100.0
3151
5.5
7.4
0.3
43.7
85.9
3151
19891993
109
---zestapathy
resolution
fortitudecongruenceself-concept
mood tone
Adams, 1969; Hoyt et al., 1983
Larson, 1978
1989
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
1 0
factor analysis 12457 10
33.4%1996
1993
(1)
110
(2)
(3)
(4)
1993
1993 1989
1993 1993
1
1989
(1993)
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
(1993)
(1989-1993)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(1993)
111
1989
1993 1993
2
1989 1993
OLS
(1993)
(1989-1993)
(1993)
1.
2.
(1993)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.
(1989-1993)
1.
2.
3.
2 1989 1993
112
a
a
89
1
2
3
88.4
92.2
88.2
91.6
87.1
11.6
7.7
11.8
8.3
12.9
4.3
59.5
60.1
89.5
48.5
1.2
2.4
10.7
4.7
4.2
6.8
3.7
6.6
3.9
6.8
33.8
69.3
81.7
57.8
92.8
92.1
89.0
8.8
3.3
1.0
12.2
2.3
3.0
2.1
17.5
6.4
0.7
14.4
2.5
2.3
2.1
60.2
62.1
71.6
36.8
36.6
28.2
2.7
1.0
---
93
1
2
3
0.1
0.0
90.1
90.7
92.4
91.8
80.6
9.9
9.2
7.5
8.1
19.4
87.5
34.3
22.2
1.6
40.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
7.7
61.3
44.5
89.8
51.9
2.5
3.1
21.5
4.9
13.5
6.8
4.2
8.1
3.6
7.7
82.9
31.4
25.8
1.6
26.7
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
39.8
20.9
16.3
15.3
2.4
2.4
6.8
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
40.4
71.2
78.7
59.4
92.0
92.0
50.5
14.1
2.3
1.3
9.0
1.4
1.4
5.2
15.3
3.6
0.9
12.1
1.0
1.0
6.0
30.2
23.0
19.1
19.4
5.5
5.5
38.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
65.4
63.9
64.8
32.2
35.3
35.1
2.3
0.7
---
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
1. 19891993
2. 0, 1, 1 2, 1-2 3,
a. 93
113
1989 95.7%
30%~65%
10% 1993
1989
40% 30% 1993
6.8%
35%
1989 60.6%
28.9%8.3%
2.2% 3 1993
3-5 20%
2 6 10% 1 7
4~5% 8
1-2% 4
1993 5%
1989 43.3%
22%
13.7% 5
1993
114
70-74
75-79
80 +
61.9
28.8
6.2
2.7
0.4
68.1
22.7
8.1
100.0
537
100.0
257
100.0
185
60.6
28.9
8.3
1.9
0.3
0.0
100.0
3024
60-64
65-69
58.8
29.5
9.4
2.2
0.1
59.9
29.7
8.7
1.4
0.2
0.1
100.0
907
62.8
28.3
6.3
2.2
0.4
89
0
1
2
3
4
5
100.0
1138
93
0
1
2
3
4
5
54.7
30.5
11.2
3.3
0.4
0.1
100.0
1138
61.0
28.4
7.2
3.3
0.1
62.6
28.3
7.6
1.1
0.4
68.9
24.5
4.7
1.6
0.4
75.7
18.4
4.9
1.1
100.0
907
100.0
537
100.0
257
100.0
185
60.4
28.2
8.4
2.6
0.3
0.0
100.0
3024
55.3
25.4
19.3
100.0
1138
60.2
19.6
20.2
100.0
907
66.3
17.7
16.0
100.0
537
66.1
13.2
20.6
100.0
257
71.9
8.6
19.5
100.0
185
60.6
20.2
19.1
100.0
3024
0.1
(DF)
26.61
(20)
60.39**
(20)
52.35**
(8)
1
** 0.01
()
1989-1993
cohort
115
60-64
65-69
0.6
3.1
11.9
17.0
22.6
20.3
15.4
6.6
2.0
0.6
100.0
1138
1.0
3.5
13.2
19.3
19.7
22.9
10.8
6.5
2.4
0.4
0.1
100.0
907
93
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.7
3.0
6.4
14.2
18.2
23.6
17.8
9.7
4.7
1.5
0.1
100.0
1138
1.4
3.7
9.0
13.0
20.5
22.3
15.5
8.9
4.0
1.3
0.2
100.0
907
19.5
48.9
31.5
100.0
1138
18.9
48.7
32.4
100.0
907
89
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
a 7-8
** 0.01
70-74
75-79
80 +
1.2
4.1
14.3
19.0
21.5
20.2
12.0
5.3
2.0
0.4
0.0
100.0
3024
1.5
4.8
15.8
22.5
20.5
18.6
11.2
2.8
2.2
1.9
4.7
19.8
20.2
21.0
18.3
9.7
3.1
1.2
3.8
10.8
21.6
18.9
26.5
14.1
3.2
1.1
100.0
537
100.0
257
100.0
185
1.5
5.6
10.8
16.8
20.9
19.4
11.4
9.1
4.1
0.6
4.3
6.2
13.6
23.3
16.7
16.0
10.1
6.2
2.7
0.8
5.9
16.8
16.2
18.9
19.5
14.6
4.9
2.2
1.1
100.0
537
100.0
257
100.0
185
1.7
4.8
9.2
15.4
19.3
21.3
14.6
8.6
4.0
1.1
0.1
100.0
3024
20.5
48.6
30.9
100.0
537
19.5
44.7
35.8
100.0
257
20.5
40.0
39.5
100.0
185
19.5
47.9
32.5
100.0
3024
a
(DF)
137.40a**
(40)
217.24a**
(40)
8.30 a
(8)
116
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
89
0
1
2
3
38.7
25.0
21.7
14.6
100.0
1138
41.0
22.1
21.9
15.0
100.0
907
46.4
21.0
19.7
12.8
100.0
537
93
0
1
2
3
33.0
25.9
25.2
15.9
100.0
1138
41.5
24.1
19.2
15.2
100.0
907
43.9
31.8
24.3
100.0
1138
46.1
26.6
27.3
100.0
907
80 +
49.4
17.9
21.4
11.3
100.0
257
65.4
13.5
13.0
8.1
100.0
185
43.3
22.1
20.9
13.7
100.0
3024
47.3
22.5
16.9
13.2
100.0
537
59.9
17.5
16.3
6.2
100.0
257
69.7
16.2
8.1
5.9
100.0
185
42.6
23.5
20.1
13.8
100.0
3024
52.0
23.6
24.4
100.0
537
56.4
15.6
28.0
100.0
257
61.6
15.1
23.2
100.0
185
48.1
26.4
25.5
100.0
3024
(DF)
58.08**
(12)
146.26**
(12)
54.91**
(8)
1989
0.05 60-64
58.8% 80
68.1% 1
60-64 29.5% 80 22.7% 2 3
3
117
1989
1993
1993 3
0.01
0 60-64 54.7% 80
75.7%1 60-64 30.5%
80 18.4%
1989 1993
3
75
75 1993 0
60-64 1989 4% 65-69 70-74
1% 75 0 7%
75
0
0
(1) 60-64
55.3% 80
118
71.9%
(2)
60-64 25.4%65-69 19.6% 80
8.6%
(3) 20%
()
4 1989
0.01 60-64
1993 0.01
1989 1993 75
20%
40%~49% 31%~40%
(1)
119
(2) 0.05
(3)
()
1989 60-64
38.7% 0
80 65.4%
1-3 0.01 5
1993 60-64 0
33.0% 80 0
69.7% 0.01
1989 1993 60-64
1989 38.7% 1993
33.0% 5.7% 2 3.5%
0.01
1989 1993 18
26
60-64
120
43.9% 80 61.6%
0
1 2
1 0
()
6
1.35 1.12
121
0.98**
0.37
(3.11)
(1.00)
2.66 1.45
-1.42*
0.57
(-2.38)
(1.01)
0.24 1.77
-0.02
(-0.18)
0.98
0.30**
(10.36)
1.35
0.38**
-0.24**
(8.85)
(-4.78)
1.46
0.79
0.15**
-0.10**
(4.22)
(-2.36)
1.16
0.90
0.01
(0.07)
1.01
-0.03
(-0.80)
0.97
0.11**
-0.08
(2.47)
(-1.30)
1.12 0.92
0.11**
0.01
+
(2.85)
(0.05)
1.12 1.01
0.05
0.10**
(1.67)
(2.88)
1.05 1.11
-0.08
-0.37*
(-0.53)
(-2.05)
0.92 0.69
19.04 (DF=20,P =0.519)
20.02 (DF=20,P =0.457)
N
3043
0.11**
(4.23)
1.12
0.16**
(4.55)
1.17
0.03
(1.17)
1.03
0.15
0.04
(0.50)
(0.13)
1.16 1.04
4.34 (DF=2,P =0.114)
4.34 (DF=2,P =0.114)
3043
-0.06
(-1.92)
0.94
0.03
(0.72)
1.03
-0.06*
(-2.06)
0.94
1
* 0.05
** 0.01
Z
122
1.11
1 31%
1.16 1.12
1.17 1989
1993
0.9 94
()
7
7
0.69
1.40
1.62
123
2.30**
-1.45**
(24.93)
(-9.42)
9.97
0.23
---------
-----
-----
-0.37*
(-2.45)
0.69
---------
-0.37*
(-2.45)
0.69
---------
0.34**
(7.31)
1.40
0.48**
(9.53)
1.62
-----
-0.13
(-1.89)
0.88
-0.09
(-1.14)
0.91
-----
5.56**
-2.40**
(5.65)
(-3.88)
259.82
0.09
-0.11**
-0.07
(-2.26)
(-1.13)
0.90
0.93
0.07
0.01
(1.49)
(0.29)
1.07
1.01
-0.05
0.06
(-1.41)
(1.25)
0.95
1.06
--------0.09**
-0.24**
(2.17)
(-4.35)
1.09
0.79
0.12**
0.00
(2.48)
(0.03)
1.13
1
-0.08**
0.10
(-2.15)
(1.94)
0.92
1.11
-0.06**
0.02**
(-4.10)
(3.04)
0.94
1.02
78.74 (DF=102,P =0.958)
533.90(DF=102,P =0.000)
2867
19891993
* 0.05
** 0.01
Z
124
0.69
0.79
1.02
8
8
1.14 1.11
0.840.90 0.87
1.02
125
126
127
1.06 1.09
0.89
1.21 1.32
0.880.83 0.95
1.14
0.91 0.95
1.11
0.89 0.89
1.07
0.870.86 0.97
1.07
1.08 1.01
0.88
1.481.28 1.22
0.92 0.96
1.02
128
1.111.39 1.15
0.880.90
0.96 0.79
1.16 1.02
1.111.081.19 1.17
0.93 0.94
1.04
0.87
1.16 0.91
0.89
0.86
129
5.20**
(5.11)
181.27
0.10**
(2.43)
1.11
0.08*
(2.27)
1.08
-----0.07**
(-2.65)
0.93
0.17**
(4.93)
1.19
0.16**
(4.59)
1.17
-----
-3.36**
(-4.47)
0.03
-0.05
(-0.90)
0.95
-0.08
(-1.75)
0.92
----0.04
(1.16)
1.04
-0.14**
(-3.43)
0.87
0.03
(0.73)
1.03
-----
-0.06**
0.04**
(-4.22)
(3.59)
0.94
1.04
100.41(DF=112,P =0.776)
304.64(DF=112,P =0.000)
2840
1.13**
-0.18**
(27.78)
(-3.84)
3.10
0.84
--------0.01
(0.52)
1.01
---------
-0.12**
(-2.69)
0.89
---------
-----
-----
0.15**
(4.12)
1.16
0.04
(1.37)
1.04
-----
-0.09**
(-2.08)
0.91
-0.15**
(-3.94)
0.86
-----
1
* 0.05
** 0.01
Z
130
1993
factor analysis
55.5% 10
0-3
0-4
10
Eigen value
%
N
0.797
0.817
0.514
0.783
2.181
54.5
1512
0.804
0.819
0.508
0.830
2.265
56.6
1156
0.809
0.806
0.506
0.792
2.189
54.7
1828
0.775
0.833
0.475
0.824
2.201
55.0
840
0.801
0.817
0.511
0.805
2.219
55.5
2668
2 OLS
0-4 0-3
1 01993
131
1 0
1 0
11 OLS 0-4 0-3
1993
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
132
11
O LS
0-4
93
93
93
N
Adj. R Square
F
P
0.19**
-0.01
0.11**
0.01
-0.21**
0.07**
-0.06**
0.04*
0.00
0.11**
0.13**
0.05*
-0.02
0.02
-0.03
0.00
0.04*
2861
0.18
36.62
0.001
0-3
t
10.84
-0.62
5.95
0.73
-11.92
3.59
-3.55
2.14
0.08
5.69
5.80
2.04
-0.70
0.90
1.84
-0.01
2.01
0.20**
-0.00
0.08**
0.00
-0.20**
0.04*
-0.04*
0.05**
0.02
0.13**
0.16**
0.05*
-0.03
0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.04*
2861
0.18
38.36
0.001
t
11.45
-0.25
4.64
0.02
11.81
2.22
-2.29
2.79
0.67
5.98
7.20
2.05
-0.91
-1.34
1.20
-0.43
2.21
1
* 0.05
** 0.01
12
34
133
10%
30%~40%
50%~60%
40%
1
2
3
1.
2.
NSC87-2412-H-001-006
134
(1995)
84 3 45
(1991) 79 125
135
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26 9296-136
4.32**
-2.37**
(6.13)
(-4.53)
75.19 0.09
-0.17**
0.07
(-3.83)
(1.20)
0.84
1.07
0.13**
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(2.91)
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1.14
0.93
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(3.07)
1.11
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0.90
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0.96
0.01
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1.01
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0.98
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-0.04**
0.02**
(-4.17)
(2.83)
0.96
1.02
95.68 (DF=112,P =0.865)
415.81(DF=112,P =0.000)
2858
0.49
-0.17
(1.84)
(-0.70)
1.63
0.84
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0.95
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0.09**
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0.98
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(0.75)
0.99
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1
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248.70(DF=206,P =0.022)
219.36(DF=206,P =0.249)
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0.83
0.02
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0.95
50.64 (DF=48,P =0.370)
62.51 (DF=48,P =0.078)
2861
1.62**
-1.34**
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0.26
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0.02
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0.99
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110.40(DF=102,P=0.268)
122.81(DF=102,P=0.079)
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0.97
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208.50(DF=206,P =0.438)
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2865
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117.92
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0.92
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0.25**
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0.90
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1.22
0.94
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(-3.28)
(2.20)
0.96
1.02
82.68 (DF=104,P =0.939)
316.41(DF=104,P =0.000)
2859
4.33**
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(-3.53)
75.94
0.08
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0.05
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0.88
1.05
0.10*
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1.11
0.93
0.33**
-0.24**
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1.39
0.79
0.00
0.09
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1.16
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1
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0.96
1.02
148.17(DF=104,P =0.003)
614.37(DF=104,P =0.000)
2866
N
1
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Z