Conversion of units

Conversion of units
Conversion of units refers to conversion factors between different units of measurement for the same quantity.

Techniques
Process
The process of conversion depends on the specific situation and the intended purpose. This may be governed by regulation, contract, Technical specifications or other published standards. Engineering judgment may include such factors as: The precision and accuracy of measurement and the associated uncertainty of measurement The statistical confidence interval or tolerance interval of the initial measurement The number of significant figures of the measurement The intended use of the measurement including the engineering tolerances

Some conversions from one system of units to another need to be exact, without increasing or decreasing the precision of the first measurement. This is sometimes called soft conversion. It does not involve changing the physical configuration of the item being measured. By contrast, a hard conversion or an adaptive conversion may not be exactly equivalent. It changes the measurement to convenient and workable numbers and units in the new system. It sometimes involves a slightly different configuration, or size substitution, of the item.

Multiplication Factors
Conversion between units in the metric system can be discerned by their prefixes (for example, 1 kilogram = 1000grams, 1 milligram = 0.001grams) and are thus not listed in this article. Exceptions are made if the unit is commonly known by another name (for example, 1 micron = 106 metre).

Table Ordering
Within each table, the units are listed alphabetically, and the SI units (base or derived) are highlighted.

Tables of conversion factors

This article gives lists of conversion factors for each of a number of physical quantities, which are listed in the index. For each physical quantity, a number of different units (some only of historical interest) are shown and expressed in terms of the corresponding SI unit.

Conversion of units

Legend
Symbol digits (H) exactly equal to approximately equal to indicates that digits repeat infinitely (e.g. 8.294369 corresponds to 8.294369369369369) of chiefly historical interest Definition

Length Length
Name of unit ngstrm astronomical unit barleycorn (H) bohr, atomic unit of length cable length (Imperial) cable length (International) cable length (U.S.) chain (Gunter's; Surveyor's) cubit (H) ell (H) fathom fermi finger finger (cloth) foot (Benot) (H) foot (Clarke's; Cape) (H) foot (Indian) (H) foot (International) foot (Sear's) (H) foot (U.S. Survey) french; charriere furlong hand ft (Ben) ft (Cla) ft Ind ft ft (Sear) ft (US) F fur 12003937 m 13 mm 10 chains = 660ft = 220 yd 4 in [4] [4] [5] 1/3 yd 0.3048 m 12inches ell fm fm ch a0 AU Symbol 11010m Distance from Earth to Sun = in (see note above about rounding) Bohr radius of hydrogen Definition 0.1nm 149597871464m 8.46103 m 5.291772085910113.61020m [2] 185.3184 m 185.2 m [1] Relation to SI units

608 ft 1/10 nmi

720 ft 66 ft(US) 4 rods [3]

= 219.456 m 20.11684m

Distance from fingers to elbow 18 in 45 in 6ft [4] (In England usually)

0.5 m = 1.143 m = 1.8288 m

[4] [4]

11015m 7/8 in 4 in

11015m = 0.022225m = 0.1143 m 0.304799735m 0.3047972654m 0.304799514m 0.3048 m 0.30479947m 0.304800610m = 0.3 103 m = 201.168 m 0.1016 m

Conversion of units

3
in lea 1/36 yd 1/12ft 3 US Statute miles 24 light-hours 60 light-minutes 60 light-seconds Distance light travels in one second in vacuum ly ln Distance light travels in vacuum in 365.25 days 1/12 in [7] [4] 0.66ft 7.92in [6] [3] 0.0254 m = 4828.032 m 2.590206837121013m 1.07925284881012m 1.7987547481010m 299792458 m = 9.46073047258101015m = 0.002116 m = 0.201168m = 0.3048 m

inch (International) league (land) light-day light-hour light-minute light-second light-year line

link (Gunter's; Surveyor's) lnk link (Ramsden's; Engineer's) metre (SI base unit) lnk

1/100 ch 1ft [4]

Distance light travels in 1299792458 of a second in [8] vacuum. 110000000 of the distance from equator to pole. 1200 in

1m

mickey micron mil; thou mil

= 1.27104m 1106m

1103in 10km 6082 ft

2.54105m = 10000 m = 1853.7936 m 1609.344 m 1828.8m = 1855.3176 m 1609.347219 m = 0.057 15 m 1109m = 5556 m = 1853.184 m

mil (Sweden and Norway) mil mile (geographical) (H) mile (international) mile (tactical or data) mile (telegraph) (H) mile (U.S. Survey) nail (cloth) nanometer nautical league nautical mile (Admiralty) nm NL; nl mi mi mi

80 chains 5280 ft 1760 yd 6000ft 6087 ft 5280 US Survey feet (5280 12003937) m 2 in [4]

1109m 3 nmi [4]

NM (Adm); nmi = 6080 ft (Adm) NM; nmi 1852 m [9]

nautical mile (international) nautical mile (US pre 1954) pace palm parsec

1852 m

1853.248 m

1853.248 m

2.5ft 3 in pc

[4]

= 0.762 m = 0.0762 m 3.085 677 821016 6106 m Dependent on point measures. [10]

[4]

Distance of star with parallax shift of one arc second from a base of one astronomical unit 12 points

pica

Conversion of units

4
1/72.272 in 0.000 351 450 m

point (American, English) pt [11] [12] point (Didot; European) [12] [13] pt

1/12 1/72 of pied du roi; After 1878: 5/133cm 1/72 in 1/72.27 in yd

0.000 375 97 m; After 1878: 0.000 375 939 85 m = 0.000 352 7 m = 0.000 351 4598 m = 0.2286 m = 5.0292 m = 6.096 m = 0.2286 m 11012 m

point (PostScript) point (TeX) quarter [11]

[11]

pt pt

rod; pole; perch (H) rope (H) span (H) spat [14]

rd rope

16 ft 20ft 9 in [4]

[4]

stick (H) stigma; bicron (picometre) twip x unit; siegbahn yard (International) pm

2 in

= 0.0508 m 11012 m

twp xu yd

1/1440 in

= 1.7638105 m 1.00211013 m [4]

0.9144 m

[5]

3ft 36 in

0.9144 m

Area Area
Name of unit acre (international) acre (U. S. survey) are barn barony board bd Symbol ac ac a b Definition 1ch 10ch = 4840 sq yd 10 sq ch = 4840 sq yd, also 43560 sq ft. 100 m2 1028 m2 4000 ac 1 in 1ft Relation to SI units 4 046.856 4224 m2 4 046.873 m2 = 100 m2 = 1028 m2 1.618 742107 m2 = 7.741 92103 m2 12.958 174 m2 5.067 075104 m2 5.067 0751010 m2 = 1.486 448 64 m2 = 1 000 m2 101.17 m2 10 000 m2 [15]

boiler horsepower equivalent direct radiation bhp EDR (1ft2) (1bhp) / (240 BTU /h) IT circular inch circular mil; circular thou cord dunam guntha hectare ha circ in circ mil /4 sq in /4 mil2 192 bd 1 000 m2 121 sq yd 10 000 m2

Conversion of units

5
120 ac (variable) ro ac 1mi 1mi 1052 m2 10ft 10ft sq ch sq ch sq ft sq ft sq in km2 sq lnk sq lnk sq lnk m2 sq mil sq mi sq mi sq rd sq yd 66ft 66ft = 1/10 ac 66ft(US) 66ft(US) = 1/10 ac 1ft 1ft 1ft (US) 1ft (US) 1 in 1 in 1km 1km 1 lnk 1 lnk 0.66ft 0.66ft

hide rood section shed square (roofing) square chain (international) square chain (U.S. Survey) square foot square foot (U.S. Survey) square inch square kilometre square link (Gunter's)(International) square link (Gunter's)(US Survey) square link (Ramsden's) square metre (SI unit) square mil; square thou square mile square mile (U.S. Survey) square rod/pole/perch square yard (International) stremma township yardland

5105 m2 = 1 011.714 1056 m2 = 2.589 988 110 336106 m2 = 1052 m2 = 9.290 304 m2 404.685 642 24 m2 404.687 3 m2 9.290 304102 m2 9.290 341 161 327 49102 m2 6.4516104 m2 = 106 m2 = 4.046 856 4224102 m2

1 lnk 1 lnk 0.66ft(US) 0.66ft(US) 4.046 872102 m2 1 lnk 1 lnk 1ft 1ft 1m1m 1 mil 1 mil 1mi 1mi 1mi (US) 1mi (US) 1 rd 1 rd 1 yd 1 yd 1 000 m2 36 sq mi (US) 30 ac = 0.09290304 m2 = 1 m2 = 6.45161010 m2 = 2.589 988 110 336106 m2 2.589 998 47106 m2 = 25.292 852 64 m2 0.836 127 36 m2 = 1 000 m2 9.323 994107 m2 1.2105 m2

Volume

Conversion of units

Volume
Name of unit acre-foot acre-inch barrel (Imperial) barrel (petroleum) barrel (U.S. dry) barrel (U.S. fluid) board-foot bucket (Imperial) bushel (Imperial) bushel (U.S. dry heaped) bushel (U.S. dry level) butt, pipe coomb cord (firewood) cord-foot cubic fathom cubic foot cubic inch cubic metre (SI unit) cubic mile cubic yard cup (breakfast) cup (Canadian) cup (metric) cup (U.S. customary) cup (U.S. food nutrition labeling) dash (Imperial) dash (U.S.) dessertspoon (Imperial) drop (Imperial) gtt c (CA) c c (US) c (US) cu fm cu ft cu in m3 cu mi cu yd bl (Imp) bl; bbl bl (US) fl bl (US) fbm bkt bu (Imp) bu (US) bu (US lvl) Symbol ac ft Definition 1 ac x 1ft = 43 560 ft3 1 ac 1 in 36 gal (Imp) 42 gal (US) 105 qt (US) = 105/32 bu (US lvl) 31 gal (US) 144 cu in 4 gal (Imp) 8 gal (Imp) 1 bu (US lvl) 2 150.42 cu in 126 gal (wine) 4 bu (Imp) 8ft 4ft 4ft 16 cu ft 1 fm 1 fm 1 fm 1ft 1ft 1ft 1 in 1 in 1 in 1m1m1m 1mi 1mi 1mi 27 cu ft 10 fl oz (Imp) 8 fl oz (Imp) 250.0106 m3 8 US fl oz 1/16 gal (US) 240mL [16] Relation to SI units = 1 233.481 837 547 52 m3 = 102.790 153 128 96 m3 = 0.163 659 24 m3 = 0.158 987 294 928 m3 = 0.115 628 198 985 075 m3 = 0.119 240 471 196 m3 2.359 737 216103 m3 = 0.018 184 36 m3 = 0.036 368 72 m3 = 0.044 048 837 7086 m3 = 0.035 239 070 166 88 m3 = 0.476 961 884 784 m3 = 0.145 474 88 m3 = 3.624 556 363 776 m3 = 0.453 069 545 472 m3 = 6.116 438 863 872 m3 0.028 316 846 592 m3 16.387 064106 m3 1 m3 4 168 181 825.440 579 584 m3 0.764 554 857 984 m3 = 284.130 625106 m3 = 227.3045106 m3 = 250.0106 m3 = 236.588 2365106 m3 = 2.4104m3 = 369.961 751 302 08 3109 m3 = 308.057 599 609 375109 m3 = 11.838 776 0416106 m3 = 98.656 467 013 8109 m3

1/384 gi (Imp) = pinch (Imp) 1/96 US fl oz = US pinch 1/12 gi (Imp) 1/288 fl oz (Imp)

Conversion of units

7
gtt 1/1 824 gi (Imp) 1/12 ml 1/20 mL gtt gtt 1/360 US fl oz 1/456 US fl oz 1/5 US gal 9 gal (US) fl dr fl dr fl s beer gal gal (Imp) gal (US) gal (US) fl oz (Imp) US fl oz 1/24 fl oz (Imp) 282 cu in 4.546 09 L bu (US lvl) 231 cu in

drop (Imperial) (alt) drop (medical) drop (metric) drop (U.S.) drop (U.S.) (alt) fifth firkin fluid drachm (Imperial) fluid dram (U.S.); U.S. fluidram fluid scruple (Imperial) gallon (beer) gallon (Imperial) gallon (U.S. dry) gallon (U.S. fluid; Wine) gill (Imperial); Noggin gill (U.S.) hogshead (Imperial) hogshead (U.S.) jigger (bartending) kilderkin lambda last litre load minim (Imperial) minim (U.S.) ounce (fluid Imperial) ounce (fluid U.S. customary)

77.886 684109 m3 = 83.03109 m3 = 50.0109 m3 = 82.148 693 22916109 m3 64.854 231109 m3 = 757.082 3568106 m3 = 0.034 068 706 056 m3 = 3.551 632 8125106 m3 = 3.696 691 195 3125106 m3 = 1.183 877 60416106 m3 = 4.621 152 048103 m3 4.546 09103 m3 = 4.404 883 770 86103 m3 3.785 411 784103 m3 = 142.065 3125106 m3 = 118.294 118 25106 m3 = 0.327 318 48 m3 = 0.238 480 942 392 m3 44.36106 m3 = 0.081 829 62 m3 = 1109 m3 = 2.909 4976 m3 0.001 m3 = 1.415 842 3296 m3

gi (Imp); nog 5 fl oz (Imp) gi (US) hhd (Imp) hhd (US) 4 US fl oz 2 bl (Imp) 2 fl bl (US) 1 US fl oz 18 gal (Imp) 1mm3 80 bu (Imp) L 1 dm3 [17]

50 cu ft min min fl oz (Imp) US fl oz

1/480 fl oz (Imp) = 1/60 fl dr (Imp) = 59.193 880 208 3109 m3 1/480 US fl oz = 1/60 US fl dr 1/160 gal (Imp) 1/128 gal (US) 30mL [16] = 61.611 519 921 875109 m3 28.413 0625106 m3 29.573 529 5625106 m3 3105m3 = 9.092 18103 m3 = 8.809 767 541 72103 m3 = 0.700 841 953 152 m3

ounce (fluid U.S. food nutrition labeling) US fl oz peck (Imperial) peck (U.S. dry) perch pk pk per

2 gal (Imp) US lvl bu 16 ft 1 ft 1ft

Conversion of units

8
1/192 gi (Imp) = tsp (Imp) 1/48 US fl oz = US tsp pt (Imp) pt (US dry) pt (US fl) gal (Imp) 1/64 bu (US lvl) gal (US dry) gal (US) 3/4 US fl oz gal (Imp) = 80 fl oz (Imp) qt (Imp) qt (US) qt (US) gal (Imp) 1/32 bu (US lvl) = gal (US dry) gal (US fl) 8 bu (Imp) 100 cu ft 3 bu (Imp) 3 bu (US lvl) 8 bu (US lvl) 1 US fl oz 2 bu (Imp) 2 bu (US lvl)

pinch (Imperial) pinch (U.S.) pint (Imperial) pint (U.S. dry) pint (U.S. fluid) pony pottle; quartern quart (Imperial) quart (U.S. dry) quart (U.S. fluid) quarter; pail register ton sack (Imperial); bag sack (U.S.) seam shot strike (Imperial) strike (U.S.) tablespoon (Australian metric) tablespoon (Canadian) tablespoon (Imperial) tablespoon (metric) tablespoon (U.S. customary) tbsp tbsp tbsp

= 739.923 502 60416109 m3 = 616.115 199 218 75109 m3 = 568.261 25106 m3 = 550.610 471 3575106 m3 = 473.176 473106 m3 = 22.180 147 171 875106 m3 = 2.273 045103 m3 = 1.136 5225103 m3 = 1.101 220 942 715103 m3 = 946.352 946106 m3 = 0.290 949 76 m3 = 2.831 684 6592 m3 = 0.109 106 16 m3 = 0.105 717 210 500 64 m3 = 0.281 912 561 335 04 m3 29.57106 m3 = 0.072 737 44 m3 = 0.070 478 140 333 76 m3 20.0106 m3

fl oz (Imp) 5/8 fl oz (Imp)

= 14.206 531 25106 m3 = 17.758 164 0625106 m3 15.0106 m3

US fl oz 15mL [16]

= 14.786 764 7825106 m3 = 1.5105m3 = 4.735 510 416106 m3 = 5.919 388 02083106 m3 = 5.0106 m3 = 4.928 921 595106 m3 = 5106m3 = 0.028 316 846 592 m3 = 0.991 089 630 72 m3 = 1.132 673 863 68 m3

tablespoon (U.S. food nutrition labeling) tbsp teaspoon (Canadian) teaspoon (Imperial) teaspoon (metric) teaspoon (U.S. customary) teaspoon (U.S. food nutrition labeling) timber foot ton (displacement) ton (freight) tsp tsp tsp tsp

1/6 fl oz (Imp) 1/24 gi (Imp) 5.0106 m3 1/6 US fl oz 5mL [16]

1 cu ft 35 cu ft 40 cu ft

Conversion of units

9
28 bu (Imp) 252 gal (wine) 40 bu (US lvl)

ton (water) tun wey (U.S.)

= 1.018 324 16 m3 = 0.953 923 769 568 m3 = 1.409 562 806 6752 m3

Plane angle Plane angle

Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units 0.981 748103 rad 0.290 888103 rad 4.848 137106 rad 0.157 080103 rad 1.570 796106 rad 17.453 293103 rad 15.707 963103 rad 0.785 398 rad 1.570 796 rad = 1 rad

angular mil

2/6400 rad

arcminute; moa

'

1/60

arcsecond

"

1/3600

centesimal minute of arc centesimal second of arc degree (of arc)

'

1 grad/100

"

1 grad/(10 000)

1/360 of a revolution /180 rad

grad; gradian; gon

grad

1/400 of a revolution 2/400 rad 0.9

octant quadrant radian (SI unit) rad

45 90 The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the circle's radius. One full revolution encompasses 2 radians. 60 30

sextant sign

1.047 198 rad 0.523 599 rad

Conversion of units

10

Solid angle Solid angle

Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units = 1 sr

steradian (SI unit)

sr

The solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the surface of the sphere [14] having an area r2. A sphere encompasses 4 sr.

Mass
Notes: See Weight for detail of mass/weight distinction and conversion. In this table, the unit gee is used to denote standard gravity in order to avoid confusion with the "g" symbol for grams. In physics, the pound of mass is sometimes written lbm to distinguish it from the pound-force (lbf). It should not be read as the mongrel unit "pound metre".

Mass
Name of unit atomic mass unit, unified atomic unit of mass, electron rest mass bag (coffee) bag (Portland cement) barge carat carat (metric) clove crith dalton dram (apothecary; troy) dram (avoirdupois) electronvolt gamma grain grave hundredweight (long) Da dr t dr av eV gr G long cwt or cwt sh cwt 60 gr 27 11/32 gr 1 eV (energy unit) / c2 1 g 1/7000lb av grave was the original name of the kilogram 112lb av kt ct Symbol u; AMU me Definition Relation to SI units 1.660 538 731027 1.31036 kg 9.109 382 151031 451039 kg [18] 60kg 94lb av 22 sh tn 3 1/6 gr 200mg 8lb av = 60kg = 42.637 682 78 kg = 20 411.656 65 kg 205.196 548 333 mg = 200mg = 3.628 738 96 kg 89.9349mg 1.660 902 101027 1.31036 kg = 3.887 9346 g = 1.771 845 195 3125 g = 1.78261036 kg = 1 g 64.798 91 mg 1kg = 50.802 345 44 kg

hundredweight (short); cental hyl (CGS unit) hyl (MKS unit)

100lb av 1 gee 1 g 1 s2/m 1 gee 1kg 1 s2/m

= 45.359 237 kg = 9.806 65 g = 9.806 65 kg

Conversion of units
[8]

11
kg mass of the prototype near Paris ( mass of 1L of water) 1000 lb av 8 oz t 1/20 gr 1/20 g oz t oz av 1/12lb t 1/16lb 28g [16]

kilogram

1kg (SI base unit) = 453.592 37 kg = 248.827 8144 g = 3.239 9455 mg = 50mg = 31.103 4768 g = 28.349 523 125 g = 28g = 1.555 173 84 g = 2mg 0.453 592 37 kg = 500 g

kip mark mite mite (metric) ounce (apothecary; troy) ounce (avoirdupois)

kip

ounce (U.S. food nutrition labeling) oz pennyweight point pound (avoirdupois) pound (metric) pound (troy) quarter (Imperial) quarter (informal) quarter, long (informal) quintal (metric) scruple (apothecary) sheet slug; geepound stone ton, assay (long) ton, assay (short) ton, long ton, short tonne (mts unit) wey Zentner Ztr. slug st AT AT long tn or ton sh tn t q s ap lb t lb av dwt; pwt

1/20 oz t 1/100 ct 0.453 592 37 kg = 7000 grains 500 g 5 760 grains 1/4 long cwt = 2 st = 28lb av short tn long tn 100kg 20 gr 1/700lb av 1 gee 1lb av 1 s2/ft 14lb av 1mg 1 long tn 1 oz t 1mg 1 sh tn 1 oz t 2 240 lb 2 000 lb 1 000 kg 252lb = 18 st Definitions vary; see [19] and. [14]

= 0.373 241 7216 kg = 12.700 586 36 kg = 226.796 185 kg = 254.011 7272 kg = 100kg = 1.295 9782 g = 647.9891mg 14.593 903 kg = 6.350 293 18 kg 32.666 667 g 29.166 667 g = 1 016.046 9088 kg = 907.184 74 kg = 1 000 kg = 114.305 277 24 kg (variants exist)

Density

Conversion of units

12

Density
Name of unit gram per millilitre kilogram per cubic metre (SI unit) kilogram per litre ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic foot ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (Imperial) Symbol g/mL kg/m3 kg/L oz/ft3 oz/in3 oz/gal Definition g/mL kg/m3 kg/L oz/ft3 oz/in3 oz/gal oz/gal lb/ft3 lb/in3 lb/gal lb/gal slug/ft3 Relation to SI units = 1000kg/m3 = 1kg/m3 = 1000kg/m3 1.001153961kg/m3 1.729994044103kg/m3 6.236023291kg/m3 7.489151707kg/m3 16.01846337kg/m3 2.767990471104kg/m3 99.77637266kg/m3 119.8264273kg/m3 515.3788184kg/m3

ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S. fluid) oz/gal pound (avoirdupois) per cubic foot pound (avoirdupois) per cubic inch pound (avoirdupois) per gallon (Imperial) lb/ft3 lb/in3 lb/gal

pound (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S. fluid) lb/gal slug per cubic foot slug/ft3

Time Time, t
Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

atomic unit of time Callippic cycle century day day (sidereal)

au

a0/(c) 441 mo (hollow) + 499 mo (full) = 76 a of 365.25 d

2.418 884 2541017 s = 2.398 3776109 s = 100 year = 86400 s 86 164.1 s

c d d

100 a (see below for definition of year length) = 24 h Time needed for the Earth to rotate once around its axis, determined from successive transits of a very distant astronomical object across an observer's meridian (International Celestial Reference Frame) 10 a (see below for definition of year length) 2 wk 1/1 080 h 4 Callippic cycles - 1 d

decade fortnight helek Hipparchic cycle hour jiffy jiffy (alternate) ke (quarter of an hour)

dec fn

= 10 year = 1 209 600 s = 3.3 s = 9.593 424109 s = 3 600 s = .016 s = 10 ms = 60 60 / 4 s = 900 s = 60 / 4 min = 15 min

h j ja

60 min 1/60 s 1/100 s h = 1/96 d

Conversion of units

13
1/100 d = 24 60 60 / 100 s = 864 s = 24 * 60 / 100 min = 14.4 min = 1.5768108 s = 5.996 16108 s = 1000 year = 24 60 60 / 1 000 s = 86.4 s = 60 s = 90 s [20] = 2 592 000 s 2.6297106 s = 2 505 600 s 2.551106 s = 2.524 608108 s 1.351 211 8681043 s (SI base unit)

ke (traditional)

lustre; lustrum Metonic cycle; enneadecaeteris millennium milliday md

5 a of 365 d 110 mo (hollow) + 125 mo (full) = 6940 d 19 a

1 000 a (see below for definition of year length) 1/1 000 d

minute moment month (full) month (Greg. av.) month (hollow) month (synodic) octaeteris Planck time second

min

60 s, due to leap seconds sometimes 59 s or 61 s, 90 s

mo mo mo mo

30 d

Average Gregorian month = 365.2425/12 d = 30.436875 d 29 d [20]

Cycle time of moon phases 29.530589 days (Average) = 48 mo (full) + 48 mo (hollow) + 3 mo (full) (G/c5) [21] [22] = 8 a of 365.25 d = 2922 d

time of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2 hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom at 0 [8] K (but other seconds are sometimes used in astronomy) 108 s 106 s 1 461 a of 365 d

shake sigma Sothic cycle svedberg week year (Gregorian) S wk a, y, or yr a, y, or yr a, y, or yr a, y, or yr

= 10 ns = 1 s = 4.607 40961010 s = 100 fs = 604 800 s = 31 556 952 s

1013 s 7d = 365.2425 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) plus leap years (366 d) on most years divisible by 4. See leap year for details. = 365.25 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) plus one leap year (366 d) every four years time taken for Sun to return to the same position with respect to the stars of the celestial sphere Length of time it takes for the Sun to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons

year (Julian)

= 31 557 600 s

year (sidereal)

365.256 363 d 31 558 149.7632 s 365.242 190 d 31 556 925 s

year (tropical)

Where UTC is observed, the length of time units longer than 1 s may increase or decrease by 1 s if a leap second occurs during the time interval of interest.

Conversion of units

14

Frequency Frequency
Name of unit hertz (SI unit) Symbol Hz Number of cycles per second Definition Relation to SI units = 1Hz = 1/s

revolutions per minute rpm

One unit rpm equals one rotation completed around a fixed axis in one minute of time. 0.104719755rad/s

Speed or velocity Speed

Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

foot per hour foot per minute foot per second furlong per fortnight inch per minute inch per second kilometre per hour knot knot (Admiralty) mach number

fph fpm fps

1ft/h 1ft/min 1ft/s furlong/fortnight

8.466 667105 m/s = 5.08103 m/s = 3.048101 m/s 1.663 095104 m/s 4.23 333104 m/s = 2.54102 m/s 2.777 778101 m/s 0.514 444 m/s = 0.514 773 m/s 340 to 295m/s for aircraft

ipm ips km/h

1 in/min 1 in/s 1km/h

kn kn M

1 NM/h = 1.852km/h 1 NM (Adm)/h = 1.853 184 km/h Ratio of the speed to the speed of sound in the medium. Varies especially with temperature. About 1225km/h (761mph) in air at sea level to about 1062km/h (660mph) at jet altitudes. Unitless 1m/s

metre per second (SI unit) mile per hour mile per minute mile per second speed of light in vacuum

m/s

= 1m/s

mph mpm mps c

1mi/h 1mi/min 1mi/s 299 792 458 m/s

= 0.447 04 m/s = 26.8224m/s = 1 609.344 m/s = 299 792 458 m/s

speed of sound in s air

Varies especially with temperature. About 1225km/h (761mph) in air at sea level to about 1062km/h (660mph) at jet altitudes.

340 to 295m/s at aircraft altitudes

A velocity consists of a speed combined with a direction; the speed part of the velocity takes units of speed.

Conversion of units

15

Flow (volume) Flow

Name of unit cubic foot per minute cubic foot per second cubic inch per minute cubic inch per second Symbol CFM ft3/s in3/min in3/s Definition Relation to SI units

1ft3/min = 4.719474432104m3/s 1ft3/s = 0.028316846592m3/s

1 in3/min = 2.7311773107m3/s 1 in3/s 1 m3/s 1 gal/d 1 gal/h = 1.6387064105m3/s = 1 m3/s = 4.381263638108m3/s = 1.051503273106m3/s

cubic metre per second (SI unit) m3/s gallon (U.S. fluid) per day gallon (U.S. fluid) per hour gallon (U.S. fluid) per minute litre per minute GPD GPH GPM LPM

1 gal/min = 6.30901964105m3/s 1 L/min = 1.6105 m3/s

Acceleration Acceleration
Name of unit foot per hour per second foot per minute per second foot per second squared gal; galileo inch per minute per second inch per second squared knot per second Symbol fph/s fpm/s fps2 Gal ipm/s ips2 kn/s Definition 1ft/(hs) 1ft/(mins) 1ft/s2 1cm/s2 1 in/(mins) 1 in/s2 1 kn/s 1m/s2 1mi/(hs) 1mi/(mins) 1mi/s2 Relation to SI units 8.466 667105 m/s2 = 5.08103 m/s2 = 3.048101 m/s2 = 102 m/s2 4.233 333104 m/s2 = 2.54102 m/s2 5.144 444101 m/s2 = 1m/s2 = 4.4704101 m/s2 = 26.8224m/s2 = 1.609 344103 m/s2

metre per second squared (SI unit) m/s2 mile per hour per second mile per minute per second mile per second squared standard gravity mph/s mpm/s mps2 g

9.806 65 m/s2 = 9.806 65 m/s2

Conversion of units

16

Force Force
Name of unit atomic unit of force Symbol me2c2/a0 dyn kgf; kp; Gf gcm/s2 g 1kg Definition Relation to SI units 8.238 722 06108 N [23] = 105 N = 9.806 65 N

dyne (cgs unit) kilogram-force; kilopond; grave-force kip; kip-force

kip; kipf; klbf mGf; gf N

g 1 000lb

= 4.448 221 615 2605103 N = 9.806 65 mN = 1N = 1kgm/s2

milligrave-force, gravet-force newton (SI unit)

g1g A force capable of giving a mass of one kg an acceleration of one metre [24] per second, per second. g 1 oz

ounce-force

ozf

= 0.278 013 850 953 7812 N = 4.448 230 531 N = 4.448 221 615 2605 N = 0.138 254 954 376 N = 1103 N = 8.896 443 230 521103 N

pound pound-force

lb lbf

slugft/s2 g 1lb

poundal sthene (mts unit) ton-force

pdl sn tnf

1lbft/s2 1 tm/s2 g 1 sh tn

See also: Conversion between weight (force) and mass

Pressure or mechanical stress Pressure

Name of unit atmosphere (standard) atmosphere (technical) bar barye (cgs unit) centimetre of mercury centimetre of water (4 C) foot of mercury (conventional) foot of water (39.2 F) inch of mercury (conventional) cmHg cmH2O ftHg ftH2O inHg Symbol atm at bar 1 dyn/cm2 13 595.1kg/m3 1cm g 999.972kg/m3 1cm g 13 595.1 kg/m3 1ft g 999.972kg/m3 1ft g 13 595.1 kg/m3 1 in g 1 kgf/cm2 Definition Relation to SI units 101 325 Pa [25] [25]

= 9.806 65104 Pa 105 Pa = 0.1 Pa 1.333 22103 Pa 98.063 8 Pa [25]

[25]

40.636 66103 Pa 2.988 98103 Pa

[25]

[25] [25]

3.386 389103 Pa

Conversion of units
[25] [25] [25]

17
inH2O

inch of water (39.2 F)

999.972kg/m3 1 in g

249.082 Pa

kilogram-force per square millimetre kgf/mm2 1 kgf/mm2 kip per square inch micron (micrometre) of mercury millimetre of mercury millimetre of water (3.98 C) pascal (SI unit) pize (mts unit) pound per square foot pound per square inch poundal per square foot short ton per square foot torr torr ksi mHg mmHg 1 kipf/sq in 13 595.1 kg/m3 1 m g 0.001 torr

= 9.806 65106 Pa

6.894 757106 Pa 0.133 322 4 Pa 133.3224 Pa

[25]

13 595.1 kg/m3 1mm g 1 torr

[25]

mmH2O 999.972kg/m3 1mm g = 0.999 972 kgf/m2 = 9.806 38 Pa Pa pz psf psi N/m2 = kg/(ms2) 1 000 kg/ms2 1lbf/ft2 1lbf/in2 = 1 Pa [26]

= 1103 Pa = 1 kPa 47.880 26 Pa [25] [25]

6.894 757103 Pa 1.488 164 Pa [25]

pdl/sq ft 1 pdl/sq ft 1 sh tn g / 1 sq ft 101 325/760 Pa

95.760 518103 Pa 133.322 4 Pa [25]

Torque or moment of force Torque

Name of unit foot-pound force foot-poundal inch-pound force metre kilogram Symbol ft lbf ft pdl in lbf m kg Definition g 1lb 1ft 1lbft2/s2 g 1lb 1 in Nm/g Relation to SI units = 1.355 817 948 331 4004 Nm = 4.214 011 009 380 48102 Nm = 0.112 984 829 027 6167 Nm 0.101 971 621 Nm

Newton metre (SI unit) Nm

N m = kgm2/s2 = 1 Nm

Energy, work, or amount of heat Energy

Name of unit barrel of oil equivalent British thermal unit (ISO) British thermal unit (International Table) British thermal unit (mean) British thermal unit (thermochemical) Symbol bboe BTUISO BTUIT BTUmean BTUth 5.8106 BTU59 F 1.0545103 J Definition Relation to SI units 6.12109 J = 1.0545103 J = 1.055 055 852 62103 J 1.055 87103 J 1.054 350103 J

Conversion of units

18
BTU39 F BTU59 F BTU60 F BTU63 F calIT calmean 4.1868 J
1

British thermal unit (39 F) British thermal unit (59 F) British thermal unit (60 F) British thermal unit (63 F) calorie (International Table) calorie (mean)

1.059 67103 J 1.054 804103 J = 1.054 804103 J 1.054 68103 J 1.0546103 J = 4.1868 J 4.190 02 J

100 of the energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 0C to 100C @ 1atm 4.184 J

calorie (thermochemical) calorie (3.98 C) calorie (15 C) calorie (20 C) Celsius heat unit (International Table) cubic centimetre of atmosphere; standard cubic centimetre cubic foot of atmosphere; standard cubic foot cubic foot of natural gas cubic yard of atmosphere; standard cubic yard electronvolt

calth cal3.98 C cal15 C cal20 C CHUIT cc atm; scc

= 4.184 J 4.2045 J

4.1855 J

= 4.1855 J 4.1819 J

1 BTUIT 1 K/R 1 atm 1cm3 1 atm 1ft3

= 1.899 100 534 716103 J = 0.101 325 J

cu ft atm; scf

= 2.869 204 480 9344103 J = 1.055 055 852 62106 J = 77.468 520 985 2288103 J 1.602 177 331019 4.91026 J = 107 J = 1.355 817 948 331 4004 J = 4.214 011 009 380 48102 J = 460.632 569 25 J = 383.556 849 0138 J 4.359 7441018 J = 2.684 519 537 696 172 792106 J = 0.112 984 829 027 6167 J = 1J = 1mN = 1kgm2/s2 = 1CV = 1Ws

1 000 BTUIT cu yd atm; scy eV 1 atm 1 yd3

e1V

erg (cgs unit) foot-pound force

erg ft lbf

1 gcm2/s2 g 1lb 1ft

foot-poundal

ft pdl

1lbft2/s2

gallon-atmosphere (imperial) gallon-atmosphere (US) hartree, atomic unit of energy horsepower-hour

imp gal atm 1 atm 1 gal (imp) US gal atm Eh hph 1 atm 1 gal (US) me2c2 (= 2 Ry) 1hp 1 h

inch-pound force

in lbf

g 1lb 1 in

joule (SI unit)

The work done when a force of one newton moves the point of its application a distance of one metre in the direction of the [24] force. 1 000 calIT 1kW 1 h

kilocalorie; large calorie kilowatt-hour; Board of Trade Unit

kcal; Cal kWh; B.O.T.U.

= 4.1868103 J = 3.6106 J

Conversion of units

19
l atm; sl 1 atm 1 L 1015 BTUIT Ry Rc 100 000 BTUIT 100 000 BTU59 F th TCE TOE tTNT 1 McalIT 7 Gcalth 10 Gcalth 1 Gcalth = 101.325 J = 1.055 055 852 621018 J 2.179 8721018 J = 105.505 585 262106 J = 105.4804106 J = 4.1868106 J = 29.3076109 J = 41.868109 J = 4.184109 J

litre-atmosphere quad rydberg therm (E.C.) therm (U.S.) thermie ton of coal equivalent ton of oil equivalent ton of TNT

Power or heat flow rate Power

Name of unit atmosphere-cubic centimetre per minute atmosphere-cubic centimetre per second atmosphere-cubic foot per hour atmosphere-cubic foot per minute atmosphere-cubic foot per second Symbol atm ccm 1 atm 1cm3/min 1 atm 1cm3/s 1 atm 1 cu ft/h 1 atm 1 cu ft/min 1 atm 1 cu ft/s 1 BTUIT/h Definition Relation to SI units = 1.688 75103 W = 0.101 325 W

atm ccs

atm cfh atmcfm atm cfs

= 0.797 001 244 704 W = 47.820 074 682 24 W = 2.869 204 480 9344103 W 0.293 071 W 17.584 264 W

BTU (International Table) per hour BTUIT/h BTU (International Table) per minute BTU (International Table) per second calorie (International Table) per second foot-pound-force per hour foot-pound-force per minute

BTUIT/min 1 BTUIT/min BTUIT/s calIT/s ft lbf/h ft lbf/min 1 BTUIT/s 1 calIT/s 1ft lbf/h 1ft lbf/min

= 1.055 055 852 62103 W = 4.1868 W

3.766 161104 W = 2.259 696 580 552 334102 W = 1.355 817 948 331 4004 W 9.810 657103 W = 736 W = 746 W = 745.699 871 582 270 22 W = 735.498 75 W = 1.688 75 W

foot-pound-force per second horsepower (boiler) horsepower (European electrical) horsepower (Imperial electrical) horsepower (Imperial mechanical) horsepower (metric) litre-atmosphere per minute

ft lbf/s bhp hp hp hp hp Latm/min

1ft lbf/s 34.5lb/h 970.3 BTUIT/lb 75 kpm/s 746 W 550ft lbf/s 75 m kgf/s 1 atm 1 L/min

Conversion of units

20
Latm/s lusec p sq ft EDR 1 atm 1 L/s 1 LmHg/s 100 m kgf/s 240 BTUIT/h 1 t ice melted / 24 h 1 BTUIT 1 lng tn/lb 10 min/s 1 BTUIT 1 sh tn/lb 10 min/s W The power which in one second of time gives rise to one joule [24] of energy. [14] = 101.325 W 1.333104 W = 980.665 W 70.337 057 W

litre-atmosphere per second lusec poncelet square foot equivalent direct radiation ton of air conditioning ton of refrigeration (Imperial) ton of refrigeration (IT) watt (SI unit)

3 504 W 3.938 875103 W 3.516 853103 W = 1W = 1J/s = 1Nm/s = 1kgm2/s3

Action Action
Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

atomic unit of action au

/2 1.054 571 681034 Js[27]

Dynamic viscosity Dynamic viscosity

Name of unit pascal second (SI unit) poise (cgs unit) pound per foot hour pound per foot second Symbol Pas P lb/(fth) lb/(fts) Definition Relation to SI units

Ns/m2 , kg/(ms) = 1 Pas 101 Pas 1lb/(fth) 1lb/(fts) 1lbfs/ft2 1lbfs/in2 = 0.1 Pas 4.133 789104 Pas 1.488164Pas 47.88026Pas 6894.757Pas

pound-force second per square foot lbfs/ft2 pound-force second per square inch lbfs/in2

Kinematic viscosity

Conversion of units

21

Kinematic viscosity
Name of unit square foot per second Symbol ft2/s Definition 1ft2/s 1m2/s Relation to SI units = 0.09290304m2/s = 1m2/s

square metre per second (SI unit) m2/s stokes (cgs unit) St

104m2/s = 104m2/s

Electric current Electric current

Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

ampere (SI base unit)

The constant current needed to produce a force of 2 107 newton per metre between two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross-section [8] placed one metre apart in a vacuum. 10 A

=1A

electromagnetic unit; abampere (cgs unit) esu per second; statampere (cgs unit)

abamp

= 10 A

esu/s

(0.1 Am/s) / c

3.3356411010A

Electric charge Electric charge

Name of unit abcoulomb; electromagnetic unit (cgs unit) atomic unit of charge Symbol abC; emu 10 C Definition Relation to SI units = 10 C

au

1.602 176 4621019 C = 1 C = 1 As

coulomb (SI unit)

The amount of electricity carried in one second of time by one [24] ampere of current. 1mol NAe (0.1 Am) / c

faraday statcoulomb; franklin; electrostatic unit (cgs unit)

F statC; Fr; esu

96 485.3383 C 3.335 6411010 C

Electric dipole

Conversion of units

22

Electric dipole
Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units 8.478 352 811030 Cm =1C1m = 1010 esu = 3.335640951030 Cm [29] [28]

atomic unit of electric dipole moment ea0 coulomb meter debye Cm D

Electromotive force, electric potential difference Voltage, electromotive force

Name of unit abvolt (cgs unit) Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

abV

1108 V c (1 J/Am)

= 1108 V = 299.792 458 V

statvolt (cgs statV unit) volt (SI unit) V

The difference in electric potential across two points along a conducting wire carrying one ampere [24] of constant current when the power dissipated between the points equals one watt.

= 1 V = 1 W/A = 1 kgm2/(As3)

Electrical resistance Electrical resistance

Name of unit ohm (SI unit) Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

The resistance between two points in a conductor when one volt of electric potential difference, [24] applied to these points, produces one ampere of current in the conductor.

= 1 = 1 V/A = 1 kgm2/(A2s3)

Capacitance Capacitor's ability to store charge

Name of unit farad (SI unit) Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

The capacitance between two parallel plates that results in one volt of potential difference when [24] charged by one coulomb of electricity.

= 1 F = 1 C/V = 1 A2s4/(kgm2)

Conversion of units

23

Magnetic flux magnetic flux

Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

maxwell (CGS Mx unit) weber (SI unit) Wb

108 Wb

[30]

= 1108 Wb

Magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force [24] of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second.

= 1 Wb = 1 Vs = 1 kgm2/(As2)

Magnetic flux density What physicists call Magnetic field is called Magnetic flux density by electrical engineers and magnetic induction by applied mathematicians and electrical engineers.
Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units [31]

gauss (CGS unit) G tesla (SI unit) T

Mx/cm2 = 104 T = 1104 T Wb/m2

= 1 T = 1 Wb/m2 = 1 kg/(As2)

Inductance Inductance
Name of unit henry (SI unit) Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

The inductance of a closed circuit that produces one volt of electromotive force when the current [24] in the circuit varies at a uniform rate of one ampere per second.

= 1 H = 1 Wb/A = 1 kgm2/(As)2

Temperature Temperature
Name of unit degree Celsius degree Delisle degree Fahrenheit degree Newton degree Rankine degree Raumur degree Rmer Symbol C De F N R; R R 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. R K 9/5 F C 9/5 + 32 C K 273.15 Definition Conversion to kelvin [K] [C] + 273.15 [K] = 373.15 [De] 2/3 [K] ([F] + 459.67) 5/9 [K] = [N] 100/33 + 273.15 [K] [R] 5/9 [K] = [R] 5/4 + 273.15 [K] = ([R] 7.5) 40/21 + 273.15 [8] 1 K

kelvin (SI base unit) K

Conversion of units

24

Information entropy Information entropy

Name of unit SI unit nat; nip; nepit bit; shannon ban; hartley nibble byte B Symbol J/K nat Definition J/K kB Relation to SI units = 1 J/K = 1.380 650 5(23)1023 J/K = 9.569 940 (16)1024 J/K = 1 bit Relation to bits

bit; b; Sh ln(2) kB

ban; Hart ln(10) kB = 3.179 065 3(53)1023 J/K 4 bits 8 bits 1 000 B = 3.827 976 0(64)1023 J/K = 22 bit = 7.655 952 (13)1023 J/K = 7.655 952 (13)1020 J/K = 7.839 695 (13)1020 J/K = 23 bit = 8103 bit = 8000 bit = 213 bit = 8192 bit

kilobyte (decimal) kB

kilobyte (kibibyte) KB; KiB 1 024 B

Often, information entropy is measured in shannons, whereas the (discrete) storage space of digital devices is measured in bits. Thus, uncompressed redundant data occupy more than one bit of storage per shannon of information entropy. The multiples of a bit listed above are usually used with this meaning. Other times the bit is used as a measure of information entropy and is thus a synonym of shannon.

Luminous intensity
The candela is the preferred nomenclature for the SI unit.

Luminous intensity
Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units = 1cd

candela (SI base unit); candle

cd

The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 5401012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per [8] steradian. cd The use of candlepower as a unit is discouraged due to its ambiguity. Varies and is poorly reproducible. [32] Approximately 0.981cd. [14]

candlepower (new) candlepower (old, pre-1948)

cp cp

= 1cd 0.981cd

Luminance

Conversion of units

25

Luminance
Name of unit candela per square foot candela per square inch candela per square metre (SI unit); nit (deprecated footlambert lambert stilb (CGS unit) [14] Symbol cd/ft2 cd/in2 ) cd/m2 fL L sb Definition cd/ft2 cd/in2 cd/m2 (1/) cd/ft2 Relation to SI units 10.763910417cd/m2 1550.0031cd/m2 = 1cd/m2 3.4262590996cd/m2

(104/) cd/m2 3183.0988618cd/m2 104 cd/m2 1104cd/m2

Luminous flux Luminous flux

Name of unit Symbol Definition cdsr Relation to SI units = 1lm = 1cdsr

lumen (SI unit) lm

Illuminance Illuminance
Name of unit Symbol Definition lm/ft2 lm/in2 lm/m2 lm/cm2 Relation to SI units = 10.763910417lx 1550.0031lx = 1lx = 1lm/m2 = 1104 lx

footcandle; lumen per square foot fc lumen per square inch lux (SI unit) phot (CGS unit) lm/in2 lx ph

Radiation - source activity Radioactivity

Name of unit Symbol Definition Relation to SI units

becquerel (SI unit) Bq curie rutherford (H) Ci rd

Number of disintegrations per second = 1 Bq = 1/s 3.71010 Bq 1 MBq = 3.71010 Bq = 1106 Bq [33]

Please note that although becquerel (Bq) and hertz (Hz) both ultimately refer to the same SI base unit (s1), Hz is used only for periodic phenomena, and Bq is only used for stochastic processes associated with radioactivity.[34]

Conversion of units

26

Radiation - exposure Radiation - exposure

Name of unit roentgen Symbol R Definition 1 R 2.58104 C/kg [30] Relation to SI units = 2.58104 C/kg

The roentgen is not a SI unit and the NIST strongly discourages its continued use.[35]

Radiation - absorbed dose Radiation - absorbed dose

Name of unit gray (SI unit) rad Symbol Gy rad Definition 1 J/kg = 1 m2/s2 0.01 Gy [30] Relation to SI units [36] = 1 Gy = 0.01 Gy

Radiation - equivalent dose Radiation - equivalent dose

Name of unit Symbol Definition 0.01 Sv 1 J/kg Relation to SI units = 0.01 Sv

Rntgen equivalent man rem sievert (SI unit) Sv

[34] = 1 Sv

Although the definitions for sievert (Sv) and gray (Gy) would seem to indicate that they measure the same quantities, this is not the case. The effect of receiving a certain dose of radiation (given as Gy) is variable and depends on many factors, thus a new unit was needed to denote the biological effectiveness of that dose on the body; this is known as the equivalent dose and is shown in Sv. The general relationship between absorbed dose and equivalent dose can be represented as H=QD where H is the equivalent dose, D is the absorbed dose, and Q is a dimensionless quality factor. Thus, for any quantity of D measured in Gy, the numerical value for H measured in Sv may be different.[37]

Software tools
Home and office computers come with converters in bundled spreadsheet applications or can access free converters via the Internet. Units and measurements can be easily converted using these tools, but only if the units are explicitly defined and the conversion is compatible (e.g., cmHg to kPa).

General commercial sources of converters

Advanced electronic calculators have unit-conversion functionality. Spreadsheet programs usually provide conversion functions or formulas or the user can write their own. Commercial mathematical, scientific and technical applications often include converters.

Conversion of units

27

References
[1] United States Naval Observatory. (2009). Selected Astronomical Constants, 2009 (http:/ / asa. usno. navy. mil/ SecK/ 2009/ Astronomical_Constants_2009. txt). Accessed May 10, 2009 [2] " NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty." (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ cgi-bin/ cuu/ Value?bohrrada0|search_for=Bohr+ radius)(2006). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved February 22, 2008. [3] National Institute of Standards and Technology General Tables of Units of Measurement (http:/ / ts. nist. gov/ WeightsAndMeasures/ Publications/ appxc. cfm) [4] Lide, D. (Ed.). (1990). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (71st ed). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Section 1. [5] National Bureau of Standards. (June 30, 1959). Refinement of values for the yard and the pound. Federal Register, viewed September 20, 2006 at National Geodetic Survey web site (http:/ / www. ngs. noaa. gov/ PUBS_LIB/ FedRegister/ FRdoc59-5442. pdf). [6] The International Astronomical Union and Astronomical Units (http:/ / www. iau. org/ public_press/ themes/ measuring/ ) [7] Klein, Herbert Arthur. (1988). The Science of Measurement: a Historical Survey. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications 0-4862-5839-4. [8] The International System of Units, Section 2.1 (http:/ / www. bipm. org/ en/ si/ si_brochure/ chapter2/ 2-1/ ) (8 ed.), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006, , retrieved August 26, 2009 [9] International System of Units, (http:/ / www. bipm. org/ en/ si/ si_brochure/ chapter4/ table8. html) 8th ed. (2006), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Section 4.1 Table 8. [10] P. Kenneth Seidelmann, Ed. (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. p. 716 and s.v. parsec in Glossary. [11] Whitelaw, Ian. (2007). A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3zgGEWM5-iAC). New York: Macmillan 0-312-37026-1. p. 152. [12] De Vinne, Theodore Low (1900). The practice of typography: a treatise on the processes of type-making, the point system, the names, sizes, styles and prices of plain printing types (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=R4-DjphIpLMC) 2nd ed. New York: The Century Co. p. 142150. [13] Pasko, Wesley Washington (1894). American dictionary of printing and bookmaking (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Z_QUAAAAIAAJ). (1894). New York: Howard Lockwood. p. 521. [14] Rowlett, Russ (2005), How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement (http:/ / www. unc. edu/ ~rowlett/ units/ index. html), [15] Thompson, A. and Taylor, B.N. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811. p. 57. [16] U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Section 101.9, Paragraph (b)(5)(viii) (http:/ / ecfr. gpoaccess. gov/ cgi/ t/ text/ text-idx?c=ecfr& rgn=div8& view=text& node=21:2. 0. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 6& idno=21), , retrieved August 29, 2009 [17] Barry N. Taylor, Ed., NIST Special Publication 330: The International System of Units (SI) (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ Pubs/ SP330/ sp330. pdf) (2001 Edition), Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 43,"The 12th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM)declares that the word litre may be employed as a special name for the cubic decimetre". [18] CODATA Value: atomic uint of mass. (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ cgi-bin/ cuu/ Value?ttme|search_for=atomic+ unit+ of+ mass) (2006). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 16 September 2008. [19] The Swiss Federal Office for Metrology gives Zentner on a German language web page (http:/ / www. metas. ch/ de/ scales/ systemch. html) and quintal on the English translation of that page (http:/ / www. metas. ch/ en/ scales/ systemch. html); the unit is marked "spcifiquement suisse !" [20] Pedersen O. (1983). "Glossary" in Coyne, G., Hoskin, M., and Pedersen, O. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary. Vatican Observatory. Available from Astrophysics Data System. [21] Richards, E.G. (1998), Mapping Time, Oxford University Press, pp.9495, ISBN0-19-850413-6 [22] Steel, Duncan (2000), Marking Time, John Wiley & Sons, p.46, ISBN0-471-29827-1 [23] CODATA Value: atomic unit of force (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ cuu/ Constants/ ). (2006). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved September 14, 2008. [24] [[Comit International des Poids et Mesures (http:/ / www. bipm. org/ en/ CIPM/ db/ 1946/ 2/ )], Resolution 2], 1946, , retrieved August 26, 2009 [25] Barry N. Taylor, (April 1 995), Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ cuu/ pdf/ sp811. pdf) (NIST Special Publication 811), Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 5768. [26] Barry N. Taylor, (April 1995), Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (NIST Special Publication 811), Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 5. [27] International System of Units, (http:/ / www. bipm. org/ en/ si/ si_brochure/ chapter4/ table7. html) 8th ed. (2006), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Section 4.1 Table 7. [28] The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ cgi-bin/ cuu/ Value?auedm), 2006, , retrieved August 26, 2009 [29] Robert G. Mortimer Physical chemistry,Academic Press, 2000 ISBN 0125083459, page 677 [30] NIST Guide to SI Units, Appendix B.9 (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ Pubs/ SP811/ appenB9. html), , retrieved August 27, 2009 [31] Standard for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997. (1997). New York and West Conshohocken, PA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and American Society for Testing and Materials. Tables A.1

Conversion of units
through A.5. [32] The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ cuu/ Units/ candela. html), , retrieved August 28, 2009 [33] Ambler Thompson & Barry N. Taylor. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ cuu/ pdf/ sp811. pdf) Special Publication 811. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 10. [34] The International System of Units, Section 2.2.2., Table 3 (http:/ / www. bipm. org/ en/ si/ si_brochure/ chapter2/ 2-2/ table3. html) (8 ed.), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006, , retrieved August 27, 2009 [35] The NIST Guide to the SI (Special Publication 811), section 5.2 (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ Pubs/ SP811/ sec05. html#5. 2), 2008, , retrieved August 27, 2009 [36] Ambler Thompson & Barry N. Taylor. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ cuu/ pdf/ sp811. pdf) Special Publication 811. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 5. [37] [[Comit international des poids et mesures (http:/ / www. bipm. org/ en/ CIPM/ db/ 2002/ 2/ )], 2002, Recommendation 2], , retrieved August 27, 2009

28

External links
Official text of the Units of measurement regulations 1995 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/ contents/made) as created/made within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database How Many? A dictionary of units of measurement (http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/) NIST: Fundamental physical constants Non-SI units (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Document/ nonsi_in_1998.pdf)PDF(35.7KB) NIST Guide to SI Units (http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB9.html) Many conversion factors listed. The Unified Code for Units of Measure (http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/~schadow/units/UCUM/ucum.html) Units, Symbols, and Conversions XML Dictionary (http://www.posc.org/refs/poscUnits20.xml) Units of Measurement Software (http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Reference/Units_of_Measurement/Software/ /) at the Open Directory Project Units of Measurement Online Conversion (http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Reference/Units_of_Measurement/ Online_Conversion//) at the Open Directory Project

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