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Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
Parallel DC Circuit. This circuit illustrates how to measure both the total current and the current through each branch. According to Kirchhoff's Current Law, the total current equals the sum of the current through the branches. The ammeter must be placed on DC mode to measure the DC current. Experiments: Change the value of resistor R3 and verify how that affects the total current (Itot) and the current through the branch I3. Calculate the individual branch currents and prove Kirchhoff's Current Law.
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
Parallel DC Circuits
A
U2
+ B
0.029
DC 1e-009
A B
3.638m
C
A DC 1e-009
U1
V1
20 V
R1
1.2k
R2
2.2k
R3
5.5k
K.L.University
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
The objective of this experiment is to measure the voltage developed across resistors connected in series and/or parallel to the voltage source. These circuits can be analyzed using the voltage divider formula s it works for all series circuits. If the output voltage (Vout) is taken across a portion of series circuit R2, the voltage divider formula may be expressed as follows: Vout/Vin = R2/Rtot. Experiments: For the tope circuit, set the value of resistor R4 so that the voltage developed across R4 is the same as the voltage across resistor R2. Assume R1 = 330 ohm and R3 = 330 ohm. What is this value? 2. Use the voltage division formula to calculate the output voltage developed across R2 and R4 on the next two circuits. Compare the result with the voltmeter reading. 3. Simplify the last circuit. Calculate its total resistance.
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
Series-Parrallel DC Circuit
A
- For a description of this circuit, open the circuit description box (View >> Circuit Description Box). - To begin simulation, click on the simulate "On" button, or click Simulate >> Run.
330 R1 220 R3
A
B
B
B + + 91 R4
V1
10 V 470 R2
5.875
-
2.926
-
D
C 330 R1
C
C 220 R3
A
V2
D 470 R2 10 V
B
V3
+ 10 V + 91 R4 D
5.875
-
2.926
-
D
E
C
E
220 R1 F
470 R3 330 R4
V4
20 V
91 R2
K.L.University
+
2.234
-
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
These circuits illustrate how to measure the current through the branch in question. The experiment allows you to determine the branch current from each independent current source and also to prove that the final current in the branch (see the top circuit) is the algebraic sum of the branch currents.
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
Current Analysis
A
- For a description of this circuit, open the circuit description box (View >> Circuit Description Box). - To begin simulation, click on the simulate "On" button, or click Simulate >> Run.
200 200 400 15 A 400 10 A 400
13.000
C
A -
12.000
A C
200 400 15 A
200 400
400
200 400
200 400
400
10 A
+ E -
9.000
A -
6.000
A -
13.000
A -
12.000
K.L.University
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
Millman's Theorem 1 These circuits demonstrate Millman's Theorem, which simplifies the network of three parallel-connected voltage sources into a single voltage source. According to this theorem, the voltage sources are first converted to their equivalent current sources, then added up. Experiments: Calculate the load current and the load voltage compare the results with the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
Millman's Theorem 1
A
R1
5
R2
4
R3
2
0.779
-
A DC 1e-009 +
U3
2.338 V1
10 V
V DC 10M
U1
V2
16 V
V3
10 V
RI1
3 C
U4
+ D
0.521
DC 1e-009
Req
1.05
RI2
3
1.563
-
V DC 10M E
U2
Veq
2.11 V
K.L.University
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
Millman's Theorem 2 These circuits illustrate a network of three series-connected current sources converted to a single current source according to Millman's Theorem. Experiments: Calculate the load current and compare the result with the ammeter reading.
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
Millman's Theorem 2
A
I1
B 5A
I2
I3
B
1A
1A
R1
5 C
R2
10
R3
8
R4
5
7.679
-
V DC 10M
U1
I4
1.87 A
R5
23
R6
5
7.680
-
V DC 10M
U2
K.L.University
10
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
This circuit demonstrates Kirchhoffs Current Law, which states that for any electrical junction point, the algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving the junction is equal to zero. Experiments: 1. referring to the circuit, verify if Kirchhoffs Current Law works.
11
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
- For a description of this circuit, open the circuit description box (View >> Circuit Description Box). - To begin simulation, click on the simulate "On" button, or click Simulate >> Run.
R2
4
1.468
3.229
I in
R3
5
1.174
I out
R1
8
R5 R4
+ A
10
0.587
D
V1
10
64 V
K.L.University
12
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
These circuits illustrate the application of Thevenin's, which allows you to replace an entire network with an equivalent circuit model. The model contains a single DC source, referred to as the Thevenin voltage, which is connected in series with a single fixed resistor called the Thevenin resistance. Experiments: 1. What is the value of Thevenin voltage? 2 What is the value of Thevenin resistance? 3. Compare the reading on the Thevenins equivalent circuit (at the bottom) with the reading s on the original network (at the top). What are the findings? Do they produce the same voltage? What is the advantage of applying Thevenin's theory to the original, more complicated circuits? (Hint: Much faster calculation of voltage and/or current.)
13
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
Thevenin's Theorem
A
- For a description of this circuit, open the circuit description box (View >> Circuit Description Box). - To begin simulation, click on the simulate "On" button, or click Simulate >> Run.
Rth
330 91 +
330
91
5.772m
-
10 V C
220
+ 470 RL
2.713
-
220 C
Eth
330 D 91 223 Rth + D +
5.772m 4.000
V -
10 V E 220 4V 470 RL +
2.713
-
Eth
F
K.L.University
14
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
Superposition Principle The superposition principle states that the current through, or voltage across, any resistive branch of a multisource network is the algebraic sum of the sources acting independently. The top circuit illustrates a multisource network, and the circuits below represent: 1. The circuit with source E2 removed and branch current through R2 measured. 2. The circuit with source E1 removed, E2 replaced and the branch current through R2 measured. Experiments: Verify the superposition principle. Please note that the final current is the algebraic sum of its contributions. Change the voltage of E1 and E2 and verify the superposition principle again.
15
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
Superposition Principle
A
R3
3.3k
1.082m E1
10 V
A DC 1e-009
U1
E2 R2
15 V 2.2k
1R1
D 1.2k +
1R3
3.3k
2R1
1.2k +
2R3
3.3k D
2.381m 1E1
10 V -
A DC 1e-009 -
U2
-1.299m
A DC 1e-009
U3
2E2
15 V
1R2
E
2.2k
2R2
2.2k E
K.L.University
16
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
Norton's Theorem and Source Conversion These circuits illustrate the application of Norton's Theorem, which allows you to replace an entire network with the equivalent circuit model represented by a single DC source in parallel with a single resistor. The Norton current is the short-circuit current between the terminals in question; the Norton resistance is the resistance at that point, with the load resistor removed and the source voltage shorted. Experiments: What is the value of Norton's current? What is the value of Norton's resistance? Compare the readings on the Norton's equivalent circuit (at the bottom) with the readings on the original network (at the top). What are the findings? Do they produce the same voltage? Is this theory similar to Thevenin's Theorem?
17
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
R3
220
V1
R2
12 V
330
RL1
47
0.090
-
V DC 10M
U1
XMM1
C C
R4
3.3k
R6
220
R8
3.3k + A DC 1e-009
R10
220
V2
D
R5
12 V
330
2.098m
-
U2
R9
330
I1
R7
2.1mA
520
RL2
47
0.091
-
V DC 10M
U3
K.L.University
18
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
This circuit illustrates the way of measuring the AC voltage across the load resistor. Experiments: 1. Calculate the voltage developed across the load resistor RL, and compare the result with the voltmeter reading. 2. Set the carious values of the applied voltage and observe how that affects the output voltage.
19
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
AC Voltage Measurement
A
- For a description of this circuit, open the circuit description box (View >> Circuit Description Box). - To begin simulation, click on the simulate "On" button, or click Simulate >> Run.
L1
95.5mH
R2
3.3k C C
R1
C1
1k
6.36nF
RL V1 R3
50 Vrms 5kHz 0 10k
4.7k
17.012
-
V AC 10M
U1
K.L.University
20
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
This circuit illustrates a series RL circuit and may demonstrate how the frequency affects the voltage across the coil. Note that in the RL network the voltage leads the current. Therefore, a phase shift of 90 occurs at the output. Experiments: 1. Use the function generator to set the various frequency values and detect how that affects the voltage across the coil. Explain why. Refer to the formula given in the Description. (Hint: The voltage across the inductor increases with frequency.) 2. How would you explain a phase shift between the applied voltage and the output voltage? Is the total applied voltage equal to the sum of the two voltages across the resistor and inductor?
21
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
- For a description of this circuit, open the circuit description box (View >> Circuit Description Box). - To begin simulation, click on the simulate "On" button, or click Simulate >> Run.
Ext Trig + _ A + _ + B _
100
10mH
K.L.University
22
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
RL High- and Low-Pass Filter This straightforward RL circuit demonstrates an example of a highpass filter. As its name implies, it attenuates all signals below a specified cutoff frequency (fc), and passes all signals whose frequencies are above the cutoff frequency. Experiments: Referring to the frequency response displayed on the Bode plotter, verify the cutoff frequency for a given high-pass filter. Also, calculate this value and compare the results. (Hint: The cutoff frequency of the RL high-pass filter occurs when XL = R; therefore, fc = R/(2pL).)
23
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
For a detailed description, click View >> Circuit Description Box XBP1
IN OUT
XFG1
R
1k
L1
100mH
K.L.University
24
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
Frequency Response of the Series RC Network This circuit illustrates a series RC circuit and may demonstrate how the frequency affects the voltage across the capacitor. Note that the voltage across the capacitor lags the current by 90. Therefore, a phase shift occurs at the output. Experiments: Use the function generator to set the various frequency values and detect how that affects the voltage across the capacitor. Explain why. How would you explain a phase shift between the applied voltage and the output voltage signals?
25
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
XFG1
XSC1
Ext Trig + _ A + _ + B _
XMM1
R1
1k
C1
100nF
K.L.University
26
KLU
Dept of ECE
CC-multiSIM
Circuit A is a straightforward RC circuit example of a highpass filter. It significantly attenuates all frequencies below the cutoff frequency and passes all frequencies above it. Experiments: 1. Verify the cutoff frequency for a given high-pass filter. Take advantage of the frequency response displayed on the Bode plotter. Also, calculate this value and compare the results. (Hint: The cutoff frequency of the RC highpass filter occurs when Xc = R; so, fc = 1/2RC).) Circuit B is an example of a low-pass filter.
27
0 KLU
Dept of 5 ECE
9 CC-multiSIM
- For a description of this circuit, open the circuit description box (View >> Circuit Description Box). - To begin simulation, click on the simulate "On" button, or click Simulate >> Run.
XBP1
IN OUT IN
XBP2
OUT
XFG1
XFG2
C1
D 10uF
R2
100 D
R1
100
C2
10uF
K.L.University
28