(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

general objective To know and understand telecommunication principle fundamentally, analogue and digital wave characteristic and the relationship of frequency, wavelength, velocity of propagation, amplitude, phase and period of the wave. At the end of this unit, you would be able to: - define telecommunication definition - get relationship between frequency, wavelength, and velocity of propagation. - list the analog and digital signal characteristic. - sketch the basic communication system block figure. - explain the basic communication system block figure.

specific objective

6.1 DEFINITION
a) Communication: > The process of transferring information from someone to someone else. b) Telecommunication: > Technology that are used to send information in a great distance. > Through this way information energy switched to electric power, electromagnetic waves and light by using suitable transducer. > For example, the past communications are used smoke, flag, drum, mosque drum etc. > Now, people are using internet, satellite, telemetry, facsimile, radio, radar, telegraphy, etc.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Together with rapid progress, we also require sophisticated, efficient and save communication system. Various kinds telecommunication have been introduced in efforts to help human to facilitate and faster the information delivery process, such as telegraphy, facsimile, radar, radio communication move, satellite system, microwave etc.

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

TELEGRAPHY This is a form of written delivery information in a great distance. The sent information will be changed into coded signal. The codes that can be used top represent the information are Murray code or 5 beets code, and Morse code. In Morse code system, each sending letter will be represented by combination code such as dot, dash and pause. The sending information can be achieved by using electromechanical equipment, which is shaped like typewriter, and is known as 'teleprinter'. When teleprinter key is impressed, voltage pulses signal will produced, for Murray code, -80V and +80V voltage would be used to represent information that was impressed. This voltage pulses would be supplied to recipient teleprinter. Current pulses will be working on electromagnet recipient teleprinter to print original information that will be sent, at the same time one information copy also would be printed in recipient teleprinter.

Telephony Is a process that delivery voice information (speech), in long distance, by using transmission line such as coaxial cable, twisted wire cable, metal cable, etc. Tool used was telephone. Voice information want to be sent will be turned to electric current by using suitable transducer in telephone namely carbon microphone. Delivery broad band signal was low that is in audio range, between 300Hz to 3400Hz.

Facsimile Information delivery technique in form pictures stationary, by using network telephony. This delivery concept is reflected such as table below: Telemetry Is collecting technique and sending information in long distance through telephony network. It always used to gauge river water, dam and variety of data height level natural. Radar Radar is a communication method to send wave pulses to direction of target and reflect again as signal received. Total time that is taken for information broadcasted and bounces back again depends on target distance. Signal bounce back again will be analyzed to give information such as distance, height, and angle of elevation something target. This system widely used in military. RADIO MOVE Move radio communication is a form of bilateral communication which occurred between basic stations (base station) with one or more mobile unit. Frequency band used was UHF and VHF. Its application more focused to cellular telephone service.

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

SATELLITE There was some frequency class i) C-Band : 4-6 GHz ii) Ku-Band :12-14 GHz iii) Ka-Band : 20-30 GHz Has the capacity to: i) bring data with hectic pace. ii) cheap cost. iii) include wide area. iv) charge service does not depend on distance. . this system use VSAT ( Very Small Aperture Terminal) to receive data. . main problem of satellite system is from data security factor and rain interference.

MICROWAVE > Use parabolic disk to get and send data. > transferring must be in form 'line of sight'- namely which means could not be deterrent. > this system suitable to be used in those areas are difficult to install cable line. > this type of system also simply disturbed with hard rain and smoke. > microwave system also used repeater method for far relationship, where distance of the repeaters is 25 - 30 mile. > The system also not suitable to be used in urban because the wave may be mix with next wave.

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

6.2 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM BASIC NEED

To enable occurrence of communication system, three basic points needed: a) transmitter (Tx) b) recipient (Rx) c) relationship media TRANSMISSION AND ACCEPTANCE SIGNAL CONCEPT There are two transmission and acceptance concept that commonly: a) transmission line (guided) Amplifier amplifier

Source

tranduser

transmission line

tranduser

destination

SENDER RECIPIENT

Schedule 6.2 : Function delivery system block figure use transmission line schedule. BLOCK FIGURE source tranduser amplifier transmission line FUNCTION are made up human voice, music, telegraph signal, information. a device used to replace information signal to electric power or otherwise strengthen weak signal delivery media linking transmitter and recipient

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

c) radio channel (not guided)

WAVE ELECTROMAGNET

Amplifier Source tranduser

Amplifier tranduser

TRANSMITTER Receiving antenna ANTENNA

destination

Figure 6.5 : Delivery system block figure using radio channel.

Schedule 6.3 : Function of delivery system block figure using radio channel

BLOCK FIGURE
TRANSMITTER ANTENNA

FUNCTION
a metallic substance object / wire / a collection wires cope through one design suitably to replace high frequency current to electromagnetic waves form and further beamed. Be able to receive electromagnetic waves signal beamed, in some mWatt ( low power)

Receiver antenna

TERMS IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM a) Simplex only allowed relationship occurring in one-way, example radio and tv.

A A

B B

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

b) duplex half allow relationship occurring in bilateral, but in different time, example intercom and walkie-talkie

A A
c) full duplex

B B

ketika

ketika

allow bilateral relationship, in a time, example telephone system.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Also known as radio waves, which account oscillations electric and magnetic field, moving in velocity of light, v=3X 108m / s. Radio waves can be generated in wide scope, and it may be classed to certain frequency strips, which is known as spectrum frequency radio, imaginable such as table below wavelength

` V L F L F M H F F V H F U S H H F E H F

INFRARED

INFRA UNGU

SINAR X

SINAR GAMA

KOMESTIK's RADIANCE

Frequency FREQUENCY Figure 6.6 : Spectrum electromagnetic waves frequency

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

Schedule 6.4 : Frequency band utilities Frequency band very low frequency (VLF) low frequency (LF) middle frequency (MF) high frequency (HF) very high frequency (VHF) ultra high frequency (UHF) super high frequency (SHF) extremely high frequency (EHF) Frequency 3-30KHz 30-300KHz 300-3MHz 3-30MHz 30-300MHz >10000m 10000-1000m 1000-100m 100-10m 10m-1m Utilities long distance telegraphy broadcasting, human hearing range. point to point, aid to navigation AM radio's broadcasting, relationship between aero plane to port. bilateral radio communication, point to point, * short waves freq radio move, FM's broadcasting, TV transmission, aero plane relationship mobile phone, radar (military), tv broadcasting,>100MHz- microwaves satelite communication, is microwaves frequency, bilateral radio communication satelite communication, radar system

300MHz-1GHz

1m-10cm

3-30GHz

0.01-0.001m

30-300GHz

<0.01m

6.3 ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL WAVE

INTRODUCTION If you are watching television or listening to radio, have you ever thought how signal form is send to us? Yeah, your answer is right, it was an analog waveform which represented in electromagnetic waves form. Analog wave can be represented in various forms such as right triangle, square, jagged etc. Can be divided into two: Analogue (Au) > electronic signal which vary directly with information signal change. > example : signal from microphone

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

FIGURE 6.7 : ANALOG SIGNAL WAVE FORM

>Generally, analog signal having difference amplitude, at a time, t, between its maximum and minimum voltage value, and signal having difference polarity. (between positive and negative cycle). It can be generate of "rotating alternator", electronic oscillator and certain transducer.

USE OF ALTERNATING CURRENT WAVE > Voltage /current shuttle commonly used to carry information from source to destination. This can be done by changing amplitude, frequency or wave phase characteristics.

ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT WAVE i) Voltage / current amplitude is easy to change, either to increase or decrease (by using transformer, amplifier, etc). This enable the signal delivered through transmission line efficiently. ii) The usage of au wave enables information delivered from sender to transmitter without using physical cable (using radio channel) Digital Electronic signal that switched to codes pulse 0 and 1, it only understood by machine and people who sent and received information.

1 0 Figure 6.8 : Digital Signal

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOG SIGNAL AND DIGITAL

SCHEDULE 6.5 : DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANALOG SIGNAL AND DIGITAL ANALOG Constantly changing with time For every instantaneous value t, there are an instantaneous value for analog signal Having different values include all value between minimum and maximum DIGITAL it changing is not proportionately with time For certain times signal could not be determined, it will alter spontaneous from 0V vice versa. Has only two voltage value, either 0 volts and 1volts, or other its represent bit 1 and 0

6.4 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FREQUENCY (f), WAVELENGTH, AND VELOCITY (v)

The information signals that sent are: > sinus signal ( is basis signal in communication system) > other signals (square, triangle, jagged etc)

There are 3 ways to plot the signal forms: > amplitude (in voltage unit) against time (in moment unit, t) > amplitude (in voltage unit) against time (in meter unit, m) > amplitude ( in voltage unit) against time (in angle unit)

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

AMPLITUDES AGAINST TIME

Ampl/V

10 0 one Figure 6.9 : Amplitude Wave Against Time 5 10 Time/s

From the figure: > period = 10s > amplitude= 10V > frequency=1/T=1/10=0.1Hz

details could be identified: a) frequency > number of complete cycle in 1 seconds. > Hz's unit, KHz and further. to obtain frequency value (f): F=1/T T= time to 1 cycles complete.

b) period > time taken for 1 cycle complete > second unit (s), ms, micros etc

c) amplitude > maximum signal value

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

AMPLITUDES AGAINST DISTANCE

Ampl/v

1 0 5 10 distance

wavelength FIGURE 6.10 : AMPLITUDE AGAINST DISTANCE

Details can be identifieds: a) wavelength > distance taken to make one cycle complete. > from figure, wavelength, = 10m

Generally; velocity, v = distance x time For signal information: Velocity,v =

wavelength period

known that, f=1/T so ,v=f wave propagation velocity,v =3 x 108 m/s

(E2002) ELECTRONIC SYSTEM 2 CHAPTER 6 TELECOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE

AMPLITUDE AGAINST ANGLE

Ampl/v 10 0 1800 3600 angles ( 0 )

FIGURE 6.11 : GRAPH OF AMPLITUDE AGAINST ANGLE

Details identified: a) Rotation angles of an instantaneous value: > Example in 0V's value, phase=1800 and 3600 > If there are 2 same waves, but in different phase, the phase difference between them are known as phase difference, .

Ampl/v 10 0 180 360 Angles ( 0 )

From figure: = 1800 900 =900 FIGURE 6.12: METHOD TO SEEK ANGLE FROM ANALOG WAVE