7/14/2011

IP

The Internet Protocol (IP)

Refers to as the heart and soul of TCP/IP
Receives data bits from lower layers Assembles into packets (IP datagrams) Routes the packets between nodes

Connectionless where every datagram contains destination address (IP address) IP address uniquely identifies the host Fragments and reassembles datagrams as necessary so as not to exceed the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) a physical network supports Reassembly takes place only in the destination node

IP

IP
IP gateways refers to switches and routers Routing table is maintained by each IP gateway which helps determine the route of the datagram Hop when the datagram passes through h h d h h an intermediate gateway Cost computed by using pseudocost Least Cost / Least Hop is used for determining the routing algorithm of datagram

Within a network, datagrams are delivered directly (LAN 1)

Uses switches, routers, etc to receive datagrams from LAN 1 (LAN 2)

IP
Uses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to help determine flow-control and other network related problems such as destination p node is unreachable (host unreachable or network unreachable) Example of ICMP application is ping command

Address Resolution Protocol

It maps the IP address to the physical machine Uses a table called ARP cache Uses separate ARP specifications for Ethernet, Frame Relay and other protocols

7/14/2011

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Used to get the IP address from a map table of the corresponding MAC address of the specific node Used b b t not limited to Ethe net by but Ethernet and token ring

Protocol Structure : ARP and RARP

16 32 bit

Hardware Type

Protocol Type

HLen

Plen

Operation

Sender Hardware Address

Sender Protocol Address

Target Hardware Address

Target Protocol Address

Protocol Structure
Hardware type - Specifies a hardware interface type for which the sender requires a response. Protocol type - Specifies the type of high-level protocol address the sender has supplied. Hlen - Hardware address length. Plen - Protocol address length. Operation - The values are as follows:
ARP request. qu ARP response. RARP request. RARP response. Dynamic RARP request. Dynamic RARP reply. Dynamic RARP error. InARP request. InARP reply.
Type

Protocol Structure : Hardware Type

10 Description 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ethernet. Experimental Ethernet. Ethernet Amateur Radio AX.25. 16 Proteon ProNET Token Ring. 17 Chaos. IEEE 802. ARCNET. Hyperchannel. 22 Lanstar. MIL-STD-188-220. 18 19 20 21 HDLC. Fibre Channel. ATM, Asynchronous Transmission Mode. Serial Line. ATM, Asynchronous Transmission Mode. ATM, Asynchronous Transmission Mode. 28 HIPARP. 13 14 15 Autonet Short Address. LocalTalk. LocalNet (IBM PCNet or SYTEK LocalNET). 25 Ultra link. SMDS. Frame Relay. 26 27 Twinaxial. EUI-64. MAPOS. 23 24 Metricom. IEEE 1394.1995.

Sender hardware address -HLen bytes in length. Sender protocol address - PLen bytes in length. Target hardware address - HLen bytes in length. Target protocol address - PLen bytes in length.

Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)

is part of TCP/IPs network layer whereas function also as Quality of Service protocol De eloped by Internet Engineering Developed b Inte net Enginee ing Task Force (IETF) Prioritize data with sufficient bandwidth for transfer e.g. videoconferencing

IP Address
Class A

Network Address + Class Type bits

Host ID

Class B

Hosts = 16,777,216 First Octect = 0 to 127 Hosts = 65,536 First Octect = 128 to 191 Hosts = 256 First Octect = 192 to 223

8 bits (0 to 7 bit)

24 bits

16 bits (0 to 15 bit)

16 bits

Class C Cl

24 bits (0 to 23 bit)

8 bits

Class D Class E

Reserved for Multicast From 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Reserved for future use/Research and Development Purposes. from 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254

7/14/2011

IP Address
Made up of 4 octets or 32 bits separated by a dot each octet e.g. 11000000.10101000.0.00000001 Fo easie reading, each octet is For easier eading ea h o tet converted into decimal form e.g. 192.168.0.1

Subnetting
Use logical AND 11000000.10101000.00000000.11001000 192.168.000.200 Class B IP Address 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.000 Default Class B Subnet Mask ------------------------------------------------------------------11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000 192.168.000.000 Network Address 000000 0 0 000 00000000 00000000 9 68 000 000 o dd 11000000.10101000.11111111.11111111 192.168.255.255 Broadcast Address | host id | reverse all zeroes in host id Broadcast address Default subnet masks: Class A - 255.0.0.0 - 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Class B - 255.255.0.0 - 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 Class C - 255.255.255.0 - 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Subnetting
For example, you are given the following :
network address : 192.168.25.0 Hosts : 60 One reserved for Network Address One reserved for Broadcast Address

Subnetting
Change to bits : 11000000.10101000.00011001.00000000 192.168.25.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 Extend Subnet Mask bits into host bits, in this case since we need 60 , hosts, then up to the bit representing 64 in decimal form 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 (new subnet mask)
can also be written as 192.168.25.0/26 Additional 2 bits indicates it is divided into 4 subnetworks (22 = 4) Remaining 6 bits in the host id part indicates that it can have 62 hosts plus one network address and broadcast address which totals to 64 (26 = 64)

Subnetting
Network Address 192.168.25.0 192.168.25.64 192.168.25.128 192.168.25.192 Hosts 1 to 62 65 to 126 129 to 190 193 to 254 Broadcast Address 192.168.25.63 192.168.25.127 192.168.25.191 192.168.25.255

Multicasting
One sender, selected group of receiver Still new to the Internet, basically for multimedia streaming New protocols developed :
Hierarchical Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (HDVMRP) Multicast Border Gateway Protocol Independent Multicast

With Subnet Mask of 255.255.255.192

7/14/2011

Multicasting
Samples of IP addresses used for Multicasting :
224.0.0.1 = 224.0.0.2 224 0 0 2 = 224.0.1.1 = 224.0.0.9 = 224.0.1.2 = application All systems on the subnet All routers on the subnet Network time protocol (NTP) For RIPv2 Silicon graphic's dogfight

Broadcasting
One sender, all receiver Types of Broadcast :
ARP on IP DHCP on IP Routing table updates. Broadcasts sent by routers with routing table updates to other routers. Limited Broadcast - Sent to all NICs on the some network segment as the source NIC. It is represented with the 255.255.255.255 TCP/IP address. This broadcast is not forwarded by routers so will only appear on one network segment. Direct broadcast - Sent to all hosts on a network. Routers may be configured to forward directed broadcasts on large networks. For network 192.168.0.0, the broadcast is 192.168.255.255.

Methods :

References
Gallo, M. A. & Hancock, W. M. (2002). Computer Communications and Networking Technologies. California : Brooks/Cole. Computer Hope (n.d.). IP. Computer Hope. Retrieved July 14, 2011, from http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/ip.htm. Javvin (n.d.) RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. Javvin: Network Management and Security. http://www.javvin.com/protocolRARP.html. Network Sorcery (n.d.). RARP: Reverse Address Resolution N t kS ( d ) RARP R Add R l ti Protocol. Network Sorcery. http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/protocol/rarp.htm. Becker, Ralph (January 31, 2007). Subnetting. Ralphb. Retrieve July 14, 2011, from http://www.ralphb.net/IPSubnet/subnet.html. Comptechdoc (n.d.). Network Broadcasting and Multicasting. Comptechdoc. Retrived July 14, 2011, from http://www.comptechdoc.org/independent/networking/guide/netbr oadcasting.html.