USSBS Report 4, Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection and Allied Subjects, Tokyo, Japan, OCR

THE UNITED STATES
STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

FIELD REpORT
Covering Air Raid Protection
and Allied Subjects
TOKYO, JAPAN

/;;(
Z3 ORDER SEC
TAG /'ERA'"
8 z 196 f:;
'"
/b, C>
Civilian Defense Division 1.(,ylQ"NO')
March 1947
I
I
RBSTRICT1!D
THE UNITED STATES
STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY
FIELD REPORT
Covering Air Raid Protection
and Allied Subjects
TOKYO, JAPAN
Civilian Defense Division
Dates of Field Team Survc)':
19 November 1945 - 30 November 1945
Dare of Publication:
March 1947
FOREWORD
,SI .,.-
i ZII':'

TIoe Sune,.eoml'lem
i"",,: :\!"J ,,fIi('1'rs, a"d!,(j() ..ult '. The mili-
larr ...g"'..m "f Ih" orb",,,i"'li,,,, "'as d"",,, from
,1<...\rlll)' 10 Ih" eXl"m "f W p"rco=nr, ."d from
th" X",'}' 10 lh.. ,,( l{l ikJII< the
Ar",y ""<Ill,,, :-;"'T b""'" Ih" S"r,'e)' all po"aible
"SS;,t""c,, i'l f"r"",hi,,:: men, .lll'pli.... 1.... "Sport,
".,,1 i"fo''''"I;O''. Th" Sur,',,}, from
I"ad,!"",'e,." in Tok.o "arly in Sep-
tember 1!)1r,. with s"hh"",I,!"""erg in Nagoya,
O""ka.llirosltiln"."U<1 X"I,,'ll..,.ki. "nd "'i,I< mobile
'",,'',, "I"'ra,i"g ill olh"r 1'''". <Jf J"r"", the is.
1",,01. "f rI'e I'llCific, ,,,,,I th...\sia'ic Illainland.
[I. WIt. 1'<",.-;1,1.. h' '''''-'(In;;('''tlmucb of wartime
,Tnl""'''''''' military ['1''''''i''l1: nnl! cxecll1;oll, en.
...ctll, b}' cng:'h",mcltl, attd can'lI.il,,'" by cam.
1''' ;gu. "nd 10 _uno ,...a""nably a""'tl'llle 5'at istic;l
"n J" llto"omy nnd war pl'Olllld ion, p[aut by
pl."ll. a"<1 indus,]"}' b}' indusl!). In addition,
._l"dies we.... ""tt."I"c"...l Oll.lnp"", o'crall ;;(".1".
flic pl"n5 and Ihe h""kgrou"d "f her entry i"to Ih"
"n'. Ih" iltl"m,,1 <lisctl""i,,"5 ""d
I""ding '0 I,er accel""'''-''l of ltllcondil;on.] Sill'
-ender, lh" ""U""'l of h.."hh and morale amo"g Ihe
ci"ili"" pOl'ul"t ion. ,l,,, eff...1i'elleilil of the J"ra'
lle;;e "i "ilian def.."Sf: t>rga"iuui"n, ""d ,he effects
"f lite nto",ic OOlJ'b$. Separat .. report!l will be
i_,ed co,..,.i"",. cad, pha5>e of th" stud....
The Sun',,}' ;m..rrog"lIte<l more Ihlln 700 Japa-
"""'" ",ilit" 1'." . .,,,,,erumetU, "nd indusuial official;;,
It ,,1"0 ......'(I\"er..<1 ""d u.""slal ..d Illam' docurnems
which n'" onl ... h,,,',, useful 10 Ihe Sunc}. but
"Ii'<> will fut'lli.h data ,"Iu.bl" for oth..r stlldies.
h"w brei, mad.. 10 tu.... o'"r th"
Sm"',,}", tiles '0 Ih" C..m....] lluelli",."nce Grollp,
t1,rough which tl,..} will be 8\"ailable for furth..r
exa",inal.iou and distt;butioll.
iii
'fl,.. Uni,,,,1 S.....' ..gie IJo'D1binjl," Sllrvey
n"s l.Jy Ihe :;..., ....' .. ry "f Wlr "n ;I
X""",,,b!'r l!HI, l'll'I"!!".'" ,,," di"""I;"e froll' Ihe
h,l<- l'... ..ttl l{,,,,,,,,,-h. II, m;N.i"" n' 10 Cou_
ducl "n ill.p""i,,1 ,,,,,I"xl'ert. "tlItly of Ihe effects
of "ur m,.;,,1 "tt",'k 0" ('.. m'''''.I, I" "" tJ.oe<l ill
'''Iu'l..."i"" will. "ir lIu""ks "" .J"I"''' ",,<I '" ell.
I"bli,h " h".i8 (01' ",""I"lIli,,!! I,lte irnpol1/1"C<' ll"d
pO"'nlin)itiCil of ttir pone" "S ,tt, i"slt""ment of
,nil;lnry ._I'''leg.l', f01' pllln"i"g the f"Il"", de'cl.
"l''''''ltl "f the SI"le, nrm''tl fu'",,,,,, ""d
f"I' fntu .... ero""V.ic 1I0lici.", nith
,....l><::cl I" the ''''lio",,1 'I'. A ""mm"rJ
,,1,,1 >0",,' tl)(, ,,,p]>""li"l,: ''''I><)I1S
Ih.. f;It,liltJ,."'uf ,I". ""',,"c." ill G,"",,,,,.'" hn"C been

On Jr, '\"g",l 'J',."",,,,,
Ih"l lit" ("(Illll,,,,, " simil"" ,Il"h' of Ih" cr
f''<:b "f ,,11 IYI"w,. "f "i, ,"I"ck itt th" "gainS!
.1"1""', ""b,,,i,, ing .... I""t." ill .l"plie"'e '0 ,he Sec
,..."".... of ira" a,,,1 10 the &,<;,,,t,,,., <>f th" N"""y.
"1"10" oflicCl'il "f lhe S.ItTer <luring" ils J"p""e"e
1'1", .... w,.,,,:
F"""kli" ])'Oli",.. CI''';''''''III.
1'",,1 l-l. Nit,,,,
H,",'.' C. Alexmhb', I';ce-(:I",;rmt".
li",.,.... L. Bow",,,,,,
.1. Ke"nelh G"IlU",,;lh,
]("ll.is Lik.. ",
F,.,,,k A.\IcX"."ee, .Jr.,
]'1'1::.1 Sends, JI'.,
M",moll K Sl'"ghl.
n.. L"wis n. Thollll'Stln,
"I"1'''odol'l! 1'. \\"righl, D;l"e(]lol'$.
"'lIh"r Wilds, SlCIYlur!l.
This repor, was I'ri","ril)' for ,he usc of Ihe UnillMl S,"'ei! S'rn,egi"
Bombing in ,he 1"...1"'"'' ion of f,uthe, ,,,pOlis of II n'OI'OCOu'I"..,hellsive
,w' ure. An)' ... or opin ion. e.vl""ssed in ,his ,'Cport musl be considered
liS lin,i,ed ,0 ,he ,pe<.. ific ntn'Cri"I <'O"cr,>(1 lInd "S suhject 10 furl her inte"p""nl ion
in lite lighl of ftl 11 he,. Sl udie;: br ,he Sunc). .
ii
TABLE OP CONTBNTS I
-I. IJfTltODVCI1o".................
II. Aollllf_'I'lY1I O'O..." .....T101' 10. ClnUUf AI..R4ftl D..
nllIIIB I" TO.TO _ ... __
III. SPECIAL ClnLl41f.DBPll:IIIII. AoB1<CIU _. _._
Auliliary Polilll' and Fino Uni'-_
Neighborhood Group", Block .u.-iation8, and Yederatl
Block .A.ociations... _._ . __ . . .. __
IV. OIlO... 1<lUTION .1.1<0 OPEIIATI01< OP JAPA"EIIE CIVILIA" DEYE"8Z.
AirRaid W&ming_
Control Ccnl.l'''' ..
Incident Control. _.
Unexploded Bombs_
ServiceII... . ..
_.
Fire Prevention _
.;mergency Me.-lical Seniclla._ _ . _. _
Emergency :'>Iedical Senice . _ . _ __
Red Cross.... _.......
Mortuary __.
I{escuo Sen-icc _ _ __
1'000t.-Raid C1cat"llnoo and Repair. _. .
V, OF F"CTORIE8, UTILITIES, h'TALLATlO"S "0
BUILDtNGS DEI'OTEG TO I'UHIC U81; _._ _
Air-Raid Protection_ _ _._._
Railroau Air-Raid I'rotl'Cl ion. _. _ _._
National Communicat;o;ma AirRaid Defense
Harbor Air_Raid Defen,.,. __ ... _ _.
Air-Rai'\ ('.olection ror Public Buildings_
VI. 1'.1.8811'>; l)>;n:NSE hST Ll..,T10N8 "NO I'RE<;AlITIO"S
I'roll'Cli,'C Lighting. __
Shelters __ ._. __ .
Gal;-l'rol<'Ction &,,ice._
Call1ouflage _ ._
Conducl or Iho Public during R Raid.
VII. EV"CUATH)N ASP W>;LF.'"1: . .. _.
E'llCualiOll _ __ ._. -
I'p.t.Raid Emergency Wdrare.. _
\\'ar Dama!,'" C1aims_. __ ._. __ .... _ - . - -
VIII. TII"ISt"o ___ --. . '--'.'-
IX. Il>:FEIll:NCO: NOTES._._._ _
'.'", o"mma,i........ l'"fall'"I,I.. headed .. Comm''''\.o...t the end d _h Utled
ouboectior,.
...
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132
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I. lNT'ROOUCflON
(lI) The i!O ,.......,.<la (l<loiN in 11l3SI),
rn.kmg I 1,>t.1 ", ;1:.0 ..onb!. conloininc Oft'!"
00 ,"'",."" of 110. l"'I'"lali,,,, "f the IIlf1t<>poli.
1.10 di"t.iet.
(3) n,e We;;! TtI"'tI. XuMh Tom., .nd
So"lh T."", 001ll",,,,,1)' ..Il.d Ibe
Ih..... T.mo (8ant.",0). rel)""",ntiUji:
Ihree.fourths vf II,. tlrea of the metr<>'lOlil"n
tli81 rieL I.>,n. less 'han "ne-l",((h of i1.> l'''I'ul".
,io".
(4) &O",e 2:; ,man i"lo"d" " ..lItl"t'd f,'O",
Tok)'<> Ba)' al hundred milell
kUO!Iii 1he Pacific (uf lirtle adlnini,1 nu],'" illl'
I'0rlanl", ,,,,,!. with lh" uf a ",fer_
elll., to in wilh air.raid
wamings, n<>l ('O'-e",,1 in this "'110M),
J. For Ihc I>uq....... of e:<amillillg harlJo. air.
raid defenile, il WlOS u"""","r... to incl"de Kawa.
saki "nd Yokohama whioh fa(.,d Tokyo and
wc'" in the bay deffn.... o,...,. ... niZllliul\.loon rhe "'_
m"inder <>f "'lION i. ('Unfintd 10 the -r"kyu
melrol'"lirnn di"rrie'. e:<clllliinl' 'he i.l.ndo! (H.
hibil
2. Pop,,!"';,m 11111 mtlrollOlitan
di.lriu or fonn""l an iC"'!-'tltar o"al
lendi,,!! gmn.:!S miles f""", north to, ron,h and 5.
Iniles from et 10 ,,,.;;t, totalin/! "'lua", mile!.
or O.G I"'teelll of Iht ""'" of Jap." 1'1'01""' Th.
wortls uf II.. eily pro.."r 00\'.",,1 moly on...
fourth of ,he melropolitall ,lk-l.ri", (213.>(l"a",
miles). btu Qolblihnt<1 ,,''''1'00 ,"'=111 of ils I"'pu.
I"tio".
b. The P"p"I"liot, of lire ",elropolilnn oli,triel
(1'01<...<>-1'0) "n,1 of "'oky<> I'ro!'er (d'e ;I:;
"'"rd.) fro'" )9-l0 to ".,." as follows:

- ......,
-
,0-_",","",",_. ...."" I .. ".. ...
,,.. I'" _0(1. : ....e""'
l'OIrI"'tTok",_ ""1101
" ..,'OlI{oo<I-...Il ,...,..
'1'''. ) _, .. _,.,
'1<0_ .... __) .,....: 1 .....
I. Importann of ToIryo.-. had 0
populotioll over h.lf that of the Uniled St.taI.
witb on ...... 1eoloI than Ibot of California, 1IiJI;.
of il bei", llIounl.inou! and nOllanble,
Ihel'1l "lllI nllCt'S'lOrily a bigh eoneenlntiun of
populalion in Ibe llIIlall river "oll"YIl and coa!'!al
plaillil. It WlllI .1",,1IlI. inevit.hl lherefv.... Il,ot
Tok)'o, the grealt"'1. city in .hp.. n, shoul'l be
localoo on the Kanlo PI..in, the b......t"'t I"wland
....... in J"p,,,,,, H'l(llhHI the Kanlo 1'lain as. "'hole
shoul<l clllhn,C<l "" utensive mctN'I",lilau ,Ii,'rieLi
a di"lriel. which, befo... lI'e .ir rHid,;, ,,,,,k,,d oS the
I.hird la"I,'<JSl mel rOllolit.. " ct"ler in tlot world.
From a Japanese of "iew, TokJo's pro-
emi"ence among Ihe cities of J"pan was <l,," 10 the
following:
(I) The emperor and Ihe imperi.. l
Wtrn in Tokro.
(2) lL was Ihe !!tHof Ihe "atio"al gO"'n>-
"'till ali(I the of power and
(3) Osaka, So,,"'."a. Kyoto. Yoko.
homo, and Kr>1Je wt", k"own as Ihe "six
cities of ,l"pan," 1.>", Ihc pop"l.. tio" "f Tokyo
\\'tlS "'lui"alelll, 10 that of all of Ihe olh.r fh'"
cilies combi"ed.
(4) Tokyo WtlS "I. O1lce the gl"ateo,t i",lus-
trial. com"lunic"tions. 11""sporl>lli,m. co',,-
met";ial, and "''''',*,'''''111 ,.,',lIcc "f Ihe CO" Illry.
(5) Tokyo was co";,itlcred '" be I",*,mi
"ellL ill I""'prel 10 ""i\'e,,,ities, ""'SO-'"'''' hos
pita Is, depart me"t 8tOl'e!f, oAiee bni Idi,,!-"l. and
(healt'''.
Fo" those '..,aSO"8 " sp<l\:i"l effort \\"us ",ode to
[J'"U1'ide Tokyo ",ilh lhe mOilt elfccli,.e
and ci,'ilian "ir-defen"" system Ihal .Jap"n e"Unld
""01".
c. I'I'ior 10 1 Jull' H!4:l. Ihe citp of Tukyo. co'"
.i.linl; of 3i, "'>lnls. had ;, lll""icipall!o"ol'llI"c"l
aparl f''Om lhnt of Ihe 1)I..,f""1II1'8 (T<>k.'"".. Fu) in
which il "'liS 1000ated. 0" Ih,u dale d,e, on., .nd
Ihe prefecture were eon,hin.d under a single
administration, the Tokyo ",eo'Opol;ta" disnicl
(Tokyo.To). which i"e1uded lhe following: .
(I) Thl! 15 original "'aNl. (kno'''n III
J"l'''ll "., (he ''old cily').
w,
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215
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219
221
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X EXH1B1Tll
.\ ,. )101' of :rOkyo hI- ..'aTd., (iW).
,\ 2. POllol."m' 01 Tok\ Q- 0, __
,1.-3. Tok)'Q al,",1,1 k '0 I'OIKlli,a" D;"1I1.,
A-4. Cbon of orpni<a,,,,n 01 0; 0..,1 dl,Hle'. of TOkyo
'drnlni1-' ....'i,. -
)1.,,,,,.,1i'O" 1l,:''''OL 'ro ",11'0" l'o\ioo Iluard
,\ 6. \ 'b." of ... ...uon li,_Il.fo"'" 11 .....""."."'_
, 7 Chon of (I'll"mpu,," (I (I
" 8: (' ....in of <'0"'."""" 10' 8',d,'."'" .,........
B_1. )101' 01 .,,,,,,. 0'0&0 of ,h. 1'""".,,' Ar. "dll, "'.....
1l-2. [Ilao;.... '" of ,,"" I'<I1",t"." 1",1,<0 l>o/t.r<l <:o",rol ",,",
,or)' d.,.
('--I !hH.b,,' of rou,,",," fir<' ,,,,illi,,. 0010001. Tokl'"
C 2' -r",,,,I.'i<>,, 01 ('hid rop"rt Oil ,I.",." (",,,, 10
. \,.",), I .i. ",id (I'!./<,..."", 1h'm \0. 17)_
C-3. 11;1' ,100" in. ...1am ,,' Tolyo.,a'e"'"'" uf are,," dam
...,,1, ,ulth".. u" h<}t''''' 10,,,,,,,1. l,"!>u 100,,,,,1 0'.', ""...be, "f
killed and l"iu",,1
l) 'fok,'o death, I", "",I.,
i.!. F"",;"'y al'_r8i,i I'ro",<"o" of 'ho .\I,,>o;'i,hi Oil Co., '1'0".""
(Ildore"... I..", -:".
,\1......1<11''''' ...''"" "'J",r."f '100 Jop." Tubo ('0. (lIe1.,..
.n"., hom 21)
B-3. Faow,.' ai,_,oid r.W"."I"" of II," Uilad,1 Tool C" .. 1'0k)'"
(Ildere""" I'e,,' :>u, 25).
Ai,",id pro,..llm' uf ,1,0 Ti"',",, T"k.'o
F_2. Ai....ald p>,,,,,'lo,, of '10o Iled C....... ('0"",,1 lI""pi,al, Tok)'o
(lIor...",,,,, Ito", 29).
F-a, 1l0fl0" of ""1'0." 01 , ..... ",,-rai'! dolo".., o'llan"M;o" 01 'ho
[;dop,.-.al,."mo,,' (lIolo"'""" Ito,,, X". :10,
r--l, AI...raId p""ooti"" 01 ,1,0 '\!"";"g I'ie'"", TI'"",o,
(lIoIe",,,.. Itom 31)
G-1. Table b, <hall of "",,,Ia'lo,,. po"aj"I"g to """,,,,I
G-2. SuWleme"'a,y re""latOO" "A",;""b",.""o dofo",e 11,101-00"''''1
,,,....,,""','. 1u,,1 101' 1100 Mi"t"c." of noo"e Anai.... I FOh'''''.''
1(1-13 ......
G-3. O,do, X". 9 of tim Mi"i<t'1' of 1I0mo AlIai"" 8 Mareh ou
1,"""I"",g '" the ,tri",.. enfo,,,,,mo,,. "f 1'''''''''10'1'
I,g)" ..,,,,f'Ol." Chan, 1 to> V, it,d",II'O, """"". of
a'"",,dod ._. .. .
G--l. Dee"", of )!i"I'''y <>f 11"'''0 All";",. d.'ed 23 Ja""tlr)' 19,1:;,0"
".\Ia"o", 1"",.i"lng to tho of Ilglil o",,'ml'".
G-5. Sum",a")' foc light. "'-',,',01, [leeen,be, lIMO, l'ulJIi'"cd by
'he Grea' Jal'"" AI' Delo".. ,\"",-",IMio"
<Hl. Tokyo Ba,I"'a1' ligl"ing .y.w", 1939---.lT,_
Il-l. Ai, O"fe".., Go"o...1 Ilcadquano", O,do, Xo. n, 21 1),.'0""''''''
1D13
11-2, Su,n",.,)" <>! i""""'-""8 ",,&oua,lon of .010001 O),ild",,,
1f-3. e,""".'lo" of ..-10001 ohil,I,",,_._
I_I, C",'lficalo 11'0",1,,'10"1 1.,,,,,,<1 1"';;I'i,I".I, ;" Tuk)'o
'hem .... otrodal P"'I '''iAm. i" ej 1i)ia"_def"".., ..
1-2. AppJi"a,IO" ('''',,,,laOo''l fo, '0 a ,""';"0' ,,( tin
."-<11.. ,)" po)i"" ."d fire ,,,,I, '''0''''''''_.. . . , .....
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(SI!t',,,t
(t'llf"I"",",""1 of
t1FO positiona and wen aJlPOiJlted fnaa ........
l'l"emDleIIt or lhe IIlPtropoIitan OJ' Ibt
l>olkol boud by order of lhe cabinet, u(IOlI tIKI
reootnll1l!ndalion of lhe Minicer of Home Alairw.
The clerk>; ."d !ll'Crelarifli in lhe .irde'_ htad-
'l"at1e1'8 thl<) 1",ld loI'O l"",ili011i! .... part-lilQll ap-
oltl,,, "f lIome Alfai"".n of
d,.", l,oo,i,,1!' dl1l"'n fn"" Ihe S""ernlllent of 110.
,1iJ;lrict Or fn"" the pulice board. 0fIkes ,"'fre
""'abli5he,1 ro,' lhe "irdefe"se h....d'l".rrel'9 011
lhe """",,olil'" I)istrit\
lollild;IIg.
(I. Uryanlzali"n ,,"" "prall""" '-11 theory alld
I'",,,,/i.--(I. In 110001',)", .irdefeme hetd.
(IU.'1e,." II"der lbe gOt'er"or of th. melropol"a"
diSU'icI tlte ccm,.,,1 adrni"i"rali .." 01'1,.'110" ror
pIR""i'lg and ('<",duct in/:" "'''ergellty
d"ri"g air 'aidt,
b. III I".,.tti,..., lhe .ir-defe"",, headq"u1e'" w
ne,"" in :i('IlSP tMle )l@adq".rrers, but "'II!!
",the,' Inr.\!". e""'be......m.. COOl"I;\!"" ,,'bieb
' lIlel ill form.l .nd :iI.ra;n...1
al "'osl'bere. l(> troll "'" difl'ere'tt:eI; between lhe l wo
I...sic g'''''''''''.II11l1 Ib'f'"eifS and Ille !Ie"eral
1"""",,- lhe,. ....p....*"'<"(I. a"d lo effect snch
1'],. "9 II'''' co"r<l;"at;OI' .s II.INred """"ibl" ""der
lhe ",dili"n.;. 11,,, llletrol>oliu" p<>liu: board
lind 5"<X'l'!(,,11., ,..."isred .,,)' elflil1 10
,"(ri"6'" 011 ils a"thO';I... O"er .;r.roid d"fe",..
"I"'rutio",,"
e. In lhat malleI' Ihe poliu: boanl had Ih" .d_
of "ll old, .nden.
"",,,d"'d orl!."luotion. It had diroct rel.lIons
will> the llini"er (of HOIne AlfI,n; .nd .-i,h Ol.Ler
""'Itlbers of the cahi"",. It pro,ided pro'1i.'e
'"'lC<or<s to Ihe ""'Ile",r, memben or lhe ;01....1".1
fa,,,ill' atld "Ol.h.r bigh had the
I>owe; or II ,,'ell estaLli.bed _ret SCI"""'. I"
lerms o( l""rsollll,,1 .nd il "..,. 'llee,li
call,- desig"ed to m.imain publ;" order, .nd It !tad
the -",erwh..lluitlg ad".m.g<' of being,.s rar I..ck
as .n\,one <'0111,1 '"1"meOlber. the l...diuO\'1I1 .se"C.'"
f,,1' wilh e"'''''Ireneie;; cau>ed by fire, flood,
or unl"!""",,,- A9 ollicids ....
otllll'<l, It ..... n.m...1for the 1"'OI)le to look 10 tI'e
,>olice for gllida"Cl! when the air raid. came."
d. In OOll1m"" the .dOlini"raUon or ",elro-
l>olit." district "'1lS j"", ..",,,ring ,I;; ronnal;"e
Sla...... !IcE' oIliei.ls had J>w,,, dra",,, from tl,,, " _
cill' ""d 1',,'fed",,1 goreMlln""b and we .
wilh O"e "'lOIh..r for h""""lCl1Ilie """_
It IIeitb..r d,e 'lel'il(lnnel "or the
7
alr.raid dete... Whm new and qrgeDt problema
we.... demanding immediate action, 8Qeh oon1I:iets
inevitably ar,*" not only betlJfle1l th" uro go..",.
mwtal bodi.,. but e\'"n alllOng ..ariollll bur-ealUl
wilhinlhe Iwo organiutionfl, and Ih08ll dilliellllies
'1
l1i
t'kly reached an acuU! Illap.
b. Within 4 lrl(>IIths lite m.... rol>olil.n dis.
lrict had bet>1I c II'<I, " "ew organ, Ih.. Tok}'o
ci"ilian tlir-der." h"a<l'I"SI1."" (Uok" "",,,bll),
"'aa
fI, Ad",im"/ntl;U orga"iz/io" of Ihr Tok!lo
Ch'ilitlll Air-f)c{p/'kr lIecause
of lhe """,i"ed .....1"liol\9 bet"'.,.."
1'"li,,,, 1,,,,, ...1 ""d the di,lri..l, oon.
sidl\mble "II'" w",. t'xcrci""d ill "'."\ling "I) 11,1'
Tokyo Rir(I<'f""",, helld'I"UI"I""" whiCh n'_ril)'
i"cJlld'-'ll 1.>OIlt lIew
"pl'oim"" fm' l'u"IH""" lhe ,.ir.def""".,
lte,,<I'III"'1e.'5 desig""'l "" " li"i;;.:;" ""d 00.
o,tlinnt;II>r II,....""y I" the I'''tiine''t
of lh" I'"ri,'(' 1"....<1 ,,"11 lite <Ii<\riet
"dminisl""lion,
( I) To ,1fti "" 11." "i,'-mi,l ,Id,'n", I"u"t iOI'"
of th" ,n,io", bll''Pllus;
(:!) '1'0 fO"'ulI)"t" j"iul pJ"U" f,., "ir.",i,1
dd"uSt'; Rud
(:I) "1'0 "tl "S a "in/,;I" IIltifi"d ,',nel'b"-"lCY
Ol'gllniz"tio" jll lite direclion of 0l"""'lioll!l
dllrillg .... ids (01' dllrilt/,; "")' oliler
digaSl",' ca""",1 by til"', flootl, or "artl''l""ke),
b. Since. tlte go,'''''''o,' of lite metrol>oli.""
di,trkt oombi"ed i" hi. office lhe prestige pre-
,'i""sl" ,'csled in both Ihe tn".'"or of Tokyo Cit).
IIn<l I);" J""''',,rll''l" "f Tokyo pl",f""turlIIIII,1 hel'] II
"'''''"wh"t high", j!o,"rnmelltal mnk lhall the
chief or lhe police board. it ""liS delel'mi"l'd thllt
Ill" gO"emo,' ,hollid I.e Ihe chief of lhe Tok,\"O
"ir-defense headqll""tetll,
e. The d"pllty go,'erno, of lhe meu'OI>olitall
<Ii"t.rict, Rlld Ihe "hief of lhe police boa,,! were 10
"et "S dep'l1)' chiefs of lhe
q""rt,,1'll. Thil'l""n bll"",,"s weree,tabltshed w,lh.
ill lhe hClldqll"rt,,'S, Eighl w"re head...1 b)'
b"'''RII chiefs of lh" mel'"<lpoli'lln di,lr;ct under
the imll,t'<li"te direclion <If del>lU)' ...
Fi"e Wel'll headed 1,.\' L"....."" d,iefs of tlte metro-
l>olil"u 1",li"", boa,,! \lnd", lhe illllll",li"te
\'isiol\ of lh,' chief of Ih" l>olice h<,,, ..d. lI"tllIg 119
d"pmr chief of lhe lIir-der.""" h"atlqulIl1"""
(l::xhiLil A_i). It be "'\11,,1 IhIIl "II
cera i" til" "irddell>OC hesdll""rten; we,,, hold",,,
Fo.' J!""""" del"il. .. ."ihil,il '\-6.
,.. All "f the>;<: h",,,,,,,," U1',,'1 ill "ir_.... i,1
d,.f"11"". but tl'" Ih"l" " .."1 di "''ell " C,,,,",,,',,,,<1 Wt"'"
the p"li,,' L"r""" (Kci",,,.JlIl) ,,:ltich "''';I\I"ill''d
puhlic ""let" olllri"J;( ni,' ",id,,: lite f""
(SholM).lIn) whiclt Ii,, "",I
.l,,,.... ll'tl ""1,,,,1""'" li''lllil!'hli,,1!' ""d lit,
g"",,1 In",,"" (K"ihiltli) whi"h lIl"intninllll
rese"e ,<:(1",,,13 "I\d lIlobile ""iB t" meet emer
J!encies. The "",,rk of these hur""", ItIHI lhe "01-
1I11(""r IIlId"r lh"m ,(l'e discllss<:<1 ill
110,' pe"linent of this fie\d report..
.1. 10 cO(!I,Ji""le lI>e ai,....,lcfCIl,e oW',,'
liollx"j 0., III<:lrol'0lil/l1l dislricl "'1<1 11>0" of
J/<'lrol'0W"" r'OIi<'6 !JrH",I.--<I. The Milli,lry of
1,lome ,\ jf", ri!. wltich """S 1'-':!I"H1sible for drll wing
lip the 1",," of I ,luly 104:\, ,",d fnl' lite i$!;""nce
of h"si" poli"r dil"tli\'es 10 lhe mel",polil"n dis
trict lind Ihe ",ell'()!",liliIU p<>\i.." bonnl. c\eIlTI)'
''CCOi!niz"d the dUllgel'l' inh"n"t in I he ex'sl'.nce of
t\\"o ""I i,,,ly .-eP'1l1I1e l,,,,,',,rnn,er't orgnlls opel'lll'
illl! ill Ihe l;l\me distri..l. All elforl 11",,9 mild!.
tllel-ef.."". to d"fine the N'81)(!l1sibiliti"s of eneh i.
SlIeh II \\"".1" lIS 10 pre"ent dupli""1'"'' llHd co"RiII
of IImhol'it)', bill il was unsuet:essflll ill l\1"tlers
Di
01\ the prI'll!Ctlll'l\\ or l11unidl,.1 Illnl, but con'
....,l il""lf ",,,,poll,iI>16 {Only lO the nat.iot
lll
l ,.w-
er",,,elll, i. e., ll\e,,,bt-,.,. 01 Ihe cabinet. II, thlll'l!-
""". ,J",tIl""h',] "llli ,d'lllinl'tl ,'olllrul "WI' t1",tie
",h""et., "gel,.."" (ut;l!i"all." e....IIIl't1 h)' Ihe cil)'
whi ..h in "cluRi Rir't'\lid
0\,'("""" "IM,,.,,tio"''
b. \fll'r tilt. ...,..,rl/:""i .",i"" uf Tok)'" (I July
W4:l). th"..e ,,'erll eil!ht I'ri",,,r)' .." ...... 1111 itt II;"
l'olt".. IIl""'1. ,,,, foll,)ws:
(I) Th" ""'I1,t",'i"t "",1 tll""'llIl-
i"l! ).
Th" p"li"e h"I't''''' (,,,,,i,,,el\""'''' "I
or,lcl' ",,,ll'OmnH,ni""li,,"s).
(il) The ,,,te]\;/,"''''''' htl.",,,,,
Ot'l'Ik'\").
(4) The cr,,,,,,,,,1 "t!"i,." ("1'1""1'"
hell"ion "f el'imill"ls),
(i') 'I'll(' h,hor hilt,..""
1111"",
(6) The lin, Llll"e,," (li,"1" til!hlill")'
(j) The '1""';111 g,,,,,..1 (l"""",ue
w,,"k "!'.'l "Ih," """"'J!e""y "",igllm"nIS).
(8) lilt, !'to""",i" police hllrt',I\' (..".
r",..,,,,,,,,,,t "f I"II(i'''''''J! ,,,,,1 cII"tI'ol of Lh"'k

B, l1- of ", "mong (l)lhe
"ii,,' (Tokyo Shi). I:!) lhe l'....
(r"kyo.Fu), RlId II ..'
'"'' l"lice IJuoml h",l II<'<-"m,' ""
"01 Ih,,' ,," ;.IToI'1 "", """\!' h, ""i (," ",I roL
b, Oil 1.1,,1.' ,'U,' "",Ill",
l,rd''''lll ..,,1 w,';"" ...!. ..
""th01';I\' ,o",bi",,1 in I.-,,'ncl">\l "d",,,,,,,r,,,,ol\
...-er e"lil'.' "'N""I",lii"n ,li,trid
"[""k..-".T,,) whith "Oll,l\I11lt',l " 'W'" "nd ""ill''''
fo..'" of ""il in ')"1'11". ",,,,",,wh,,l
''''''1",,,,1,1,, to lhe lli"tl"itt or ('01<111\1>,,,. Thi_
new cighl prill'''')' b"rt""":
W.'lf,,'..... ed"c"tion. ,,,",,n..mi,;,;. e"m
",,,,,k:llio"". h",I>t,,, WI"C,' '''I'ply. And defcll""
I for dt'l"il" "xhibil .\-1).
I'. 11'e 1"", n""".<11"' ...."" (dt'f""", "r lwei-kyo-
kll) e_t"bli,h",1 for lh" 1""I"",.,;of
"ir_r.,id def,"",-' ,,,,,I of fi,, (I)
ph"",i"J! ""'t i"" (k ikakllk" ); p) h"illlin!,! Hl iIi-
7-"ti""","",li"n (kend,ikllbuISII riyo-kIIl: (:1) blli\d
i"j: ... ,...,i"" (4) b"ihlillg
demoliti"" """Ii"" (lnlemo"" ""bik,,); (Ii) 1"""
""""el t.,"tll"ti"" """tion Ijillin ""klli-b).
d. The "",'e" di.tritl 1"" ....1111.' "I"" pl"y",,1
lh"ir ill Rir def,'''St', "". for e'''''''I'I,'. ,I "dc1\!
",obiliM,ioll ill "1""Mli,,n b,,,,'''"' e,,,e'L"'''''.'
,,,,.]f,,,.., ill Ihe "elf",... 1.""",,". 1"",1
s"I'I,I." ill the loll''>'''''' "lIIcr.. tI"n"-
IM,rt",i"" ill Ilw ",,,,,,,,,,,i ..,,ti""$ b",'e"". emer-
;:enc." slIl'pl.'" i" Ihe ",,h' 1,11'''''". "",I "mer'
..-en,'," h",-1lOr l...,n,IIlIdion ill the h"rbor bll''''''''
i'. The new "d",ini,tl""lj"" of tl", ",,,Il'llI,,,lil""
di,nicl 42 "{'I'",.,,te 1.-""'l!""l'hictll
liS (I) the;;" (:?) tl ...
,Ii.lricls (-"",'h.;';,'''lh ","I W""l Tn,""); ""d (;l)
lhe f""r ;!'"<llll''! of Oshim", H,,-
el, ijo. ,,,,,I Og"sn "'",.,, ("01 co,'rl1!<! iII lit is "'1
10
,1) ,
E"rh "f t he.se ....,<>;:1'" phic"1sub:li"i"ion, t"nl" illed
" 1'''':11 or'g,",iz"ti"" which pel"
form"d i"'I,,"'I'"'' 1,-,,-,,1 "ir-r"id ddell'" fllnctiO"s
"lid "."s c1ose!.'- ,-el"I...1 10 lh" ,-olllnH-e, "ir-",i<l
d"f"n"" o",b'1OniZ:llions oil tlte local le.'e1.
hibil A-Ii),
3. n, m"lrop(){ilw, Iwlia boon/.--<I. The
H1el r"IJOI ii,,,, 1>01 ire hOl,rd ori!,!itWled in Ihe ",...:lie-
,,,1 "el'iod. h""i"g I>t'ell reorg,,"ized ill ito;; 1I10dern
f"nn ill 18B1. It ,,"as " light I)' .. secllri-
to tlw of
hmad p"wers II n<l rUI hless lechlli,!"es in the 1"11 in-
tenance of oNler. This ol'l!"nizatioll h"t! lle,'cr "t
all)' li",e l"k<!n from IIny ndminisll"lIlioll
6
'
i
, , ,
o
btud, R;ocialioll "",t lx",,,nw of lhp
of tlw 10101 N'<:"mlTlll1iQl\ r1T"'1 of "l Ihal
L",er it f"un<1lhR, Ill"'" ",\.
"I)('n,tiou ,....uhllll' oh,,,incd l>\I,,'I'ak
illj! do"'" tlw"" l>l()Ok ""-,-<",in,,,,,,,, inlO
hood elr(>l'l ,,"liS """Ie In
bt""k (d\(,kni) imo fed-
enll,...t btock ",,-'oli,,1 ion, (Rcl\/-'" Ch"hi l, lhi"
fori di,l not "'''''I with "'""-_,, in Tokn' ""d ,hr
r... .... tl'(] bJock "",."""'i"tioll WIlS "01 ofiici"ll., ,......-
"hhough " rl'''' orj!ani."tio,,; \\Ol'\'
III e""l<'nN.
Neighborhood Groups (Tonlri Gumi)
:? OrgU/' ......ti(ll\.-There were lll\.%;" llci>(hbor.
h"",1 j!1'Q"1''' in T"k.Yo. o"eh j!l...."l' l-ont"i"ing "p-
1""Oxi,,,ntely 10 Tho ",i,.,i'>I' "nd dmi,",
of the ueighborh.-.o..l/-.,....lIp we''l' li",iledw ",,,Iter:;
of Ii ,-illl!' '''ch rnt,ioni ")1. >:' ,-i"..",. ill"l
r:,xe:;. The.... \\"lL". how,wel. "" o'j...,,,,i',,lio,, .-nUNl
rhe neiJ!hbodlOOd g""llIp (l.>oIWg"lln)
"'hQSe "re" ",us rotermillous with th"l of its CQl"
'"t'SI",ndi,,/: /:",-,,,1' ""d "'hi,>h in.
cluded t""'e IIlelUlx>rs Ih"t We"" i"d"d....l ill Ihe
gl'''''p. but which w,,, a
-""p"ntte or;.."niMlion. Th" dUlie- of th" "eigh
borhood "ir-defen,;e gmul' of Ii", fi/:hl.
ing-. of light rolllml. di"""minntiQl' of
air.mid si".,u.b. g"idillj: 10
of household prepar;'tions and hou.eItQld "ir-l'lIiti
"'luil'",,,,,t. These '''''i""s ("',,"limlS wc,"(j [IC'"
formed bJ'lhe leade" of Ihi8 )1,"t>up who in a
",,,nller similar to 11",t "f ,he Ame"k'l,n airraid
"",,rdell; in lire fighting he dire<01ed the household-
er'S in the employment Qf their air-r"id l'rtlloctio"
equipmenl. Som" of these gnmps hlld
SUI'I'I"IIlent'''y "irdcfen;;e equil""ellt sueh lIS h""d
pUlllpS. shonls, fire be"teN. piek;;, b"t IIsual1.'" "II
this w"s found ill the indi"id",,1 house.
hold ""d Ihe g""'p mere.!." USll,u-ed its presenc"
lind dit'l'<:ted ;t8 opeml ions. I" Tokyo Ihe people'!!
llfT"irs of Ihe melmpolitlll' dblliel issued
" semimonthly infol1U"tioll bullelin which "'''S
diS!\Cmin"led to.ll",1 pl'Qmineml.'" disphtred in, th"
nei/!hborhood j!,"OuI>S. These b"He,ins sr""ed liS
the ehief '''''''IlS of i"funHl" ion "lid p,""pJl/!"nd" IQ
the people ,,,HI i"eJuded llllleh "il'-mit! defen!;o,
lllateriul.
3. Olfit:iaI8.-'l'here WC!"e iw<> distillct lende''S 1'.
be collsidere<l .. fil'St. the lender' of the lIeighlx>"hOQ(I
g"oul'; nnd second, Ihe leader of the
nir-defensc grolll). Thcy we,.\! both ell'Cled in the
12
"an'" ll,&1I11Pr. namely, by Ihp lamm.,. of tJw
ellch famil.1 "OIin, Mil 0111' unil. They both tIt!:
a Imll of I p-nr &ud n"ilhpT reeei"l'ed 1"'7,
d"ti!'" "f the le",let of Ihp n,ij{hborhood
were to "U['I'r\"i", t act i "iti@!!ofhillf[f'Ollp, to
pon ';1",h a.1i,i, i"" to hil[her .....I,l'lons .nd to
""min"le amonlt itll membel'll. HI' ha4::
"ne "I' tWO """,,,Iallt II'&d..no who wprtelected in tlul
SlI",e """met ""d wll<>SC dutil!ll wpre 10 ..ill hba
"nd to rrpl"e<' him in CIllOI' "f hill abeenee. 'l1.I
le"<IeT. of "ei!:hborhOlMI llir,dffpnMl pabp
"111....',,"",1 "II lIi rd.. '''''''*' fl.met ion. of the .tH. .nd
10"', ill ,Ia,.,;es l-onduclrd by tbe 10ll&1
"n,1 fi,,, (k..ibo<1&ll) and hy
Ill<' "'g"hr 1",I,ce '''ld deparlmenUl. He Illoo
,"('..,,,i,,,.d lile,"l"'" and a<!l1lilli.I .... lhe dirt.'C
lion fr"," the "ir-l!ef('n5e lelld\'r of tlte
"',;(l('i,,t i'm.
lliock Associ'lions (Chok.i)
I. The.... "we hlock ""...-.ei",ion,; in TQk.'"o.
1.:]> nnt;l tI,e yea,' [\):17. ,he block al,;;ociutiml w"e
n""" dub; th"l i" 10 '"'.'". l.e'-so"s h\"ill/!"
in ,)", "n. l'fluld jQill it 'Jl' nQl "5 lhey
t::"eh me",1.>IIU"ed""'I"il\ "1-
fot, whieh. ill lin'". 8('l"\"ire;;
wen' r,;rei'e,!. Fo" "xmnple. " niJ-!hl w"tehll'"ll
mighllx> hi'vt1 hy the "S8QCi",ioll. Upon Ihe oc-
('lIsi"" of Ihe inci<1 "t ill HI:l7. howl'Yer.
Ihe cily Qf Tokyo to amplify the ,yswlll
Qf block lIS$OCiation, and di"id",1 the cit,. CQIl\
into bloek "!!SOl'i"liQ" "",king n",,,,-
lx>'"hip in them oo,,,poloo".'" fOl' "II p"""''''9 li"i"I;
lh,",i". 11 I""de the lleighborlr<>o<1 1;'"(>1'1'
,'efinitely slllxmli""t" h> the block "SSQl'i."ioll.
wl",r.,,,s, Iheretofurc, ,t bud "llfl""'ell, fo,' the "'os!
pll,t, i"dependently of il.
(1. Lfilr/("r.-Th" ],'a<le" of the l>lock "36OCinlinll
Wile $Illeded 1,... " nmcti,,),: of llw of Ihe
"eighbol'hOl>l1 gro"ps illcluded in the block associ,,
lion's" rc". J I is I",,,,e w"s , hOll subllli " ..,I for t"(lln
lIIissionilll! 10 Ihe gO"C"nOl' of the Tokyo
I'x,lil"n Disl "iCl tln-ough lhe w"l'd oflit-e. His Icrm
W"S fQl' 2 .l"e",-,;; llild he I'l't"i"od no He h.d
eil1rel' olle Ql' tWO "AAi'lant. le,,<1,"'s whom he lip'
I",i,,!t'll hilllsclf fo" a le"1ll of I J'''''''. hi",
we'1I eight. "llflr" Iill!! SI'<,t ions. the le,,,le,'S "f which
he als" Th,>;,t,
(I) Tt.e yNlNII! '1I1d Inulgrl
duties of this Sl'CliOJl
of koop;ng the ,...corde"f lhe aSSOCi.,
tiQn, "(!Ceil'ing llnd l""nsmilting orders [rOlP
bipIr edleloMto .....
budpt, OOIItroUillA' the neeipt.nd dpIIldI.
tun of _Ynd alteDdillA' to mi..." .......
mIItteh whieh did DOt fall dil"Pl"ll,. under &111
of the oIhprlll'fen l!t'<'tillJlll.
(:I) T'" t>f'",,,,,,,ir uri"", fuU.
""fh.. ).-Th" ""I.. dUly of tI,i. ......
tlIliollio,ll:.
(:1) 1"Iu !I""'" .,rti"" (.,;'''''''''",b.. )._
'Il,i" !<l'I1i"" ..... eo''''''n 1with th.. blodi: ....
",,,,ialio,,. In_''' lII"ml l.>et"....11 U, And 311
of al!<'. lonk...1 after their m....I. and
l,h.,,i ...1c'o",lili"", alltl dit1>etl'd Ih..i. -.:Ii"i.
Ii,. ill mall""" nf
The ,,,,,me,,'. ",cl"", (f1l';;mb,,}.-l'hi,
1"', io" Wn" cit" with nlllltel'< or h""",,hold
",,,,il '" i"" ,,"d wilh .. If" i,'S in ",,"enl1.
(;0) ko!dirr'. a..i"m,' .eeli",. (flU/,ji
Ihe of lh\' Chinu ;ocidem
"",I I"le,. thc pri,.,,,,., of tltis "''''1ion 1"11."
Ihe k"illin:: of "",,U u,ticle,; of dOlhin).: for
""ltl ie''S 1 rI,e (1"O"t. .\ I I "fo! of t
Gl'e"l\'" E"q .\,i" \\"ur. how('el'. this >'Ii.,,,
,,1,0 ...1 it""lf in IOQki,,1cf "fh'r the wei_
f,,, .. Qf the ("",i Ii<"l of ""ldie",. Itl """ , h"l 1heJ
W"rt' "m ill w,mt.
(Il) Sin';"!! ali!>"
seclion e"eoilTl'ge-o(' I"".os WI',"\! thell
0" .., to Ihe \ "X"t im' ;,ocl iOll or Ihc wa,xl
"IIiC('.
.....ot ....
udtbe __ .......,.
b.1th1 with .hiII&J ...
6-. 'I'hiII.-tioll...-. or _
I.rp hand pIUDpo whidl ..... the )mIpeItJ
of bIoek """';lItion _00 WffllllalNllG...
f1.1Il<I'1I1 And ,.plac,> .imi)a, ....aipu.at be.
IOlljtillJ I" 11M> ....4th...rhood air-dPft1lle
,,""'pa.
;;. PO'flJ'tlr 11M> ti..... of in\"t'llligl_
Ii"". infu.ma"l8 dpclare,] Ihat aU
t'ontrol O"er th_ ""'e",l OOQ'lIl"nal grouP'! had
bee" ,li ......h... 1. It '... felt, howe""r.t!<uth" in.
di,id".. 1.Inl""ese hu"""holder wouldlx> unaMe to
""r... i," Wille fonu of w"""uni!J organi.
'<Illioll. pl'Qlmbl)" Ihe ""ighborhood group. In Ihe
ellrly I'"rt. of S'''''eml>l'r J'IIblicnien waS re_
'''med on the BemilllomhlJ neighborhood group in.
fonnotion bulleti". whieh woold"",,1ll 10 indicale
the eOlltinUntio" of lhe groups.
Il. Com""""'.-l1'e e.tabli"blllem of neighbor_
hood "ir.tlde""" ::rtl1'/lS ill T<>kyo. ,lisli"cl in func_
liml a"d lendershil' from ,he ""l,,,>lar
h""d "n,,,p. e,,,phasi>:oo the hi:d' importa"oe
pllll'C<.l "ir'raid l'rotPCtion. -0, intern>-
,:rUI ions pro"ed thnt Ihe dernSialing "ffect. (If
"ral ion .... id. o,er....heln>e\1 the... grouIH "'h'eb
were "'luipped a"d train",ltQ act lIS n? .lLlil-
boll\" in th.. preh''',nan- handling of L"Olaled
Although Ib,,' conA.fo!l'll,ion;;
we.... t.e,ond tl,e C&l"al.>ililie;; of lheir per_
"'-'Ill,el "'l,;il"''''llI. tllfly f"neliQl>ed el!iciemlJ
ill lighler raids.
"
l'
"
EYeD tboIIab pt"_
.hIe IlN"t'ice. it huldkapped .., tile .........
eha. of p-...1. Cirililn p!Inait. .........
th"tuU,I(h .00 o:onabInt Iniailll[ in ideDtilINdoIa 01
pl "" II)' li-"tllld ..,..nd and in judpne:nt of II.
Inl' , i""....uch I>< _"'to .ho alliined ......
of prt>Iici"",,)' .....I't' .I,,.yo mlbject 10 (lI]l
for ",ilit.!") ...rnc>! or importanl .. fUlIe.
",,,.Ihal ...... >(1". the key u1..........ti"" Jl<"""
we... m,,,,nw ol crs c_ I,n. 'If
I,elo\\'). Ci"ili"" ..." I"'i,1 for .l"tual
Ii".... Oll durl' .tlhe tile "f .bo"l ;\.1 )'CII p..r O'o"lh,
Ihe Io",ul "f lh. I""'t ........i,oo .hoot II)l) J"o I"'r
"'''til h. I" ..-JIIIC ptod""t""", II""" ,.n-e"eN "'ore
lIoli"",,1 ,,,,if,,nll W.o p""'".il....d.
f. .IJ:lif"'y ab...,..,...,."._The air bal.
t.lio". rd""rt'(1 I<J ill Illl.,.!!ral,Jr 'bJ "h"re. i".
"h"I",1, ill .,Idili"" 10 Ihc 9 nular oo"'l"'ni..". 2
,,1'''''',,li(011 ...."'I",i"" (eodl of 10 00.
....rnl;on I",;.t' with from; to 12 m..n 10" 1""'1),
I ,tJl1"",,,,i..ali(>t1li COInl",ny.nd I bnJlld"",ti0l!'
c"''''I'''''.I. ('(1"il'l",,1 wilh
..-,.,.. D"tnil, fro'" Ihi. I""l ""it "'el>! OInl;on..!
III ditr"..."t ni'1JooM".
AirRaid Sigools
3..lulharil!/ fa a'",OWl(>'
I" ditt'l1 Ih" annOllnrem..1Il of "ir-raid in
ko a"d Ihe surro",,<Jil1g a..... aU Ihot
lying between th...I>!a or Ille &.
(T"k.iglln) "",I the Sonh....5t.. m (Toh.,ku.
!!lIn). ex.....!" the )liuMi I'eninsula "'hich "'";; uuder
Ih.. j"risdicrio" of rhe Yok05uka Sa.-.I
wilh Ihe h....d,I""n..,... of Ihe EaOl.. rn Army In
Toklo. '11,..,... i;; ..d .-ilh Ih" "'IJooM I.l!
...n..... il"m Xo. 4. 0 "'.1' oU ...hi..h i. depicted
th" .re,,' IInd.. r jurisdiction of each anny.
Eneh arm,' h"ad'I".nN'S ",.iot.i"..d. OS Ihe core
of il" control ';'>le",. an .iro(}l'..raliollS roomS into
which ,,11 of "n"",., .ire.... f, wu
f",u,..d. Fro'" Ihis ..r;;. Ihe "cti,e. a5
w.. Il,,!! th"I'a;",;'". <Jefe'l>C> ,,'el>! .... n'ed: in oth".
wo"I,;. Ihe ami-ai,,,,dl art ill",:,' .l1d fighter ,"1I1S
of ",.m, ,,'el>! nolifiedoflh.. "I'p......h of ..
"ire".fl. ;lld airraid wan'ing .ill""!' "......,,-
to alen th.. I)"bli... The decisio" lll' to
whnl ,il-'n.l;; .... ttl be aUlhoriU'd. ,,hen.
""'t",1 wilh tlw the IlpCnl,o". room
who """0""",,,1 hi. d"",ioinn 0""" 0 l(Il)d,sl'e..k...
"',h''''. Th.. 1I.,....li," a""''U1Int follo... i"g. ;ndi
";'1('S Ihe whi..h h.d I.ken pia... '" Ihe
bl"tol'S to be consi,le.....! b.o Ihe of
thin a,...nd. in Ihe 1lI111llller (1"',Illllhiltfl: of
April until the "lid of S"vt'lllllf'r). I I{llhQI
111c! .1>!Itl'J;illl.lel.,,:tI1 ,.!.-n-,,1100 bo.ln we....
u"",1. 111..... "'rafl "1"'rat...1 in Ii .hiflll "n a
">tllinl!' 1,1." "hid, I'",,itll'<.l f"r 1:1 dIoy. "f
'd....n.li"". 11 ""iii"" I" and '"oh' the
bA>;r. "",I If ill I",n (Y"k"b.lIlaj.
(:l) A,.,." .'VI). ".-Thi .... ,..... 1(0 ""ulh,,/'04
"f a..... S", I. ,.11....1llw ,.",,, I"'M, jrlla... 1u .....
".". 1'''' i"l" "p"rati"" in ..',.I 11IH. Onc
lfullla",1 "",I al'I'nlxi"'.IPI., It,
la..l ... II .....' ,,_II,,,,\, ,h,,';"" "'i""'r, an,l,
ill 11", """","r. I Ifu"lx'at "ml KPI,roxilll.lel)
"I .... ""ti",, IK'"I,. ... e"'pl".,.... 1. Bo.. r.,-
in Ihi ",... ,,"el'l' h"""d in oko"",,,.
(:q .lr<'" N" . . .. hi",,, "",a,,1 .....
"'" ill "I"""ti",, dt"r Fcb"".r.o IU4:'. Fo"r
1,""1" WO'I"<) "",...1"" " which ..
pl""...l 7 p",,,,m"g, dn>" en .....ut, to
."d f,,,,,, II,,, glln,,1 .''''''. 8"d !Od".,, ill porI.
(4) ,I,.,." .1'0. 1.-S"n),,,1'11 Chi,hi",,, (K".
"ilc) !!"""I f,v"" )I"y I" Xo-
'"I"be.I I!JH. Olle Ifllt,bo"" alltl :!U ,,1._r'8_
tion b""", ill "hifts"f G'nch.op.. ,.", .... 1in Ihill
",'C" (O"t of 6hi"""h".
d ..1/l/i"/a"'! rodar e,,"lern
"rll'y,""<)" "'.5 en.. ircled a ""rie,. "r rad",. .1".
Ii",,, n'l<l r"d"r be"",,. which ..l,\' elldosed
lhe within" I',"t(><.:ti'" rnd"r co'""'gc.
I(,f""lle.., it"", No.2;." "'ap "" ",hieh "re plotled
r"dn. i";;lnll"lion",,f th.. "rmy. I"fo.m,,-
tion ("Iln, ''''0',,1 ",dn,' i"'>!IlIl"li"l\s "'". l'l'l"yNI to
the ...."'y ... ,,"om the """,,1 h..,,,\>t,,.....
h'I'llI" which i"iti,,1 reporl" I",d bee" ",,,.I... 'rhe
"1'''',' r",h'r i".,,,Il"I;on., we'"<) "1'"r"l"d 1".0'1111 ,,;r
inl"ilig""..'C l"'II"lio" (kok" johol";). e'O"'t'(-.:1
of U ".d",. ..omp"ni"neh ront,,;ni,,!! "p['I'OX;
",,,t .. I, 3,,0 Con,lal rndnr ,..'1. cOlll<ll'ick "p
a. in" "8 1,,5 ",il..s (ro", the .h,,". ahholll1h
10wf1yin!! wo"ld "ft.. n ,,0"''' i" without be
in;: The di"Jlo"ition ""d "'I"ip",.."t of
Ih....., ,"'mp""i..s ,,,"<) d"!<'"il",,1 ill refe..."""
)\""0. :\.
c..lir DC!C"kC ("r". (/101'/1 Am'
./,il/li).-Th" OI"'I'M;"" of olose,.."ti(",
b'I",1 b,' tI,, ,,,ilit,,,,,, ",,,I mn""P([ b,' ti"iliall ob-
nt i" Ib..,
(j'"kn ''''1'''''[, II is t" I.,. ,,0\('(1 II"" Ih.. "ird,
,>I>,.,.uti"" ""l"IlS "'tlS ""'I"bli>h.. ""d 01"
"I'uted ""d.. r lI,e@!",,,o;o,,,hip of )li"isIQ' "r
11"",e and wn' nOI " ",ilil,r." "I
tho"Sh s",,,e trni"i"!! "''', ""I"""'i""d hy lI,e am,)'.
AND OPERATiON OF JAPANESE CIVILIAN DEFENSE
'" th.. I'Opolil al.1 poli..e bo.l'll and 10 j,."fectural
l!,weml"OIlI< wltl"n Ih.. Army ....
b. .Idl,,/l..td ruol/lf' ,lal;,,"
x
.-llIIdll' ill8lall
dOIl,I,,,-.,,t,,,1 0" tl'" oUllying \Joo><t,t IIf
Jim" "nd H,(hnJi",. fumi..l",d ..arl., illf(Ormalion
of ..]ilc"",i"". of lIighl "",I "hil"d" "f enemy
I'lnnl"'.
r. I'i..krl boa/.<.-For tl'" 1'"1'1)l)Se of mtlor lnd
"i,,,,,1 detctl;on of .\,I1.,i..nll ..r"rt. In
bout> ",.'I'll i" 1 iml'0rl:tIIt ,,"""S olf th.
""''''l'Il .."tI",1 Ihe """""8,,d uf the "I'w""ly.
".....-,nd U"tll .. Rrq""d,oll. Th" bonts ,,:>cd ill th......
",'C.S ''''I>l'l'$(>llted 1'I"tJbabl.,lo'il'l than huH Ihe total
."""ber of bonIS i" ,,"eh ""n;ec. The {leet co,,
,i,ted of (; I!unbo"t,. 160 ob;;e,,"lion 1.>o1l\>'. "nd 5
b""t .... Th"se"I'"fl "lI1"i,'d;n ..i,.o f,.out ,to 10
:!:,t) 1""'.'1"'1 "''''''. ",lI\e...1with nUI''''llIl;C "'''''I'0''s.
the 1"""",',1 "f \\"hwh wer" of nl'llt"Oxi",,,,,,h I .\Iwh
(2:, talil",,'. S"nrl., "ll of th...:.e bollt5
h:,t! l><>,," "'o(lui,il;""ed f,,,,,, IH";,."te o"'"...i;;--tJ,'h
tl",_", we,>} ""'T ","ft. bnilL "'l'ecinll)" f(ll' s\lei,
d"I,\'. Abo"t ::loof tl,e l"rg";;1 ",ith
,"d",". th" "I""'nti,," "f ",hit'h "'''' nol l",rr""'e<1
t"" ;;"I",f",tol.I ""IiI I'"'''' t)w c"d of
"'''''. Th,' I"'als "lwl",,,1 on a .ingle ,'Ilt"'O<'. ,>t. I"'"
Jll t,,""at i,,)!" I.i n'''' "f 1'"11,,l,g"'le'"lly I'" "n11,,1 10 t
e'O".'1 nt" d"t"",'C f ....'" 81llo I,()O(' ",;1"". The,'
'''.,,"IUlted d""i"l! Ih" .I"... "",I "1
nIght, 111.,,1 ..o(l"il'l'...;I wilh ....di(O "l'p:".,Iu;
h"ek t" ''''''.,I",,,d'I'''''
ler-,; f,,,,,, ",1"..1t 'I wn" "I,, .....d te> ",."". he"d<"
, )' r .. . I
... ",. :,;". I th.... f"",' "I"''''
II". l"I'Is:l,eli"n "f lite "]'w""I"-"..""ond II I
Stl"ndron. A "1",,'1 ,.,;"",,,, of 'OI""'"liol1s "i"
"""h (,,110"'$:
(I) .II"N' N". 1.-TI.ig "ro'" l"cnl ....ll.
o( Jut''''' 1"'''1'''(' "",I "''', loot I'ntt'oHl'd
", full ;;tt",,,;:th O,t"I ...,. ](1.11,
I"r)!... ..I "1I',.i""" f,,"'<'o;; we"'.<il!bll'll
ns ""'''y of tI,l 1"",1" Itnd LM"'"
sill fled to ",,,,, ;\ll.:! I" "'et'l lI-:!ll "llock'.
I" wiHt"rl... ,.i"d (11e)!;n"in;: "f nl""-I,,btr
11,,"1 "IIt! "f .\lalx:lt) 1 1("11"I.>o"t ,,,ltl fll'PI'tlll
10,,1 c1,1" Ie "h"'ITa! i"" 1>,,"!.. "'-"rl' "llel'lltM il
IV. ORGANIZATION
AIR.RAID WARNING
L Ill/roUu<,ti"".-T.lk,o a""thN' op-
for Ih;, ill,",,,,ij.!n'ion vf
room o( nil n"''''" h"a,l'lun11""'" e-<,,,I\'I' Ivr
..,,,,bling of "1'1"'OlWhillf( "i,'-
e.... fl 11",1 for "i,.-,.a;d ,,","'11;111-".
Th" ph.,.i",,1 ...Hlp of hend
ill Tokyo. nmhod ,'f "nd
plou i"g infO"II,,11 ion. und Ih" p"....'dlll"<) for
St'nding "ir ... ;,l ,lid ""t ,Iitlel' J,!''''''lly
f.....'" Ihm "f Ih" C"'llml .\nnr he",I'I",,"I""", d,,-
scriloetl illlh" ();;aka ....IIQ'1. Al Ih.. E".I"rn .\1'''')"
head'l"Il!'I""', howe"",',"" Illm"",.emenl w". f<llmd
for Ih.. li,.;;1 lim". wlwreb\' Ih.. "rlll\" llt'1"nlh' ..OIl
lrolled Ihe ..",,,,ling of dll'o;,gh""1 ,; 1",'J,'il
"'''' .....poliwn .''''''. Thi;; policy " ,1"pnl'II"'"
f.....'" Ih" principl" Ih,,1 Ih" ",.my WIIS c1""J.!,d
witb t h.. t'e>l'on.;bil it y (Of ..o"",,!i,h,1 illg n"d el'"Ill'
nling ;"forn"'lio" of """"'y r"id",." ,,,,d d dire<:l-
ing cil'i!i"" n",I",rili"" W ""lind tI'l) but
Ihat cirilian nuthOl'ilies W""e I,,,*o,,,ibl,, for
nl"twd wnrni,,;!: of the ..hilillll pop"I"",.
ne"'C'lion
2. I",""ti".",ioll (Of lhe ,..,U"'-""; (Of del""tio" of
"1'I'r.....ching enemy flights a lIew "gclI")".
Th.t fact. log"lhe," wilh ,,,ldirio.. ,,1 i"f,u'mnl;oll
Oil lhe o"..mllon of """em! of the ...lIt'C"" hcl"I'"
(Ol"e deso;;rihc...1. "......""""itllle;; a fU"lh,'," di,.... ".i"" of
rhis phase of th.. studJ.
o. [((Hlil) ;Mertel"il)".-A, AIII"I'ic,," plane.
were I""p",.i"l!" at thei,. b,,;;t'!; fo>' an "It"ck Oil lilt'
.Jnpllnese hv",,,I"nd. Iheir {' ... ",,,,Ie,, d.e<;k of
"ir'grollnd rndio comm"nicati"n ''''I"ip"".",.
Jllpunese 11"lio ime"'''l'lio'' wnc "ble to
liSle" in 0" lh<:>oe n"d ..o"ld nOli",,,,, lhc nco
li,il.' fo Ihe lh"t it II'", I" I'",dici
Ihe probnble dny of auack nnd ""c,, lire Ii,,1\' of
Iltta..k wit hi" a "'''''gi" ,,( "I"I"'Jr not gn,,,, ..r rb"n
4 10" ho"",. Sud, i"f...,.,,,,,,io,, "f an i"'I''''lldi''J!
"!la"k was nOl ;:i"cll r" lbe publi .. hUl w"" u.('(1
chiefly \\'!r,,"l!'e
(ol'C"'orniu/o: indic"ted l""'.llr"ble uu"ck IJI" "Il Ill)
115Uall)' large flight. lelcphone wurni"gs
,
alatt .........
a1riIch. .. ilia CII
arDI1 awittfl., ...u to ..
Park <1lIUraJ Uld to tba 1Iltlib'GpoIi poIia
........... In tIl.."l'nt of taethanieal d:iScuJtiea witI:l
lhe IIrmy ...ilrb. tho! Shit. Puk I'I'IItnl"UDoli.
&<1 and rJl'f'D......., .."'ttdO'.-l from thaI "lIie". n..
T,ok," pIa". h"",,,,,,,I. fOl further <'01\.
li"lI"..ri ill llo. "1...... li,",. TI,....... in
.. I,ith ll we", 1'.0(">11.<1 "..... dil"i'lpd inl,i"
(.,rijti'''.ll}' ,....en) .. ""'''"''- TI". ,i",,1'1 10.
ralO'([ in """h ZM'e ".rv '''''''ltI'tl!<l II)" ZOtlp h...d.
'l"arWt"{ ,,hid, ,"(",Id "O'md .n d,.. ,ire,,,, ,.... Rt.
Is("h",[. ltef,.rv".... "em Xl>, j I,,, d'lIrt ,,( ,he
T"k.," ,i",,, ,}',Ir", <J'o"-;nl!" th" _i",,, ,...n"...-liOl'i
"'ill, lh!! ShiL" l',.,.k .""IMil all,1 Ihe <>f
"n'a illlr, won,i,,/! toI,,,,,- Tl, i., 1,Iall 01.,,-, i",li.
[."" .... or I'rol"_1 _iren. "hid. .'" ...lret,..J
I......"..., of <'<unpIRint,; fn"" ....n"i" .rco, lhnt Ih.
If"'..... 1I",I"r ll"ra""l'lIble """di,i""", """hi
110( 1... I,e"rd. Lilt Il,,.....,Idi"',"ol si ....'l;; Wl""" neWr
(.b. m"Uer l>r lfoehn;",,1 ill1l"re"t Ihel\!
is ab,,' slIbmil'ed"-, rvf.....,""" ilem So. .. a 1'1"" of
t Ite wirillV of lite T""."1) "j"'''s.) I" lhl! e'elll ,LI!
.... I''''''trol 01 :'hiha .1,., foilP<! w
f,u""i"n, an ill",....li"t. a',"" mild. to Ihe
lIirdefen.ie ""'lion (0( ,he tne(ropt>lillln poli....
bOllrd. from ,,hid, direcl ,eleph<H'" II""" ... " I"
'he h""Jq"'trte'" of "arh wo",in;:" ZOlle for
I'lIr["MN' o( di re<:t ing Ih.. """"di"f.' of ,i ....." siw,all,.
As a f"rther fet!uard. in Ih"e,..'" tI'e ZOI",hd.
't""rlers oo",rol ,wil"rn". heca,,... iuoperu'"e.
nrnte 1<'lI!I'hotl(' Ii"", nm f",n, ,I", lIIetropoluan
polk... Vonnll" ""ch i"di,id"al siren ."
"'/.1'"..d 01"'''''1.<,r fR ""'mher of lite """Ih.r) 1''111""
,,"<l fi ""it) ol"ay. on This opernlOl
al,., n ind hi, cU.. ".dio. I" thoo of lh..
tOlal di,nzplio" of ,he telephone ''''twork ""d
radio bro,,,lca.li,,J': lite rollill bo\
sounded b" reII\', i ..... I'OlIIlllrd "" Ih..}' picked "I'
Ihe sil,,'l'.," frotH' othoor 5;r\!1\S. n"j!Ulllr "'ornl.ll}'
;,iren we", dis;omi"uPd afll!r ,h.. l'I,ds
ill )I"....h of
h. IlQtlio.-ln So.ember 19-H", Ihtl beginning
of lite Boo;!!} raid. "" J"pan.lhe J.llane>e.dop,o:d
'h,' """of ... dio broadcaslitlgdurillg l"'ritKh of
,..id. lJrim"ril . for th.....pid di_minuion of "'r
,.,.id _,g".Is. It is I" be l>Oled thlt th.. Japanese
" .... of ,,,dio durin!;' lIir ... ,ds r"llol1'f'd " ?"''''''
"00111 ,,,i,I\\"., belw....n th.. Genn.1l I'ract'ce of
Ii.e l'"blie ...ilh .11 ",.II.hl.. inform.
tion {If air .",i"ne;;. ....S"rdl"', l>f Ih.. poe-
17
,,," ,,_.-
(A2"i::'::.J,m; (I'. ,An ,_;, ::.:;"''::.:
"....,...... ,........ " ..... Mb"._.
HI"'" "'t. .-Il...,.....
,--
,I -
""""''''''JIl' " ..".. t>.....,d.,......"u....
,.'''',,"U'''''.) ""''''(0''''')1'''''''''_'''
Anny ......... IBllde by Itw oommande.. of tba op.
erati""" room and announctd by him OY..r the loud.
apeaIuor. a olafi' 011"",.....tioned in lite room. op-
eralft! a multi!,leronlrol I*n,,1 l_rd ,'Ontainin..
an alll"'lIl1li" swilch whi<-h an i"alt'd the 71 mllni"'.
'11I1 of Tokyo, and Ih..... in Y"kohama and
Kawa..,ki. AI lhe """le lime. Ihis hond fIaooh..ol
a u, a ldat*lslIrfat\!<1 chart in an adjoin;lIg
rumn,o" which "'erv i"di ...I",1 lhe natnCoj of all
Ih" 1' ..... (....1"'"'-... w;th;" lI,p area of lbe Io:"'I"n,
.\rm,'. As hh.. ligl'l o IJI!1'ind Ih" "alIlt:
l>f a Imrti"lll .... I'r,,('...1',,'I'.
.....1,,,1 "lJo"t Ihe 1'("''', 1"1"1.1Ion,,,llhe al..rt .il-.".I
to tI." I'refcclllre "', ;",[i'I(II'<I. """'I! pro.
,".1",... WIIS for lit" .Iarm ,,!Jell the red
lij:"bl w., n'e ""(0"'.';" .irell ,wild, re.
f, ....ed I" "I""'e aeli'"ICd jI ,i,'e", in the heart of
T"k\'o-ll"'I.I",r' which fon"l!rl., old eily.
of ,lor", ,i"mJ "Pre of Ih, hmili.r
""d "ere or ;1 hOl'Sl!power.
("I,,, ...ns in T()kyo. "(>1 ""''''''''I''d tl> this ren.
It,d ''''''''O!. w,,... "."""Ied by lIle"n.. "f !t.leph"nc
{li,.....lions ",.", f'1>m ,I", "',,' '''I",lil'''' police ooard
10 poli," ,t"ti"".< ,'0"",.,111"1: thelll. Bele.... n""
Iteu, Xo. is II llll'il of 110,,1 p"n of Tok)"o in which
,I", "i,"". w"," o.""t.."II,,,1 b'<1.he (;(>!ltrnl swilch RI
E",ter" .\,.,".'" hcadqua't",.". a",1 whid, ind'.
ell,e, th.. 10<"1;0" "",I r""g" of eO'et'lIl,.'e of e",,1t
oi,...n. Ref"..... "ee il"'" Xo. (; ;8 II l>f the
Ihl,ki )Ill""fa"t"rinl.' Co. of O""ka. which ",,,nu-
all tile ,,\u";cip,,1 8i",1.\'; eXllmi"ed ,n Ihe
IIIrgN cilles. On ii "f ,h"t e8t"I"" is
ohowi"ll" ""Iii (in kil"",,'te.rs) of .,\!a, of ""d,.
1t;lily of dilfe''''''' "f ,iretl,;. :';"'ns of tlte
.iz,' ;,,,,,01 in Tokyo lIre li,!!,1 85 f"llows:
)1""." ahe,.nn'. ""'nils "r W"lrolling ,he
sir"". were ill>til cO"'IJeIl.mc for di,r"I'I;O""
ill Ihe '1''''l"al cl>"I,."I.<,.,e"'. .\8 i,,<lil'llled HOO'....
the I"'imn"y method of l!Oumlillg Ih.. ,i""1:! was
il,!! 8w;tch in'tftlled ill the 1'''''1""" .\r"" heftd.
'I",,,'e,.,.. .... ilch w"s llUWllllllic ill 01....'"1;0"
"tid sollrl(l,,,1 eiil'er lite nlllrt {IT ,I.r", a_
Th",,, was likewi""" municip"lwarlling ce,,1 ral '"
Sltib" l'lIrk in TokJ" (refCrellt'f' ilelll XII.'') wltirh
wilhi" ,I", Army art'a. SCI publil'
<If ,'I("h i"f<lrtllali.." fur.t
lite li"'<1 <If II,.. earl.' warllinlll1t.. I'mbable tlll'Jtlt
of Ih,' nollM' "",..1111111('(1 "'itb II\If.
tki,."III"."ru"y ,., W"1"1"""t al.. rti"illh(' chn popa,
\"Ii"".
I, ..IINt.-Tlll' al,.,1. l,ublie aig.
ual. wns ill Ihe war"i,,1o! .",,,.,. "l!arM the
npP'"t"'ehi,,V pIa"," a" ""Hm a" W<'rt' detected
h)' ,h,,,,.. IIl'''''oI n"lar lu Ihe "\'6lIt
tho, pI"",., "pl' ...... (ltl' a...." "f Ih" ('&.....nl IIMIlI
0' ,'r I"", I. ,hi, .<iV"aI w"" a"lh"ri>W<1 a'; """n IIlI tllW
",id,...,. '-I11<''''d II", H'"'' "f II", a,lja,..."t .rmy.
1',1>," ,he """,11,,';"1 "r I;nw W"rllinll. il "'M
lu "",ltoriz,- tit.. alel1 :\41 mill"l.... I" all
b",,,. 1',,,,,.'0 the "r";,,,1 "f Ih, e'wm):,.lh"hl. A" II
,.,,1,. ,,[ 1I,,,,,,b. 11 W"< 11,..."""..1 Ihal ",illllll':l
,,,,,,Id b,' '1:'<I',i",d [n' tit, .... ill,-,." 10 lI.v f,.,,,, lit..
,.i,.inil\. of lI"d,ij,,,lilll" t" 11ll" 1',11 1'...
,,'h,'''' ; he "<""ll,' f,,,.metl.
r.. II",",.-.\s """n ;,,, ene",.'" l'bllm,; W,,"'l ..h
"'..... ed "If 1'.11 ",. CIt;b" lM"in",I,,<. ,," we ... ob
",.,,,.d ne"ri"g Ih" E",lem .\1'I11." ",."" f,",,, ,,".'"
'>l),e'II<,i",. Ihe "I",,,, w"s",,,,.,,,,,,,,d i" th" ,-011";'
",-,,",&, Ihe "ppr"",hiug I'h"... II II'"'' """,,'11I.
l'h'le<l Ih"t II,, ,,1"'11I """,,hI 1Jo.. g;""" "1"",, I;,
m;n"t,"" pri,,'I., II\<' ,,,t'i,,,1 "f lite .... id..,.,;.
d. ("'I"'r";o,, 10 II/"r! .111
""'-'" the e,,,,,,.'" f1ighl. hod I"ft 'he
,,,,,inl,,ml 01" 1",01 1''',,,,,"',1 o"t "f 'he E",t"I"" .\r,,,y
"''I'" lite ,"l""..,.,-fro",-"I",.,,,' "",It",.i,ed.
sig,,"1 "01 It;n'" if "".'" h"mbet" ...,,",i"ed
in lite ,,,.,,,. Iml,;f ",,1.\ "lie 0' I"''' "lli.e..."li""
e,"f, ",Iight..,,, in Ihe ,,1'1'''. il w,," gi'etl,
f(,, e,r," elfo"1 "",,s ",,,de to I"el,-".<;e 11,,- "re" fn""
tlte "h";,, st,,' "s "S ""JO" "s possible.
f./?"I..<JM.;rO/JI . II"rl (jll-e!""r).-,\;s i,,,li""I,,,1
"bo,... no "Itd,"t oi!,!",,1 w,,< I"..."",il><([
A,",.,' f", ils ,,,,,.,,. When it """S ..,.i,le),1
Ih"t Ihe !l'g1l1 bd I"fl II,, """"I",,,\ LI"d
"""S '""I",rl",l lIS ....t1",,illl! I" il,; h"se. telepl,o""
""Its "",] ,"dio a"n""nee",e,,'S 10 th"t elft"'l ","r!!
,,,,,d,, ""d "o,t,," I ,"dio b"o"([",,,li,,!!: 1"!'S1It"",I.
5. .Ifel A(>(/8 01 <J" IloU/wi "9 !,,,bli.. 1I;,,,'aidu:-or.
;"g 8i!!'i<Jl".--<1. Sire'lif.-A>! indi","t'il in Ihe ill
Iroducliot\ I" thi, sedio". e""min"(i",, "f the
Ea"ter" At,,,." h"ndq",,,le,"S ""d i"tnr"It"li"" 01
Ihe "fH<;;als ch"rj!pd wilh di,;.,-emim'lion Of "i,r"i,1
W"."in6'" ,.""e"l ..d f", the first li",e ill liehl,1 "di,'"
,," whcl'eb" Ihe mililn,'y "ct,",II.'" >tt
oir Ihe sireus ill tI I"'l!e "r"". A, Ihe ,I,,,;
sion (0 sou"d "i,.,."id w"m;"gs wi,],i"
16
rom" hefo'''' ",,'horill"llllU' j!:i\'illj!:
of Ihl! n"r'''/:: ,II,' ,'nrl., p"'l "I ,hI!
nir.r"id we,... gi""1\ ,hronghQU' 11 ... "nl""
En"rr" .\"",. ",.... wI,,'" one 0" mu'"'' "lam'" we...)
detec,,,d n, <l1't HHI ". \\'"k,' 1,\,,,,,1. .\" """llly
forres hH"'" rlo."'r 1(> J"I"''' "",I \h, f"--
quelley ()r r"i<l, i"er""",,,l. Ihe Qf ,i!!n"I, 0"
s"ch 1''''''''''''' hnd II", ,...u"lry '" """tt'. ,,[
.11"(><,, 1",,,,,u"'''"1 ,,1"'1. "",II',.",I"e,i"" w",I"""l!
sedo",I)' "Ir...".. !. M,.",,,,,,,, wr,... ,h.,,, dc,i,...<1 w
1II'"i",i,.., (I) ,lor n!'l'" '" I. "1"1"1I""1. and
,i",,' wi' hi" whieh i, "",,,d,ll ... "1"",,,,,,1. "",I" ,I,
ci,ion ",.,1,. (:1)10 !!;'e 'i!!""I, 0,,1., "1''''' ,1,-
"'Clio" ()f" ".,,,,ple\( f"rm",i"n "f 1.,,,,1....,,,. Wilh
''''''I'''''' 10 (I) l,r",:... li,,!! ,'xhil", B-1." d''''l _ho"
ins Ihe <li,i,iun oj{ ,h" E",t,," A,",.'" inl" ,.."",i"l!
wnt'S. i. indudrd. (O,",",H.,'. ,;g,,,,I, "e... "u
Ihor,.t"d art.'<)nl'nl! 10 ,,,,,h WIle-'. "It h(",;:"h. lIS '"oIi
c"I",1 0" Ihl! Iq;c'HI ,J,own "n th,' dll"'t, th" w,"'"
rollld be further ...l. ",illg ead, Im'f,"" LII'"
nS a 'llbXOIlI!. W"h ''''1,,-,<:1 t" I",,<-,di,,g. ""
elforl, wa, 1Il,,,le I0 foh'f,'O Ihe ,,,"',,,, "et"It',,1 of" i,
.... id "lUil such li",e lIS w,,<
re"son"bl., ,,,lIicient f"I"' hr l'm[",bl,' I n'"'' I"
(> ,h"lt",.. elf,,,,, 1>1",k. .,IU. ,,,,,I I"ke ulhe'I"'-
si,.. "W"''''",!. "'illt ["'-1_'1 to (:I) I""'
ceding, the I'l'llClke o( w","i"I,,'" o"ly "po"
Ihearri'nl of" complc", w,,, ''0111;""",1 ,,,uil
Ihe dropping of Ihe fir" "tomic I>",,,b: "ller ,h"l
lime. Ihe pmcli"'" of gil"ing ,ig-""Is "I"'" 'he ,,],.
pennlll''e of on" pI"".. """5 ,,,,,,,,,,,d.
-I. rYfJC,QI.ig""I,.-Tbe w"ys in wltid, ,I", ,l'f
r"renl de,i,..-s (i. e.. oi '''ns. bells. fI"e"" lil!ltto) ,,"e,\!
u;;eo:l to ,nnO"n,\! Ihe "I",t. ,1I"t'",. ,,,,,I rele"",,'
fmm."lar'" (,..,ttll,l-1o ,,11"'1 si"",s) w.,,, of "".
1.i(>n,,1 applic",ion n",1 were Ihe ",,,,e "s dcso.'rilll... 1
in Ihe Osaka "'1'0''. The E",let,,, An", did no'
aUlhorize d,e lIse of "n ",,<liblc ,\!lr""".im",."le't
,,ithin i,s ,,,,,,,. So",e i"olk"ti.", t>f
wh..n the sign"ls Wet... ""d,ori,....l by tlte E,Hem
l'eadqua'1ers (i. c. Ihe p'oxi",it." of IIIIl
enemr ph,nes) i, gile" ilL tlte foll"wi,,;! 1'"",.
jLl'llpll!l. The Reli.." t'l!<l"i ....,,1 of th" l'"hlic 0" e"elt
signal ;s diS<:"\l!;e(1 in Olher >;<!Cli""s "f Ihis t",'!--,(,
report enl i1.led "l'rOI","1i,e lighl i"g" "lid 'Co,,,I,,cL
of lll,bli.. during air rnids.
M
a. (Jonfidenliul lelep/wlI" 1I'<Jr"i"y.-A, SOI>II "5
pl,nes we'1l t'epo,.led 10 'he e"slern l\m'y
01",,.alion5 t'oo'" by ,,,d,,, in,t"ll"ti""s on 11"10,,
Jima. a confidential lelephone wutlins was sent
10 Ihe melropolitan police bo"rd.lo "lll'r"(e<;;I"I",,1
governmellls and illlpOll"111 "",nil ion" works
: ;
:
:
-
~
.
;
,
:
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-
:
:
:
"
'
"
.
~
,
.. I f re;nfortt
lrollll",n ,he oo,'Ca-\O" of lhe arn
H
0 .
unlhc ('<hclu" h,cl. .
b. Thr MQCI. alNl<wlim' "1",
pr.anu",e 01 Ill\' 6",.fightil\j.! "\'lll'"wnl h..... ,1.".
bl'ock a;;;o<ioliol1 pIli lhe lr"Mr 01 ,.(""'''''''.nl
......mll'an(l of the i"eid... n\. ,\nolher 1,.'\'"",:,1 !,rm.
eipl", 'ol1ow(...1 ,hrollj.!h Ilw d"'l\l1r\ 01 lIIel,lelll
COII,rol. wnS Ihol o!1i,.,."" \,<,,,ior 10 Ihe
leadcr, i. "., ,I", a"""tOn, Ihe lrotlN'
tilt' .-",'i"ti<lll. W'-'II1.1 """"mc ,"tllrol "I Ihe i",'"
d"ll' il\ lh.. e\'l'1ll 01 ,heir 1"""-''''-''' In Tokyu,
hOll"e\"<'r. all eM"'I"i,,,, 10 lI,is I'llii'. waS I""n,'- The
h.. "f ,he. def"n,., ,;t....tion of Ih" block
,iOll me",b.',' "I Ihr ,,,",,nit (hH,"I"n)ll"d
wll> '1"'-'i"lh' 'fnill",1 in "ir-,.,.i,1 "elell"l' ,In!\('S.
The bl,"-'k leo,lrl'. ""1 I",ing tminr,l ill
,,,rh <I",i"", ..""hi n,,1 rl<Nei."" ",-,111m"ml "I Iho
incident.
r. TAr .,,/;u,"'1 (b"""",,).-lf th. illci<1"nt c",,-
tim"...l be.,ol\d Ihe c"p"bilili',. of the lJl,",k ,t$SO'
dal,;oll ollicial "".I tlu'l;P"1l1' I", then ('omllllllldcd.
"reqlle>t lor ,,;,1 111,,,1,, 10 ,he SlllJnnit. \l'hid,
st"fled f",,,ili,,," ncle or c<lnl,..... I; Ihe
;;quad le"der. then 10 lite orr;, the
"""i.,l"nL leader ""dl",,<lrr of the ,,,bunil.
". rAe IJU:>:i{iM!I !,o/ier 'Md '''''f ""il ("dbo
dun).-The preseHee 01 the fi,,, iIl'lH unit.
the nHI 10 be l'1111...1 "p"n 10" hell', re-
I'ClllOO II crclesimiltlr 10 Ihat of theSllbll"it: f, .....1ll
"rm Jell,le,.'o ns..i"tnlll Io-lender 01 Ihe
unil. Tile ineide", hn"ill! ..... nt;n"ed thns IH, il
w"-'! likelr the I,.",IIIf(I ,.....seue lI11il (hibil"i) wOlild
hl1,'e di"l'"tehe<l 10 the ",;ene. lie,,, is
llnother prillciple 01 incidr,H ""1111"01:
ns !lelw""" differ"nt ser"icl'S 01 lhe s",,,e ge,w.ntl
et'he[oll. lhe senior le"d,1' of Ihe group" olt"'-lldy in
"cI;on ooll1inlled ;lll-omm"nd.
f. 1IIull;<1/'61 deni<"".-Vpon the ",T;,."I 01
the munidp.. 1!'C""ice" L-onl'.....1 01 Iho incidenl i",
lIIedi,Hcl., shifll'<! to Ihe le"de" of IIIIH gl"OlIp.
in Slid, instnlK-e mil!hl Ilwn nlll tlte
:''''"''', 01 0 line 01 mllnicip,,1 oflici,.ls whO>e
cuce mighL be l'e<luil-ed bee,,""" of the ,;<,r;oIlSUl'SS
of the incident, e"en po,,"ibl..- IIjll" tlte 1-""'erI101'
himself. <.'onl,"01 rem"illed in this mUllicip,,1
chain regnrdlrss of tlte llI"ri\";,1 of aid fro," neij!1t
boring prefr<::lures.
3. COll1m""/f.-At "n imel"l"Ogolioll of eight
T officio I,. members of Ihe Klll<i lid
fil'e unit Bild subunilS. Ihe lIeighborhOO([ gl..... \lp.
l1eighoorhood .. ir_defense j!roup. and block "SiSO-
ciation (and Illter durillg' "" "';Ih the
20
h.."d of Ihc ;;;eetiol1 of 1111' Plftl'OpolitaD
lie,,). Ihc 'l",',t iOI1 "r "I>4' .... t iou of thl' i"..hlent
""I I",,,,,'durl' ,11I]"i"fl' ami oontl'Drillllll
thi. >)',1<'11' "ith Ihal "f I""'in@: 0""
,k"j!,,,'ll,,l incid'UI.,,,,,,,,,,1 "Ri,... r "II>' l'rt'lIllI:
.\ Ii,.,.l.'" (M,"I" foll"m"! lJuI, DS f01l11,1 at otbe
ci,i,.,; \",il'''1, llj!rl....lth"l tlo"ir 1,Iail ope&-
"INI "moolhly, ",,,I ",n,.,,1 th"m beller than wauJa
lin"" Ihe ," 1o",'i
n
fl' on\' ollker ia
...."limIO\lS ,,,'III,,",,\(1 "f "" ;Il<"id,'nl.
UNEXPLODED BOMBS
\. ..,,1"1." a, Fehnll.ry \u4:t
w"", Inul 10" Ih". llly:K";1."I!"" 01 ,,""I:.
plo<hl_
bo
""b.,II"I,,..,,1 HliltS m ,ll" f."""'ru An"y
'II"'''. Ori!!i",,\ pl",,"'"!! 'uUh',"pl"hd ,h.. l1.... of
"i"ili",,; ""' lhi, ,hll." 11[\,1,,-,' II", .,li,......li"" "r th..
)Iinisl<'" of 1[om" .\ IT" i,,,. OI'),:""i1."1 illll 01 ,i.i
Ii",,;, ho\\"."rt.I'''O!!I'"""d ... '''1' "flil"isl.
of thc -'lilli,lry ,-iew,,l with ,li,I",,,]" the 'rai"ill!!
of d,'il i",," fur t \oi" l'\ll"[w"" ",,,I. r""1her"''''''', Ihe
<Iu'.I' w""'x",.id," ..<1 ", 10 Ih.. IIlilit"I'." ill
"i",," "I IIll' elellwnt "f <lllll!!e" i","h..<I. In ,pi'"
01 th(' ",.il!'i",,1 illl""ti,,,,. lhe,,'lor', Ihe disp.",,,1 01
""Cl'p!'" 1<.<1 IIIHnus 1k...."'II" " mil il" "Y '""llOn.ilJi
lInd "lId, A!'lI')' \\ liS ",i,h lhe ",'g,,,,;zl1tio,,
"nd t,."ini"g "r "'1'""ls ",[(I wilh
Ihe ..f "lIl1uel<I'IOlI"l1 bombs lo,,"d ,,'ith
i" ;t,; ,,,,,no '1'1", on I." ";;,.'st,, nce "e,,<1el'e<1 .. i,'il
,,,,,,, 11""" in ,he !abo, 01 exc""llli,,)! 1[('011,,,1 "" iUI'
Ik'dde<l OOmlJ. which w"s pl'1'lorllle,l uy
de;ig""led ",ewhe,'S 01 ,he ""xili"r)' police lind
fil''' IInils (kciho'[,ll1). Al1e,,,pt" 'H"'(' ,,,,,,Ie.ltow.
""e,'. to i,,"e e;,'ili"n insll'llctio" in bomh i'["'I1-
li!ic"lion b.'" ",..ails vf ;II,l.l"llcli"nlll lile,.,.t"'" L,-
slIed lJy the )1;"i"I".' 01 Home Anai,'S, cl<hihilioo;
01 oo,,,b,. 11""'"1'''1"'1' lI,tide;,;, nml "eigh
ool"llOod grOllp (IOIH'l'i gum;) h"lIelins issued
:;ell' i,,,olll It Iy.
of IInCXl'lOlled,
homb.di"po",,[ 1;(1",,,1,, ;n Ihe AI'my "m
l'l'o,'itlcd rOI'l ""0 ;;qUll'[S i" c"ch in f" nll'.'. ,u1 illefY,
c,,,',,l,'y, ul1llliCl'\"ice ""j!;lIll'n' "n<l ,hl"l.., pef engi
nCel'l'egill\elll, III epeeinl unils, as school.
nd
lteadqll11rl erS nnilS, \1"",,11.'" '"1l' 01' I\\'O "'-1,",,[, wert
1v"lllC<I. 1"0111' :;qll"ds illll cd K
",,<Ie" the [end.. ,-,;h;p or homb-disposlIl oftiCfl
J:;llch "'I"nd ooH"i,ted of a noueolllnli"siolled offi(ll
tmd 10 ""ldie'",.
:1. Opel'l"io".-(I. R'/iOdil,g.-FindcI'$ of nnrl'
p[o,[ed bornlos W("" dil'ected In repOl'1
to tIlll police llbIUon, Ju.dqullrtn.. vf.n .UllU.."
poli.. and iiI'\! nnit (boibodan),or a ....bunit (bun.
dan), wbkloen-r ..... Ihe I1Nll'Wlt. TI,-"'J><>IU
wt'no to indie..t.. th.. tim. til. bulUll ..... dbo:o",""I.
1 '&lioll, ...iliu" (abu,,\, or ulld.'1C""md), ."d
Ih 1'1'\'<'lli'"ate Ti,,, .... ""re t1..,. for.
"a\,<I..<I ,,, ,It" al'I'\'<'l'rlal\' ,"ilila!')' unil aud
"'l".d "'... di""",h",l. T{,.. .....
ulId.. r Ihl' jll"i",li'1io" or ('M"h "f II... "f
II", Es:.I.f" ;\r",., .. , I"..l ,1,
"'l"nd "'''" o""i,llI1,,,1 " ,ll'ii"ite a......
or di"I""",,1 u"it", ,"her lh""
,1",,,,, "f "',IIi,,,e,," .. ".I ""i,._ 01 ""1",,,1 "",II"",,,.
tl""'1e," <Ie,,,,,h,,,,,,t,, we", .1"" .....;I!'''"ti .. 11 ,,""..
or cO"e"0I-""
I). ... lin... I.,' "1"'" Ih" <Ii..
"r .. " ""CXI,I".... II". '"" k, "I! "r
,he ]'(I>orl. "'I"N""'" "fJ....,"'1
.'i ,'i lill" u,,1 10"1';1 (,,,,.i_t ..') f", lx)[[,l>,; "I' to 1.1(00 l"lI""is
.( ;,()(I ki1,,1-"""'") , Wh ile "ome ..ff"rt \1'", """Ie til
,wllI,"li,.. h;!!h_"l<I'I""i"e b""lh" h., d,III,illl'. ill'
""'I'o!!"t;OH "' )I"jur G.. I",r,,1 )l"."ki wh" h",1
ill "f II." 1...h"ie,,1 .Ii'....'I'"'' 01 Ihe
h"lUlIi"j! "f ll"el<I'I(>(1<d "",lib,. '''1' Ihe
""Ill\'. ,'e,"',ded Ih"l ",o"t .. lion was IlC-
"""I)ii,hed bUl'll;II!!' ,m Ihe eh" "ge 01
the 1"'llllJ wilh 11111"[,,;t.,. Illll('h of whid, w"s,;e
"111'1.,,1 f"oll' uIIHpl",I,..1 i"...IIti;"ri"" ",hid, WC1....
t'ol!''Cled lJI' "II "g.. ,,,"1 <Ieli"e,,,,1 10 "n,,)"
lI"i's. Th,,' i"lo"'''''''1 "I"" ,I"",,I Ih"l '....1>Ol1S h"d
I",,,,,, ,'(',,,,in,,1 ll"1Jm GC"""'"" o"lh" .uhj",t, of the
11""- 01 ei "i I "".I polit i,'" I 1'ri.:....11,.,, ill homb.e"..,,",,_
Ii"" w<>lk "",I ill Ih.. "",- "r l""",,,,,,i,,,,,,,".' Ill'"
lel'i"l" ", c''''''''i,,1-' r"r lJ","h
I'ri"r 10 th... "ni,',,1 of th., di,po,,,d "'1'""1. \\-ith
"l">p,,el ,,, lh.. 1,,111'1'. ,how",1 '.h"l
"I llllf. ,tn,,,,. 1111>03, uru.h. ,U,,11 h. hke,
h,,I'o'""lll'\' .. x
I'IOlli"" 01 Ih., l>OIlib. nlthul1j!h th" ilifortllOli1 "'''.
"f lhe ol'i"j,," tI"lI tI,o liSt nr .wnd lmW II." C(l\'t.,.-
i,,,, ,,"ollid h""e 1x"'1I. Th" pl"lleli,,,, of u,;n/! "ohm_
".;,. "i,' iI 01' polil icaI pr'oo"el'. 101' 1" hut <1elllll. 10
exc",'/ll\> bomhs w", ,w,,'" ,,<1"1'1""1.
e. ":q"ifll!l'1lI._F", 1h.. 1,,,I;Oll "ml di'.I""",1
01 llnexp!od"d 00"'1;" ,,,,'h ;;q",,,1 "'''s "'1U'1'I",,1
wilh Ihe f"Uowin!! -' 0'''' "lIok. "u" elecu'i,' <INO.""I.
inll ,witch. pound" of .""11",, 1""l"<le,' (.I.h.. rm",,).
''''0 dewno,i"j! ClIpS. ;1:1 fe,,' 01 IllS<"'. "",:, "I
I("HI ",i",, 10 ;"ce,,,I;Il"" I"h,.,;. II) IlIcks.
.,. IItidl: (10 ... ...,. "'niI

of. l'--.t........... of the Tat,. .....
l'l'Dl..r """"",1 that :m wtaploded bom. (lIE)
alld 1.:167 in...ooiari ....,.. reportfd chn;.. thlI
... "", of tlu! ..ar. hw ho.. many !DOn< '"'"' UIfl
"",,....1 ill tI.. Ii_ 101Iuwr,"Il' III. I'll,d of
c..... ,..... IIl1,,"M'D,io.hl... Tllf' i"lonllaol Ii.
lII.ted thaI frolll 'I to 1"''''''-1lI nf all 1>010""
drol'PI ,... <1,,,1.,"11,, 1I"I,ieO,'I,." Ihe billl .... 'o
.u..d, 11 artnill,ll wi .
fiRE SERVICES
fin Pro<ecIion
I. '"II"(X/udi'II'.-<J. tl... 1"'l'i""iuj! "f Ill.
T"kul'"w" e''d ill Win. when Jal,an \\8, IU'-
de,' Ihe f(lI,IKI knij!1I1 fiM f>]('hler.; I!>ok,
hikc._lli) w..... ordered h." Ihe (>-]1\nol l:m'erllme"l
to the ,'a,;tl"" mitIor ho"",," in Edo
(lIOW Tokyoj. It "'a, esl i",.",,1 th.t brig..t1es,
1ll1"]('e 11,,,1 ,11,,,11. w.re f"nul'll al Ih.. t tll"e. TI",
kllil!ht fire fighter lJrillodes were. u,,'h'r t he
,.ho whid''''-Jl'1'f-I''''l\b 10 th"I'''''''''lll
;,,,,, poli.-e bou.nl. IN\\"" Ih"",ul'" .."'nerolioll,
Ihe Ji,...fij!ht"r f"n:es ha"C 1...." ""d". Ihe ,Iiret'!
,ul'...rI'i"io" or the 1>olil....
b. J" l7:!IJ. wh..!) Edo 1Tulcyuj. "r ]I"
lllillion peopl... Wu_ panially dl'-'I ....yed fi"".ch"
i'wm..ie"f)" "r lh" k"ighl fire "'a. eJ(r"'*<l
,,, Iho "tid ,""Iom""r fire-fij!hllllj!
"nit, In',,, "rgani7.ed ...'I' .... f.....'" ('i,-ili.,,,,. Ihere
by <Ii'.."n.ing ,,-ilh of of ,he
rc",l .. llol"d".
r. Thi,ili." fire-figlnillj! )""00
.,." ni. Ilie onl., ,h.,,>-""" being' lie imllOrt.llon of
.Iealll 1'"IllJ"'. in .,Ill ,lIr i1l1rt::Klu"-'ion of 8
h]"/-'l' ",,,,,bo']" vf hand....!'l'noloo 1'""'1'"
d. In . I.w "'K" l'l'o'nulplOO \t'hich pro-
"ill",1 I"r ,h.. ""t .. ittl"w"" aud eiti... of
tI", romn,1 of the I'0li,-",- .n
th"r;' I' ill ('..ch di_t rict. .\ n ho\\e,"r. ;n
dudi,;" Ih. ""'re ell,,,...,, fro'" a"lO"g <:i"il-
i.. "...... Ih"t the brigadr ,Iill l\"K;',w ib 'olullt""r
,tlll">. In 191":. rorthe fiN t,nl" in JSl'a,l fire.
h,ig>td.. ""'a"li,IIOO tI... Go,'erntne".',
dirocl .'Onlrol wi,lI firemel1 <lft"OJi,,/! Ih..ir ..nlln'
Il, Ii,,,, "".,i,... and belli!! 1",,01 by lhe Go"
Thi_ fire-fi"llIing fo"'''' wa" .... 1
in ,.i" bij! cili"" in J.p.'I. ,i. O:;nka. Ky
010. Xa..... . Yok"halllM. ami Kobe_ In all Other
Cil iI'S "",I , owns. a" "'.,11 .. _ "ill' ie> ",ellt
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talion C....... bib) widr. III ....
n..
"' ll!I7 ..1lIl:.nti_ (ahic:bojoJ. IMIup Ill>d
1&.1 11. In SOftmber IIl4.t> tt.r.. .._ IU din.
"io" .00 43 boll.li"n 9u .....nd
11I0 "'U11l wblnatlOlI" ill m"king. toul
'Of IOU Ii .... ro.l b)' Ii,.,.. )(".1 Clf tb_"".
Ii",.. dor'"11 tl,.. 1'1 Mlrch 011.1 :!:, Ma,'
.i..... i,I., (!kf.. ,..,"'.... it.."," LO ""d il .re
"'1'" I;IIQ"'illll lire .li ..lIi," .",1 or lire
".1'0"".)
Il. "",I T",",'# ""d
1"""IIe,.,.-I" wn. h.. del'''''''"''''' h.d i!b(I piece<;
of ill ll"a ,",,1"ltOr";;\I .... rl} HH.; it h"d
1.117 pI............ illc",8lie ....-"'.,I.. l>\.01o,bl. b)'
II,.. IlUreh..", "f II..... 1,")-/-..II(>II'"''. m'"11'''
]>"IIII"'l"l .lIll by wrn,,,-,"!, ]1tI1111"'1'$ from
"(>Iutllcr lire llep.,.,,,,.. ,,I._ in Mlrll <"<Immunities.
The i't]"il'lIlem .'''I"i"",1 fro", Mlrll ,.-u
"r all lSIIt'S. rI"/!,in/!, fro'" hand..lrI ..llon.
per.",i,,"te lIB>oli,,,,..lr"rll POIIII'> 10. fe,,' 1I]<)(or.
iU'(II)"IIII'" r"led.t ..11"" .. I"''' minUIe.
b. Fi.... "1'1"''''''0-< in .\"orrmfHor 101.1 (If
lbl; fir.. "-Ro Iw dll ..iug "r rlids: 95 (If Ihis
""",lle.. were Oil 10 M.n::b 194:0. One
hUlldred ;oe,ellly.lh"", Qf til.. l'Ulnllers
....d ,-." retllr"ed 10 ru...] d'.Iri<:t$. 'I',,..nty ller.
''''"I Qf lhe l"I'lIIoiniug 7:.1i pifCftl of equ'pment "'u
""' of ""...it-e o,.-i"l1 IQ """,I,,"ical defl!ClS. .\n
.dditio"ol 1"''''''''1 ,,-.s >;(."d'n/!' idle in fire SlI-
lions beeo""" the fi ... "-..re of the 0l,in,,,,,
thnl roul,l not 0l"'t:ate ..-ith ""'" that'
,"".,,11 "',,-n. "nee their h\>$! drill I'volm,Oll l'('(juired
Ihal number.
r.lrriaJ .... ....-l'lI're ..."f'l'f' th""",
o",i.1 l.dd..r t,."ck;; in tIll' lire d"lIan"""'l. Only
Qne. ho,,"'er.\I"gi.."" (Genu." m.ke) ,,:,.foot
,xlen.;o" I"dd... w., in ",,"'in-. TIle t ...., JoI""
1I"""b,,ill l(l(lfOOl: aeri.b hod ,.. focti..., lunlt.blos
"nd the """<.oJ'S were in ,""'-\I of rep.i... Th" l.d_
d..r 'n,ck;: w..... ...IU'III1....1 "'nil :.oo.pIJOII-l",r.
",i",,,.. 1'"11I1"'. but '1(>1""", ....B ..rriod, TIll' fire
chi.. r "'01... 1 rhol ""ri.ll.dder.< "......, ""ldom used
1.0,. rll.. fire dl'p."'",,,'" bMo""" Qf II in
";'is,ng Ih" l.d,ler throoll'Jo 1M "' Qf ",erl....d
wire; .nd otl...r ob,.lru(1ioos. Eocb tmet ,,-..
"'l"il'ped "'ith 1"'0 1lX""- 1"-0 I'r:>' hor.;..n aiIS<ln
IIII'IlI of 1"0] and six smoklo. n....ks..
d . ..I"'bll/" 10 Ihl' war the fire de
p.rtll",m ol",rat",1 "n .mb"llI>ee QUI (If each but.
I.lion beadqu.rt..,",,- but. during II",
.n,b"I.II""'" we.... di,p.tchod frolll 1"01,,,," ".l,ons..
8Nt oiil. Urilhl "pre mnducted .,.lIJ'aI time.
""".
t.'. I) (j..... ...1ed pump
(h.nddra"n) of ,pl.ro"im.,..ly 1110. to 151).pl.
Imllr ,,,,r.millll1(' ..allllelt y. rUf)'inKllol1le of
\!IJl,jllCh MIt1i"" f_lo"g IUozzl.e,;
wilh lfJ-iud, .0 %jn,h ,il"'.
1-1.- .. .....1 or C;!I.;,-i,,,,b
10,,,,,. II...... "f ..j.ck"l Ii".", '""1i"""
M.!. fl!t'l l"us "'e...,.,.).
(:1) 1I.",I"I,,n,r..d l"'UlI'" deli ...ritlit "I' 10;\0)
lu 4/1 1""" 'ni"",.., Th_ C'UIIld "" up_
.. 1,.\' fOlll' '" ";1(1,. 1""!bUIIS. Eq"il"""'" of
Ihig .YJ'" I'u"'l' lind ,I. .."" ,;""ri""", illd,,,,, by
.. illht (....I In,,!!. "",l tw" ,;l"';llht 1I0.>:<7.le. "'ilh
%-jnd, dillllld,t ,ip.i.
d. lI'aln bupply.-W.!t," Wn, 111<>1<'..,.1 [0 Il,..
(nch"-;"" frulll 'h.,. "'u'e,. ,j,'l""1m"1ll fm" "'I-."Inr
""" .. "d f<.or .l.. "tlpi!,,, ""pl'l)'. For ,,,,xili,,ry s"p-
pri""" """"'r .1(1.....] ill h,,',"('l'. t,,"k,. ",,,I ci".
Icm., "''''gin/! "'om in the b"......l, t<.o
approx;", .., ..I.'" IInUo". lUe'.,>;) in
the ciste.."" (I>.
r. A/"rm '''<lS1 c.._ 'h" "I.. "u ')'ll'
telll wa, m"""ally 01"" ... "",I w"._;,t ..d of "
seril'il <.of I",Us J;<:at tetoo thto"Kho"t the pl""t.
f. .. nd aei,l Hlinl!""i,hel'>.
"W'" ,i,..,. w.. ,." fo"nd in >oml' b"ildin..'S
of ll,e pranl.
'I. "'I"il'm..,,' oml 0
de'''''''Hr"'io,, (If ib u".e b.l"" Iypicsl f"et<.ot)' lire
d"I',,,t'''''''1 '"'' .h"w" in Ihe "c'CUmp"lly,,,!! pic.
till", (pp. '0 :18). "J'bp ,,1.,," WR" ><lmllled,
elllployPf:S ,u.,he.l rW1ll the bllihlinl!"'
tcRn," 0.. .. lid o,.,lcrl). 11,,,. lire
engine and I,"se 'W"e b"'''lIht '0 the """'''' nlld the
hose lnid will, ,l,, lIse of rh.. two-\\"I,,'\'le<l. h",,<I.
d,'''w" c;,,1s. T,,.... i!h-;lIcb lin"".lwo """,tim,. '"
h'''1I1h, 1'.1'1, with nQM)", """11 %.',,<'I,';p;;,. were
"OllllC'elNl IQ rl". 1'",,11'1\'"'' fire 1"''''1' ",,<l,II<"'e
>I'l'l'liell f"i,' ,,"''''ki''i! ._""."'''. The dem".n'.....
ti"" ill Ihe of
,h......1"i1'""',,' "",] 1I,,,.d ,Ii""i]>!'"'" .._
h. w,," thc 1'011<'." of.'h.. IQk}<.o
fired"l",rllllent toco",.."U,... ,, Oil ...g...1
ill wu p,",Xl"clio". so rhal rrilic.1 f.,tor,,,,, wpre
<loul.>l1 ]>NI""t",1 ".illg Iheir 0""" fnowry Ii ....
1.>,igR<les. .
7. FiNJ 81"lit,,,,._B.,fm-e ,I." 10 1:)I'i.""
I'a,d Toh'o """S i,,'O 12 Ii,,, ,h.trlo18
(chikllj with" d,'-,si,)" h".dq".. rle,..!" e.ch "',...
These d,slric's WN"ll 1"l"Ihe,. d"'ided lIIto 44 bol-
i", "'''''I' (ho"d"'p"r...d, On'_mon 'ypc).
:<;.
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.......
tribald too ... lid
..... 'I'Ile-,. ...
propnakd _ of the ....... be. .. Abe
......iltlt" hundreda of -tl_tllM
h laM "'any &II 31111 ...",t-.
(:1) .1",_1 of h_ )l<m'lF\.
I"'r 1l'4:' 111..", ,,'el't' .il.lJI.. f"r "..., by 1.... ,"'.
pal1"",,,1 W,:!tM) "f :.I1,,;'.inch h.-.
Sectioltll <,r I..ngth_ ..e :!' ;,.. hy l\:.:.
feet. 11,i$ h...... ha,1 1 11 ,n ........-ire :, 10 to
)ears.
lol) "'he" ",.". hod 10 ,,-ilh
oln",1 '<l '.<"Wry 1""1 \)f 30J 1'""",1. pl" "'I'"''''
inch, The h""". h<l,,t"'er. whkh h,d _"
",,,,,II !l<'nire ",,,,,1<1 hne hum 111
1're!-'1Irt' ;n """","' "r I:i) &"'1'1\1)-
fhe 1"."",1. """' Ihe lI .....j:.... I"''''''re u!led .. t
Ii"",.
j. Oth'r'1";/."",,I.-11';l1y ..If-<.'OIIllIi'll"<l 01<)"-
gon hn',uhi,,1:' "I'I'"r"',,. (J),"f....r :!_l"",r In"')
we... ow",,1 al II", ('('"1,,,,1 headq"aMe""lal;OI' ,and.
;f "eeded, wue ...,Ill 10 Ih.. >lC"IIe "f li .... .11)"
exln, 'PI""'''''''. a,,,;lable. :\'0 or
WII. ,...rri..l "n h"nd for
(",e,'I,"'''c) "i<'.
iI. Jfuri"e .,..li(>11 of r"k!l(> ,,,' ,,1,_,
FirelJoot ,1"li"",.-ln Ja"",,!). Ihere were
lhe ro,"!'hoat >ltll;<l""'" h""dq"al1eN ;;Ialion and
f"",. ."1>;;,,n;oll. f_ reference ilem :\'0.12, ""1'
,,},owinjl: I"".ti""s <If Loa,l""""",,). 11,1' I" )larch
lOt". air n,i,1 ,ICo-ln',....llhe t:ll",idapwa lind KOI"
""I",tol i""s. l,', ,-in;! Ihe h..A'lqllart.......'.1ion. ami
d,,, Wnko .. ".1 Ko\'"k" ,..1),,'1"1;"""- 1" D""e,,,\)('r
Ih..re were ,';' ti ....w..1 "'91;011' "",I 01,1)' olle
"",,11 fir<'loo" whkh 'u" ",,<ler II", '''I.....i,;'", of
K,ol..h' I..malion
b. Cl'<Jfl oml Ihe ,,,,ndusion of
Ihe ".,,,'.d,. mllr;ne sect,o" of IhI' ,1"1'91"11".,,1 l'O"'-
I'ri",,1 II firel,,,.I;; f"ur 1","1,,_,<1 "
he,ulq"al1.''l;. tl,,1'(' .. 1 l,,,hoku ttnd 0''''
.1 W"ko ""bollll;,m. On" ho...t Wll' .... ' of """,.
",i"",io" rur repairs. .0",1 '''0 olh.", ,,.re being
",.,,1 h.' Ihe Japan_' (;0,...''''''''''' I.. l'il01 00ut,;.
";"'ch boal "rew ".... 1" ha,... hla t'8l""'''' an .ngi-
""..,r. oml the 6''''''0'', 1,,'1, " ... ;ng 10 ,h. ,hOrl'<lJ!"
of ",,,nl)OwN'. Ih..... "1'",..1e<1
......"'pl.m.m. The bonl crew" >1""",1
1I",,,i"g in .hil'bMrd Mnd dock tirefijl:hnnjl: ",e,h
,,,I,"d 1\11 we'" ""1t\"'1,,,1 ;n ,h.. "I",mll"" .",1
...
b of 0- fire depl.rtmeet in .au.. _ ...
the Hih....buhi otatlon. ",bere tQdrilk __
ducted by thl' chief of lhI' dirisioll. 1'bB'"
tareflilly and p.......i....ly ""'1 _t
thfoy had I-n lanl':"ht at lhetraining.-hool in their
Ilt&ndttl'tl h,,,,,, drill.vuhlli"n. Pieturettofdt. fi....
m"n in let i"" will be fOlln,1 On 1*8*1 89 to 44.
Th.. Sih",,,I,,,,.),; li1'1' Hlat inn drilltt OOI1I'iMfd of lhe
foll""',ng:
(I) /i';,rmn, ""'I'",,,/inr/ to lin """
'''111',,1.. ; ,1",mi,,1':" fi ....fit:t,tilllC (h..I
m,d ; laki"lI: th",r 1,lttct<l "" apl'tt1'll1U1l;
,rMnk;n!:: tr"ck and "'''''i0l':" Ollt of lItal;on.
(:.I) Arri,';"!! 01 '''''''' <Jf
10 1"''''1' (Ih...... l.. of
by III f''''1 h"nl Sl"1i",,"); laying 'wo Ii,,",! of
\!%-i"d, h""". ",;ng 1"0 1"IIlereel caMS (on.
I"" fr"'" I"''''''''r lu Ii,"!,. one Ill) from fire I"
11;1' 1'1I"'1"""): ""t1d,,,,!!: :k;nch s'raight "0:<-
zles (""de,wriler type); ;",*1"I,ng ."ocher
"''elion of hose,,, o,w uf Ihe lines;
,I","i"g <I"wn I''''''p. in",,"in/;: 5e\;,ion, an,1
"l",h""g;"g line by openin!! "I' pu"'p; I"dd"r
I,""ek I"lIi';"1! 8"fool lIe,.i,,1 I,dd..r; lilkinjl: he
h""" 111' ],,<Ider. _
I:\) FiN ,'. <lul.-Se,,,,ring how.. \>ttck
"" "''''I; t"ki,,!! """Ii"". 'l>lOrl ,nd S/'C"r"'g on
"1'1''' ",,1 ".: lower'''g 1."lder on 'n'ck: ,,1\ n""
bol",1 ,...1""" 10 !,,"!' ,I,,"on. .
(4) Rel"r" 10 ,/"1;011.-1.;",, II'
slut""'; re,no,e wet ho* ""d hangtng '" 01'''''
,,;1 "I. ,...,,1" of st"lion 10 dry (t"dooed
d,);n/l lowe", wer" ""I " .. '" .1'11'''); "'-
sl"l1 d1")' h"",, "n reel; ehl.'k a]ll'Ar"I". ""d
e<1"'p",,,nt.
i. [Jo....- 1 f
(1) T!JJI"$ of hll.e.-All hose "sed .'1 '" ,m
depa ,u"e"t of sinj!lt 1."1"',
l,ne", lInd of ,Ia"danl or I
,i,.e. 8<",1;0". we'.... "ppro,,'
"'utel .. (;5.5 feel, ill 1'I\I,'Ih. 'PI";
rnlus',nd fi,..,ho"lS hO$! 0"
h"nd.<J.... wn ur ItO"'nule filt> Ina"I'S, horo wn,
uf Ihe 1'rJ,inch I)'pe.
(2) 01 were IwO
. 1 '- , the del"'1,,,ent.
Iypes of ""''''l'h"g...5t{
One WaS lhe ilCre"" 1."1"" II", olher lilt ""'1'
. ) Screw."'p" """.
t)'!,,, (di,\'", l'<l""e<:IIIlJ:" . .. 0
, . 1;''''01,.>\,,,,,1
plinJ.,os we,.e ,,-e( ll\ co,,,,,,,,.. ,. ,
, . . "'1''''' "SO'<l 0" , 01
anolher. Snllp CO"I' "'1;,'" 1 1 '.
tl"'"",1 of the )""", w\o,d, tOl 'e ')
Sidi ...._.'.nd.d.
<
Looking up 8Sf<>o< >eriAl
44
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fi,.. .1"..
fire .I"n> boo (cl<>" ur)
,,"" t!<.7.e1l ,'n"S nf liilui<l ro"m ill
l'"rtme"1, 81OI"k hein!:" on .the fI'
Very little foam ('(IU;l'nwul "'liS 8"allable
the ... ar. .
f. O"liN of firrbo,,! romjl"",r.-
(1) "'in' f,ghllnj,l on sl"I'"'
".....,,,,' of
(3) "'ire light in!! alonjZ frollhl.
(4) As><isliuj( til''' op..rnl"".'8 "tt land.
(fl) &>tlin!! "I' Wl,(er 1"1I,1al"8 (n k.....p I:
til.... fr,,'11 "I""{,,"ling.
(G) Oth"I' ,]uI irs.'.'s lllijthl hI' .,,'";i.l!ned.
10. JI"..m "hu'llls III lokyu
",,,,,miu('(l in w"y_by lln>"I"nn ll\ll.
1L'\"pl,,"'e. "",I by ... "tt'h ("wer.
a. . 1101"111 .-.\lallll IXIX''''' h"d w<-n
,1:lIl,'(llhr""gl",,,t the d"w",,,Wll "rea. nt int,,...,
"f helw""" 4ilt nnd ljr,(i fe<:'l (li.lll" It'el ..,
:-1ome lll"!!c,' huildinp "t", Lo,,,'<'(uil'I'
When the n\",.m w"s hy box, i( "':
r',<:,'i,...d On " ml"le, I....gistel lit !IIP (lep\ll
tn
ltttl
'"<l""nUniCIl(i",,s oni<:<', l",:utetl oil the ", "",1 Ik
of Ilw ..ity hill!. 11", "1"",,lv' '"' ,jnl th"ll ,.,l\I!
I]," nlar," "i" '''f>e ... , t" til... ,1"ti"l1 in,
rhe diSlricr i",ohell. This 1",,1 niH" eir
,,(lilg which were ''''IHit,, of 1\>""lIi,,:
100 box('>; eneh. h w,," old "nd i"enk;en!. '\1
l'al"enrl," it was llC\"H ,... '... 1'''1"11,,,. ;\70 \"'Xf-
"'<1St H.I>e i"Halied. Ai" ""ids
0,,1 or dll,"nged ;!;,ll. which the (i(.," wit h onl.1
111 !x,;><es ill OIW,"ti,,,,. Th.. ahll"lll 5)";;1('''' WI.
elcclricllll., and. ,ho"lrl th.. II ...
("iled. il w,,,,I<1 ha\-e l"""It ""1 of ''''l1lll,i",iOlll'll'
til.... I.... n, "0' elllel'I!"llCY h,,,,k-lip "'''s I"'f>"irlf\l
(See Pl'. t.1 ro 1>3 for ill,,,,,,,ni,,ns vf "lal'l\\.I-'J.I
,ysle'''.)
b. _If(l"'" by te!fl,hoil(".-Thc,,", (an._ w..r ... ",Ill
,,,-e,' Ih" tdel'h"".. tll rhe """"'''llli''llti'''l> n
lle"e the opcr"tol' on dUl", "'".... in,,1 thc i"f"nlll-
,i"". whid, he (.. t" th.. e"!!i,, .. hou","',","
cHned. ,\ II tell'pllOne cOI,,"'''lIi ..''1 i"lIs to Ii,... ,tl'
lio". "lid fircb<"'1 hOll,.," w,"'," d,;,;t,."yed ill (h,I'
.\llll'(h "nd :\["" air ,"id:;. III
rhe plume 5)'5(\'''' ,till "lit of "",..'ito.
Bicycle ",,,I m"lolc... ".",i,.,. WlI,thr
ollly mell"._ uf di,p"!I:!Iil'l! imp"I"I,,"l III""-'''}:''''''
Ii,... :dlll"llls (rull! "II'" ,tutiun ttl
oll",r.
e. Irale!, towel" w"s locnh'r1 0" (II
Jx>side, elldl fire blll t io" in Tok.r". "$ecl't t he
Sl1b,tlltioIlS. TOWel"" weI'" :\0 I" ]00 feel hi}:h; al
a fin'mlln wlltd,,",' "'"soll duty i"lhelll "I "il till""
l.>o 'uu,ll'l' the SlIl"'l'\',,,iQIl
"'RintetlRUce "Itloetr nt- I I 1 ,,,riM di,.;
of the lire chief in l"O]\\IL,n]\' II I Ie 1\
s;o". The. er. u;,ell ,,'ere na"y-' )"1)(1 llatrolllOnl. ,
built by the MilSllbi>hi Co. of JI)I"'.'"
I
"' 1-' (1\ ",rters 1I\
'11,",- were 6lon era t," f
teo'! (:l.ll ",rlerll) wide. with a dmft
;\ feet (I meler) nlhl were powered by nn
power, ".,.,;.krro",,,,r. internul
which ",.a,oe tlwm" of 12 to 15 knots.
Pl'. 46 10 40 for illustrations.) lion'''. I,,
of Iheir ",ane",c,."bility Bud shallow tI",lt.
pl.y,,,l .u iml'Ol1Rlll part in fire:;; ,hll"i"l!
air raids when land (;()Ill1>..n;ll$ were """ble \<}
funrtion. il waS c"i",o",,1 lhat there was nl.>olll
100 miles of wnter(ronl in the Tokl'o "rea. includ-
ing the haroor .re. proper, the ca;,sl syst'em, and
the In IflJ6 the dcp,,'1.ment had b"t 1 Il'"e-
boat; 3 in 11HZ; 1 in 1943; and 11 in 115,2 "f
"'hieh also as pil"1 bootts.
firehooli! <'<1"ipped with n
5OO.gaJJon-perminllle centrifugnl
pnmp, powel-ed L)' II. fonr-cylinder gllskerOOt'lH
v'giue. Each pump had four oUIlets lInd
one lUr",t nozzle with lM!-inch tip. The Sll..,ams
from the 2!f.:inch o"llels f.....m If- to 1'8 inehe"
depending on the nnmber of strums lInd letlb"h
of 216inch hose line!;! laid out.
d.' Equipment carried.-Each fireooat ""rried
the foJJo"'ing equipment :
T"rret nozzle ,,-ith imerchange"bJe tips
from %-incl> to lW!-inch.
:?{l I..engths of 2'h-inch linen hose.
I Ladder, H or Hi fed
li Xozzles (slraigln (.'l>e) with spare tips
(rom .: ineh (0 ] i1ll:h.
I .Fonm pipe wi(h t, g"Uons f""m li'lUid,
(; Smoke masks (Zho"r 1.I"l>e) made
by the Fnjikurn KogJo Co.
] Fire a:'tc (pick IJl>e. 4 11>$.).
I Pike pole, 12 feet.
I 'Xlinch rope. 50 feet.
S Lifo; preseners. (wo of the ring type.
"eSl l.n>e.
e. Liquid loom.-To lise (he liquid fom". Ill"
firertlan s(rapped Ihe container 011 his rn,ck. The
(oa'll pipe. which WaS collnr<:letl (0 the liquid con-
(ainer b.\' 8 small rublM.. hose, wns
o'et a regulur nozzle. A shmoff "uh'e t"{'gllJ"led
lhe 110"- (If liquid inlO Ihe wl,te" stt-eum.
1011$ of liquid ",i"ed wi(h w,,(er prllduced aPIl,';"i.
"'ucel)' 60 gltllon8 of f08m. There """B onl.; "oom
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1I: ll'(l"lrr .-The Tokro ,,..\.r "'ork"
"l""".etl ils ",,,ler '''1'1'1\' f ..m" the ri"rr '1'1"'".
ri"H lind 5",r,...i d''''1' ,,'.ll. The ,,.,er
'''In ,It,.........ttl,,,.,, pissed 10 lilter 1,Iontf
.-
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_........_....-_-.
.... - .
.... -"'".....
..,-,..-., '.1> __--'
0,"---- u .. _,--,
..... _--,
-
II. TI.. ri,".. Tama KlI..<i"'td of Ii,.,,,,b-
di"i;;,ot"lli, i. e.. Saki, ';odulM6bi. K_. KinUI.
I'.mi. Kj,mlflShinlO,M! T.OI.p......
b. 11.. Ii,.... Edon-;;:tem .'llSk,,01r1l''' rl... ,""".
"'....10' ....em. .
Wiler from o"""i.n .. ..-1lS ""1.pliM
chrot>lI'h followinll .....-....: l"oyohata. Su!ri.
nlmi. F(lt' romp""" delI/:ripti.... d'llft>l
uf the ;.e,eDl and 5.
J!..;1<I._. j)iSlribotion Ullin;, ... f .......
'ill ,,,d":ll (1.l1Ol.l m.... J to i...,he9 17:. ",,,,.) in
<lil"",',er. "'PI":' 110 6rt _,iii' f"r
ISM- ;t" :sO!l.
H ."d Till! di.mfl.... of Ind ,I nwtl-
....... III OIl ,,- """Oll ...,,,, "" follo_:
..

---
-
l'h"rf ,,'''l'l' ""blir .ntI "ri ...I" I,,
,lra"l<;n .
b. 1'M ,,.,er ml'n!'....,... fa;ly ....,UloopN Ind
"
II.'.....,,""',
,--
r:....:;;::::
_... I' ,
,-
.........
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.-
--
.......'Il
--
.- "',-''''

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ll.....
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iIIt: ..... ba 'l'cil:Ie _ __ _
.......,.eI. with ."..m.......
plaDl, ..h... _ ..,. IM.I .,m..
(IW fOIl/' -w....:I-,. flftt. ..... .,.t_nt.
iltm So.l&.j 'I'br muimum daily ca,...
,Iy "f thf Tokyo "'iW'r worb ilI ....... n ill thor 101
10"';II(I'lb":
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beItr by WMophoN-. and it. in tum. to
the hplI.rtlDN1t <'OIIlmutlk.li_ ..... from when
W.I_rm ,.... 1":'1_yt'd to lhe _ppropria. B.. clio-
tril1. ',f 1M 'Wj>al"lmoont d_imood dw
mo>th'MI ""rk...ll_ durin,; 11M' "'n.) (l'\ep
I>. M for illt'''' nl of II"", '''...no.)
d. "I fef,n; 1j):W
lW4, i"d".i'f. lhf .. .....lllllldfol to Iht
f"l1".. illjl: """.I",r "f &I.",,": 00.: 1(111),
flill; HH:!. 194:1. l.olH: 11111. l,Iof>.t
Tlw "",,,h.'r of ""." lI"d ,,;rn;,llllm.. includ...l
ill Ihe "b"w is _IH'W" ill Ih. f"U",..i,,!! COlO
pil,,' i"n :
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. l \\"th ,,,,,1M;"" ,.,'" 11l I \. .... ,
"'I"'I'P'" - ," \,."ti,,1 (;<lll!tl'hW'
a;,,1
"...1;"''',] ,-nl,.,,,, ,,,,,i len,l
""Ii,-id,,',l ...,,-,.;,'>!.,. \:::'.... wlItH ""'ll>''' l,.,t
II"il't<. ... IW'" W.) With 1.111';''''1\\1111
1
'''.
,., i_I in).! t "'"' "" ",l\' (,f ,,"11,'(lUll')! 1he
. . I .,,'., ",'\l,.,\\W,h,,"'.
'OII,ph- .Ill,."')! t Ie 1\., art I "II -'"
l;t . II!/"",,'I"_'" Ihe,do,""Q,,"n nud
,,1'('''' ii,,' h,,lI... w,','\' 11."""""\ in the ",lrwnlks
(lln,h ""d w,"" p....,,,..:1<d by hi""..... 1. .en.-t.
,... '" ,..WN"<'. In ",he,' ",,n, tll"Y """" of lin' Up"
ci)!ht In"'. .\11 h,,,l h05<' l1"llll",;n,,""
(Se<- Pl'..W to ,'I f"l" ilh"tmti,,1\,; or d,. "",".".1
1"-'" of h)t!nllu",j .\pl'rQxil\\a'p wnlerp]"l';l.<nre
nl Ihe 1"',1,.,"'15 S 10 2;; IIoOUl"I . In Il,e laq.>:e
ollice b;,ilding plnrn"onehij, IhN'<' or
f"nr we," j!rQnped into" nnil "n<1pro
"ide<1 wirh n 1,,'drnll1 ro which ("neh Imildi"g ,..,nl,1
PUllll' wnrer f...'''' pri ...,r.e we1\.. The'1' we,"\'
,,1;;0 w"ler mnin;; rollnl'<:led wilh olher well. [".'n
ing Ih" ""n'" of Ihe modern b\lild-
ill!,"S were wilh <1r.,'
wilh donble hOStl inlets "I d,e g'""l""l
le"el ",,<1 o"llets on each
The.... were "Iso we! i"rerior ;;tan.lpipe. wilh one
secli"" feel) of I,/!-i"d, hose "n e:lel> floor',
The"e I,ipes we'" supplied wilh wuwr f,""", j.t"""
it.'. Innksolllhe ,o"f. whkh we,,, kepi filled by Ihe
bnilding pUlllllS-
J-t .:1 "zilillry 01 V'IlI,.r <lit1'1'1!I.-On"iu>:"
Ilw war pe,'iod open "iSlern;; We'" i'1S1n lIed nl 51,.,.,'
rel{ie points rhroughonllhe eily, Open b"""menl';-,
.wi,,,,,,i"g 1'0,,1,. ,,,,d w"ler b"n,,15 we.re al"" used
for Ihe .lOring of .1.,1 ie ,,"HIe" s"pl'li,.". 1'1'.
I" 1ti. nud Ollie,' ,;U",x..,. We"e "'0i115 .,,,d
t"uats. ri"e" "",,Ie". ",.""n wale". w"lel'
,)i.po,;lll.ew"I">'. ponds. ",,01 wells. The ""Ii",iled
"ul'l'ly of w"ler ill ,he ,"""Is, ,.i'er. ",,,I
""""n "",,s. ho,,"e\"e,.. lim 11 ..../10 ils full ",h'''llt''g>',
nS il ''"''5 i'lli<....'t'SSible It> fil"e I"'HlI" ill "'''11.'' Slm
legie plaee-<;.
I:,. ,l/u;"/n,a,,r,. 1-/ ,rulu ,y.,..m.-The ",,,i,,
lell""'''' of the W"",I' illclndill" fir<' I,,"
,!rllllb. w"s Ihe I"e.ponsibililY uf llie deplll:t.
"'1'111. The /ire del't1l'll11ent did ,...1 hn,'e" pl"en'"
'"lII1,l..'l'<J phlll Or sd,ednle fOl" Ihl! le"ling of flush
Ioydr"rllli, "",I "PI""'e,,rly lhis work """5 'lOt do",'
waleI' dep""II11enl lU"iutellllnl'e crews, 1" ",,-
lieip"I;O" of IIi,' taids, howe'er. 'I"""tities of ,.1"
!!4'l"\'e "elll';1' e<1"ipruenl We"e ph";f'd in sll'ulI'gie
100'Htio"". the''l'br fadlil"ti,,/; prOlllpl ,"t!l''';rs in
"
.. of ,!ir;.....1 hilS, TI,,' nf lhe.
,]('1'''''111'''''1 h",1 n...."i,.....1a"",m,,1 defenRl' tl
Imt I\,'re """hI,' 10 ("op.... ""th thl' nmftl
,..,,,,e.1 by 1'o...:!(1 . .
111. (J1'"Mlil>l' ""ri"!! W'"'
"f bmnhi"l! 1':1;,1,. "'-""ipmelll nf
w",'k" ,,'n, ,1,",""1Jyed "r ",.r"'ll.ly dlllUlIll<'d ia
IO""li",'" bnl hy ,iml"ly
,npl'ly w"' llllli"l>ti,wd,
",i.I-. 1',"li,"la,.l)' 11"'1 of III "\,,,"("11 11
which hit Ihe di,Hid'; ,'n_1 or Ill<" ri
"",.,.1\ jllper"",1 of tlw 1:11''' "ud
1.... ,,,1 . pip."'- w,", In,r""'<1. C""""-lll<"ntly,
"'"0"'" "f h,,,k,,g, f",mlhe pipe,; w"s
n)\d '"\"0,\111<,<1 ill l'e<1ueed \\"111 .... 1"1''''''''11"'
M"I",,,,;-io" of w"ter ill mn".\ 1
11
>tt...'lI,
th"l eonrlilion, "1m,,,,! ,,11 .'IllI110)"l'l's 01
"",e" work" bn,.."n, "id"d h)' ..nl" of the ll'
to,,',' 6..,1,,1001 ,,,,d member,; ("Of Ihe p<>li,'" "llllllrt!
P;\;'I1Ue"t", we"t to work 1<> ,hnl <1!T Illl' di"ni'
Ii,,,, Ii"",,, to block the Sl'rl'il1l
pipe", and 10 d....e lhe ellrb cocks. In "I'ite of
Iheir dfol'ts. of """t",, ine"e"$l heeau<c
.nl,<"(';.;;i"" .... ids ,,"d ,he fllel Ihi,t the leaky, sir
"If di.1 "iLnlion Ii",.. hat! 10 b,' rWI'"ned I0 suI'
w;,t'-'l' 10 bnna,'k" which hOld bee" ("""t"",t"d
1l ... fi,e",zl!(1 dblriclS.
17. !'(>Mlf'((r Zf. J9-Il.
d,,, '.... I'"i" of Ihe wlIler sy,tem harlbee" l'l'ogl'$
ing The "lllUll,,1 of ",aIel' a"d w.t11
I'["(.""tll"tl requirements hllrl g)"ellll., t.-
ca"."" of rhe enll"""'1l of O("''''I'"lion forel'li i.,
Tok)'o. plH", hll(\ been made '0 Ilft
\"Cllt ftll',ll ..\' le"ku!-'" ll",1 10 improve ,he
"Iuil'lllelll "",I SOl"Pl"',) of dl<' plall!".
IK .1 ir mid of 10 .Illftclo /9j.6.---a. 'I'll<" ni,"rO
,,!a"1ll 6o,,,,,led al 1'1 J'Hi;,.ll1
Ih" B-:?!I. ",,,,,i,,g ill ",'n the eit}" .,.
allit"de of "b<>lll I ",ile. l'i,-,..1. Ih.... "RlIl<' I
.. then ill forn",lioll. of llll"!"e';-llOO;1l
"':'eo",I". Fil'e Chief :-'hillo<l". wloo
11"'1 e,;-til,,"led tlo;'1 there wel'e HboLll I.
1'1;",e$ ",hid, dropped iipo"nd (:?7 kilog
rlu
'"
viI inl",ndi",'y F,,,,,, Ih(l ti,"\' I()IWT il
<,,"hl "''t' Ihut. Ihe Fllk"g:l"'u, Honjo, ,\,.kll&
Xihom[",.<hi, KI,nda, .Ioho, ",nl E<lo)!,l,,"" ,li,I,1lt
In'n' "fi,.,. 'I'h.. 1'1"1\('< kept (,,,,,,in)! in ul
i"lel'\'I,15 m,til 1t-201l ltolil'S.
I,. TIlt' fin, ehief w.... m 10 hi" ':01"",,,,,,1 1><J5I
Ih.... [",,;elllellt of Ih.. I",ilding o"liI'
Ihl" "\'ui]"bl" .... Iwine< f"olll 1h,,,,,, "i"l, IhJt j,.I
nOI I...,." b"",Il('j. ile dt-<:ide(i t" '\l"ke" I'rr;Ofl'
;\'J33_<7_ G
s..rfoc< hfd"'"" .nill<ll....11 'HIO
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i. n.. --t lupIt nicI _ TtIlJwt ...
M-y IIlU. e-a .....
I,", alld map lIbo.. illll ntftll o'llre dam.p iD _.
..".1 important Tokyo diotrid.. j
19. I'1IN'liMli"g 01 'N (/'p4rl..-J.-c...
I'anod ,,'.h ,.... fI..... del.. nme",," or mttropoIitan
.\,,,niN'" ,.i"e. fire d("J.. n"",,,11I'U poor,
hOlh ..... i,h _I""" lu I"d ""h,her of Ip-
a"d I', 1)'110 .. 1 I"'''''',,''el. When it is 00II.
Ihlll ],ijlhll' Iro;n"d .,,,1 (jen,,"n
li ..... unil._ 1<> ""JlI! ..-ilh sal"r
",iou micl co",Ii,i",,,,,, i, l..."nJeS qu;,e de.. 'h"1
il,. T"k)'o fire ,1"I'U1",eul "a;' hop"I ,l\" inode.
'I"."'. The l1"I"'rt"''''''. ., ;N<I Ih"
durinp- Ih" ".id_ "n,i! the .i,u",;o" he,:.",.
so ,rilto.1. t1IlP 10 (1lmllll'! 10 ....ter ",all15 ."d .Il-
1"'11""" Ih.t had 'n UI', ,,'ilh .hl' ,-"suIt
lh", 'WlSl 'of lhe fiN" Imn,..l ,lll'lll""h'el OUI. ,\"
"l'l'"ralld l.eea".... ,ldil;o"al unil.. ",ere
caliI'd ill f,,>o' rol';m"mti.... I""'inl; ,hem
'0 ' .. rrr 0" L' lJe..o ,.oold. .\ Ithoo" the cbief
I>f .he fire ,lel'"n",en, hili ,ll<' .".hor;,s 10
l>"ildiu;!S to IlTr"enl tlte .l' d of fire.'''' ..temp.
..-"s n,,,J. '0 esIablish firob ks fOl" ,hI' follo...-in"
""a;oons. (I) Thl' milil.n Iuod ronlrol of .ll
,h'n.,ui,1' which w., ill ,lemond: a"d (2) Ihl'
i(K.,ndi"n" homh<.c",eretl ....eb a 'Oitle;;l'"""d a.-
lh"l firelJ.....ks C\)IIld lI<.>I h"..e bet-n
creRl",1 '0 ""r"e "n" """,f,,1 IllllllO!;t. Ve.., lillie
",;,;j,I,,''''' \\"'l.'! ren<iered Ihe ,ll'llOInmelil br mtm
bl'rs of lhl' aUIilia"" poli... a"d fire "ni,s
booanl. who wlJ.r ,he dil'fClHllI of lhe
,.hi.f of the fi ..... dellartm",,,,. It ..... Sla,ed ,hll
fr<"" Sel',emher WH "nl,1 l!Hii Ihe ""NOn.
"el of ,I". 6 dl'llOIrtmt"l ...."'re '<IIUed lho' the
men w...... ". 1\. abll' '0 .. islt their home<.
2Q. Shibtr (li.I,.;,.I......... Firr- .tatio....- Th.
Shibft, fire di,lricl or.,. 0'" 011.... mQ;l important
......." I" T,-,k.,-(>. It il",hll""'l in,pol1alll ...,,,,,r
frolll. w.rtho""". factors. Illd "",ide"li.1 II"tIIS.
1I"1Ihin di_trict in ,II""."" .btre ..VI'
<Ii..i"i,.;, h""<Iqll.rt"...... ,I".... bolulioo htadqulr-
,e"" lhl'ff 1.'"lI" a"d ,;I ..".U !lllb,.llions. "oi,h
101.1 of :H 1'''llIl'''.... tach ".,....1 .1 J-"U",,,
per m;nute. E,-.n Iho"v!' ,hi. distncl or 1";1"-
...,,1 d"'troy.d l>y lirt in lho- 10 ....b !(I.,Iii ",r"'''1.
onll' boll"linn h...<Iqu"rt"", st.nOll ,,'OS lo..
I" j'l). Dur'''J! ,h.....1' 2 pUn'll"""" wl're
I
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,,-n kill('<\ .nc1 ,h., """"rred orhl''' ,bt
"",.,,, . . d;Q
,Ii.. i<'oll eh;"f di,;pllrhed 10 coml.."'''''n
'>\;n anotherdiSlnrt..
n'." '0 .,"". _Durin.. ,he 10 )Ia....h
b. BlIl/d,lg" 01"<1..."",, ....
6l
11I......tilPolill" flf II ... oombl'f! ""11M 111<1, .hold 1.11
lIIM.t Inti I hllf Illu. h. 1.'1 ...i,I, hi. l i"'""I.
a..,1 "rnl Ill'" I" Ka."IR d,"ricl, "bt lb.
f",,,,,llh.. fl"",,'" C""'III"IIII"." lb. 11 d "
I I f
' J II. , t
... lie "ur ,,,,,1/1,, Ii... I"d "fl.r;1 had
b;-rll PSllllll,"l ...<I,lht\, Cf'<1 ,I,
. "",mlt"
"'"l"\". ... Th. Ii "'". M) i"lo'lUlI' ill
K.",I r,c, thaI. ,he Ii" ....."i.,1I: f""lll ,It.. rool.;
" ." 1I.,lUll ut<lll"d like o"..",Rlk"""
('. The wi ",I ,..I,.o;i, ... h,,,II""n .... illinall} lbo"l
,,,i1,'" 1"",1",,,,. hUl, "" ,I... Ii.... t-llnll' ","... in
I.." .... '1'",,,li"l:" ti,,'. "d"eil)'
;"""."...,,1 '" lr, n"IL'" per ho"r. Th.. Ii .... chief
"'''''1".1 Ih.. :-'hil".'"" Ii", .Ia'i"n. 0",,.,,,,,,<1..1 In
lirt-ei. 1l,,,llhe wi"d "Ill"'" hi,,, olT f,,,,;.
d, .\iJ<"" :lOll ",.",y ,h',,,oli,i,,,, me" e",ue,,,","k..
lit", illll"..,ihl" 111'('.""" "f lite
.peed wi,h whi,.\, lite Ii,, '1',,'.<1 ,101'''''1110 u,e
e,'Owclt,,1 "r"'" of \\"",.1.." Ito,,"\"<.
r. At /\.,."1"",,. ,h"li"'.""io" "",f \\"'" .fi ......nd
lit,. w". (''''''1'1","1)" um "f h",.,t Ihe
tb,''''''' "",,,,inl! the ,1...,<,,,.
f. A' U.ltJO).lhe Ii,.., chid Ii .....
,;,,,,ion "",I 1',o",...<I"d tow"rd Ilonjo, "'h..... hi;
'"ll"llI oi.>ile u;:ain <""'j!hl fi,,,. .\1 HOlljo ,h. lire
I",,,,,,, oIown \\'hile lIlhe fi,..,,,,e,, ..... 010
,I", ,. III r1,.i,ing 0" ,0 ,he
,-.:.,;1 h"d I" ..... <:1""",...1fOI" "bolll , mile ofh""ll""l"
"f "oll""'''' At Ih" \(.YOj!Oku.llllioll. he fo""d lh",
d'll whol. rli", riel oil' ",i'h ,he
,ion of II f.. ,,lto""'_ ''''OUlIrI tlte ti ..... 5111,iolO.
g. TIn, Tokyo fit'e CI"pllrlment "'", wll"II)' i""dll'
'Iliute 1" ,.",,11",,1 ,he ,p,..,,,,li"j! fi ...._ which broke
out "imuh,,,,oo,,,II' in h""d....l, of ]JI""..". lind
'I"''-J-",d 1" l""'11 Oll'l Il j!''''''' of ,he fit.,. 'n,"
rllpidit.,. wilh which fi.-,,_, dewlopcd is ilhHn"o<l
iu lhe ,h!'e" piell'!,"'" 0" 1"'!!e5 i;.] ,,"d I;:,. which
"'fn' ,,,ken nl i"l"r,.,ol".
I,. Thi, "u i<\ "" 1I",<lII\(> j!,..,,,H--1 d""lrlielion e,-er
"i,il ..<l1I1"1II <:it). .\ ,,,,,,I "f
h., ,heir Ii,.,'" 1'..... 1'1" .-"nni"l! fn,. "'{"I!" w.....
""1'1'<..1 by tin ...."nh;"!!.- "ltead ",,<1 III'O"n,1 ,hem
IIll1l 'H"" e,,<:i.-d"1! wilh fIll"'"" "nil black ,;,,,ok.
The.,' I. ",k,... 1f, '.- I'l"oll't' io" 10' h.. c",,,d; "nd ri,-e:-.
In" in ",>I"" db,,i"" ,he ,haH"w .... ".,1" w,"'"
ill;: fmm the h..al which """-'lI1ed "-' he c(unp...-I
L)' win<l on tI,,,, hll'J-"-' fil1" ""d ,m"lIer
,,"e;; l""k,> "n, '" ,i",'. which llop
work of tl... Ii,'c d"p"rtm"u, ,\iRkul.'.
.\g" in. 1h.. d"I"".t ...lforl.' w,'''' fUllle III lht,r
nllemlll 'U _ul"lm, ",,' cuutl-ol ,1,.. l1,ging lbn\\-:'.
(&'e I'l" lW 10 '\'.,k.'o ,I"nlill!"')
up.oci,y. 49.000
UpilC;,y, n,ooo ,Ilion.
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;o>ll1\ded ""rill'" fi,-,.t-llid ,...
.. to dwir IIp,K>inte.1 ,lull"'" lind ",,"ulled
, "
,1.,'.loponentS. o,lwnl we'''' 'Ull.m,,":"!' 1 "
WUS ul,'CeilS"ry.\t Ih.' alr-ra,d "lanll.
h,)""",''''. "lllir,;l."itl\*""",,,el \,ro<ffd",l '" ",,,...
10 their "I Wlwn .,,,,u,,11;("< ,...
il ,,,,uU in !\\\Inb;''', tl,,y ,w'''' ,,,k,-,, loy ",,,n,I,.,,.,;
lOr Ihe lwighbol'hoo<lg"'lll"" \1<>II"r; '" 1I'"
Hr>l.uid olllli,,"';. When Ihe \01,,1 I,.-clll""
hell"\' for them. the" "nU",l up"" ,I,, "".<i\iHy
and fi .... for "",i'\""''\'' In Ihe
\,''-"'''' of 10'1;"1' Mlids. ,he lulh'" ."'i,,n
look on'r Ihe .'o,iff' dUly of
Ihe wound",IIO l1r;;I."id "AI ,,,, "f "d-
n,ini"wr;,'!! on_,he_,I'OI Ii"",,i,l lllltlllion
...1>.,,;;. Should the ul"'" lIny '1)l'\:lf,c fi,-,.t-fti<1
station tOO or ill e",e" ,houhl
I... destro\...l. it \\'us Ih.. Cll"Onl tn toll for
from Sill' ions ill ,..,.;WN not" Ifec' b)' Ilw raid. or
ul"'n workers frotH omsi,lll the "I'e",
of infonning mcmlx-r:l..,f the ,"i"tin,g'
families lip a, the fi,."tai,l stations 1x'c,,"""'
the pat ie"tll wert' heM ,,,,I.,' a sho'1 lime. nOI to eX'
,,,,,,d I hour. if il w.'re 10 get t"""SI>o,'t"
lj..,n for ,hem 10 ,,1";"'I,illll within th"t tillle. AI
Ihe id hospitals. howe"c", ""sm.!t ." li,IS were
di'played for the i"f..,rm"tion of Ihe pnblie.
Tmn,portation 10 th.. ho;;pit"lg Irastl[,o<;l",l l!l"
mun. a,""il"ble. .\n,b"lant"el ill Ihe >\mcrie""
<e,,;;e of Ihe w"rd l'l:ty....l a neglig;l!le ",Ie i" the
Il"IIll'I'",.tllliou vf e"sMhics. b'" Ihe hospil"I, had
roll! norlS wilh t '"l1"'I>OI'lat i"n (:..,Illp""i.,;; for ea 1"'.\'-
ing I,,' 1ruck.. Th..... f"e;lilies W",oe
ulilizl'd 1x-;l>le.l>"t in mlljo" mi,ls nd-
,Ii,;"""l mtll"S ,,"er,' ...,"ghl. Thr<;lugh Ihe chief of
Ih.. "'dfan: l>nrell" in Ihe Illetrop..,lilaU disll'icI,
the din'CI<;lr of t he henlIh se<.1 it>n hRd "C<.'eSS to ,he
chief of the ,,,,nsI'OI'I,,,io,, pool ill ,he
<,.lIt".1 <'01111"01 noml. EIHcl'genc)' 'l"ltll'l'0rlnlioll
was thus ",....led. p,'O,ide<.1 thel", were
aU)',n,cks n"nilnl.>le. If "0', "n "l'l'enl WUS ",,,dc
10 lhe "rill.". Ac.:ordill)! 10 Ihe ;nforlll"t;OIl ,"tl.
ctlled. ,,1I1 rlln, 1)(111 al i<;ln 1"C<j"irem"ll1s mel in
,ha' wa.'". It i. wonh... of nole in this cUlulccl;on
lhnl Ihi.;" "M of the f,'''' ill,I:U'ct!S ill which 'he
In..d.ieal secti"n of Ihe sur'e.'" "hsern..I ..\'idell<....s
"f'lId f,'OtIl lite army ttl the ,-:i"ilialll'ol'"l"tion ill
em..rgenty reli.. f.
:I. 1l08pitaI8. ,\[. Ihe SOIlII<J of Ihe air'l"llid
P''I'I",,,.:ion was m"de for the c"acunl;oll of
p"tlenll! I1l ]lomls of liltfelY. ,\ I Ihe IIi 1'-1'" id ,,1:l1"l1l
all allll.>"l"lor\' IlRlieuts , ' , ..... "" 0 "Sl!lg"e<
78
,Ill'llen; ,.ilh"f ill tlte b"..;tnlCllt of
tllre':! v,' ill oUlside shclteJ'>l. Bttlj,.I,enU! w,
im;olftl" as l'ridicnble, 011 ....
Iho>;elrOll\ UI'I,..r 1100"" wert' to
lowe" 1I1J01' or I" Ih,' 11,,';<"1"1'''1. Alr:Tnld lIbl
wel"fl i.. '" Clln' for ,,11 111I1ll'1I1". "ml
lcn,lnnls ,'x<.... 1'1 ill "lie tlf the I"rl,.",r 1""'l'llal>s.
n,,,l"! ,1]1'111'1'; w'\1II,1 h","e h<','" buill
!;hOI'lage"f <lnrlllj!: ",r:
"le"19 we'" parlial. bUI dUI'illj:" ,,'''.rms Iher .
,."nlplele, Lij:"ht cII"ln,1 w"s "oullllel., l''''<'l\,
ft'OIll du,I< lu dawu. nO 1,1
f()!' I." . i"g [,uil<lint,.'" III
<;If fire ,,,"t 1'01. bill ...,,,l(' wert' lon' Ilown"'l
Ii", indl"idlllll of 1""l'i,,,IIIII'lIl1gtrtlllll.
ull;ti"I
10. 'l'railli"9 f"l\owelllltl\ f",nilial" I'UlIertl "..I
w;lh in lite <;If other ,"r!!el are"". '1',
nical Irainin!! fllr eugllh'Cd ill I;rst,
:H'li"itit'd $lllrled lit ,hllllallOllnl ill Ihe IliJo,l
,lefe""" gcntr,,1 I",a<hl"alt"'''' "ml filter..d do...
Ihrough \"I' '0 11", i ndilid.n,,1 honllt,]
A lcochuielll ,e1I,-,.-,1 for b1"\>lIjlll1 I" fro", aD
"f 'he prcf'><;lUl"'S was gi"ell f<;lr a P"l'lo<l "I line
w,o(>l< eac], 'ye",". wilh Ihe "id ""d j:"lIidll,we
"I'll"" Lilli nS a p" rl of Ihe ,,;r_defen;;e II''' ini1\g I'tlt-
gl'"I;I. The <'tIIIl"S<' slrC!i>'ed lhe "Hio"'; of,
fil."t "id. lind defellse IIgllin,l, "Hatk.
d....lo]"s Ihen reI limed 10 ,heir I'csptc,i"e
lUI''''' a"d. in the t""" of the Mell'(lI>oIIIU
Disll"id, g""e inslrucli,," 10
the henllh secti"". 1",II'u<:10,"" frolll Ihe IlCtltl'
......<ion """"mbled Ihe le"de'"9 of the ollxilillY:
polie" and lil'e unil' "",I !,'1',"" Ihcm g'"OlIp instrt<,'
tioll in firs,-nid mel hods lInd lechniques. 1lII1
,:tllle wilh Ihe b,del":; Ilr the bl....k aSllC<'l-'
,ioll' (dlOk,,;), who, in Ill]"". c",.,.ied tlw InSlll:'
lion. to Ihe lendel'" <;If the ;,eighool'h(>OO1
(Ion" ri j:"llllli). Tlll'OlIgh' he IlIst-nallled agtnte
Ihe iwlil'idu:t1 r"lllilies ]"('Cei\'e" simple firsl.u,
dil"tJt;lions for self_p'"Oh'c,ion. Ano,htr awll*i
10 Ihe publit; WIIS !hl"OlIglt coml11unil\"
11
10
('<.'5 I"ea<lil.,' to 1111 I,he I'eople. r..
1111"<.'5 nnd deIlWHsll"a,;ons wert! gil'ell b.\'
senl "I i\"CS of Ihe heah It secl ion "bo1l1 once pl(llI
The 1""lerinll'rtSCllll',1 did IlOI forma proF
C"U''SC bill II ro;pd il ion of Ihe sawe
lions ut tndl ,..(>.,si"n. A lil'fiI-II;d Illllll"al WJ'
Iril"'lcd at Ii !,I'it't> IIf 10 ""n ond was pllrchl;td
pmt;l;colly e'"r.\' flllUil).. The Ill'w"pal"'''' tII1
gcn"rollS in the publicill ion <;If ..dlleali01lalllJlll
cOIl!ribul ....J b)' expel'ls on ,heir <;Iwn slalTS,ADd
d'o ....rried freqbeM ..... "'* .....
... I lild by tbe air-dec.n. .Pneral rter:a.
ollrf ('o".mM/ (vitA '1IJfa1 ,./__to tM,..
j;/ Vardl If/4>
i
l.-llelllioQ,,, already brwn
'/, 'f tilt tlllm"",. nf m-pil.la alld dinicll th.l
mA't''' "h L ,
Il'OIl"u\"t't1. 100001er Ifll I,,,, I""" 'n bttl
we,; <'" lh; .....1'".1 air l'I.i<lllu1'<>11 110" Tnltrn n.,...
..,,IV' h','
' I" nol .. I al ttt.>rdUIIl: 10 Inform.
h h '
' "lhedireet<>rnflhe ah
II"" I'l'" '.
' " "'"k\'o r.(.. i...t1. dl!"t't'1 hornl! Inl.all,ll1>al
I ll" III . , .
' '''''10 w.....I"", f"r "'anl "f .,1' ... "1 . ,.".
II" I""n ...s "f h""I';lala and l"'li""l-< I'l'!ll,lt"'l fr"rn
The ,'''' "
f t lhnl hosl';I"I" we,.., loe.l", 111 the d.,'.S'
llw ,"' ., where entl'lhill,lr "nt! ,,""t,'ll
o
lh' ,,"el'l'
IlIte< "I" ' . "
,
I bl' i"len... he"t m,d
",,,.e "p"( . " ' , ,
'
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'in, "II 11.1' rest 0 "I' "'II a was I
0,'1"" "" "" '. .
f 10 194:,. The fr"m tlns ... ,,1
' k ' ",wal' the lOp <;If Ihelt" .. 'h" J;:l'tlItest.
nlll II." ", ,
"
'Ie ill "II '"'-'Cord"d h"I"r,\". 11"111 I I....
Jo"-" I "" k '
' " ""'11Il,"ake wilieh 0 yo III
11011 0 tie , ' I
.. t(!.:ci'ed f!'<llll t .... an,
" r,'is;on pl"c" Ihe dealh h'l a, ,n.l(;(;,
.... ICS ( , .
,
fl'( m ,he henlth SI",:U"n w,,-, ""."'''. 'hel"t),H I 1I11 , ., , ,
", " eallh WH9 (>f the Op"H<;In t '&11 '" The dll'e<.'l<;lr 0 , bee
' Jigul'CS w..re lIlo!'e la-nrly correct. &u,,"
fon"el ".., "n >letllnl C"IIII!. 0" Ih. olh.r
(I C" ""set d " '"
'" 'h'e tIIany ea, I lOt, I<
h"nd I IHe . . rtJI bl'
,
'
"'" It"l Ill<' I"uer P ,.. I ..et ... ",n e<.
IL". 1 The 11101'1,,1;1\' fig"""'. h"w.'er. aM'
ill ,hi" di"";I;;."ion. "s.lhey
w;lh in lh" ,"tlI"H"t "" mOI'I""",'" SCIT'<.... ._
"
. I 1>t.""1I11:'C Ile'a,....3(> ' ..
lIIenli,,"e< ,eleon) , ' d" .,.111' of wh"lll
' , 'I I Ii I 0 WOlIn CI.
$OC1"t ... WI" I 'e , ., I 10 \larch.
,
. I I l lhe /,""1'111 l"lt"" .
e,enlllllll.,' I "", I ,.' .1\' wlI'"nl"d. "lid 9,._
wpre l"t!llOrl<'d a$!;tl ;':U" rio",],. wCll.lIId..1
0:1:\ ,Ii.,ht!>, wOllnd..!. Ihe st ,'." whil.
-". ."" ,rih' rO! Ihe h''"I)]['' '"
werca problclIlll'l 1'. .. 11,' p.lien",
" .. , tl wound"d ,,'ertl prme'l'a , ",
Ihe I,. I .\ . . The ell<!rnwu, ,11I1l1""r
or tl'e fi,.':;I",,1 " i"''';11 0 fell' )1"11'"
lhro\\'n IIPOIl the h'->l':lld .tlll """."1 "I fir:;\-
" I I", 1'" Cll! ,Il
1'lIIe. logelher Wit It I'.,. fir>,.ai,l!'e....llI".1.
aid rilili"". Iheshrl11k"l!"e 111 .,', ,>ort
I inlhel11ll'v ,
al,,1 th, CO" US1"n . .., th" (I"ploh,,,
' k II I rollfn",t""
'he impo'Ollble III .,', ,'.!!. ... r.
"f '" "'re
and l>tal<'n fir,!,,," "ere. . II i"di""le 0 S\&l.
1I() .... iden<... <li-;elllel..,llhat ."ou (, "Iblie or Ihe
' "I,f,nhertlel h
"f hVSh'rlll On t w I'"' '. f Ihe ealll,trol'
fil"Sl:llit1 wOl'I<"I'8 III the Inlle "...., ilt'd ,..I.t;""
,
I 1a"e ",'<'n e ,
"lth"lIgh th1\ tigll1l" 'I,,) _ I.ttfore' Ie
I
,
'8 lI"d llllr>e'l r
10 the. mCIllIx!'"i!" ,,, ,na. are 1'1'00
" ,,",lIem,,,,r 11
roid as''OllIpOI,..11I'1i I I 0"",
of n I""melnlolls fl1)1ll lie
"'.. _w Ih.& the, hi .... n&anIin ....
1I1U1lbe.:. __ tba ebl of 1IeMiIi&i-, bat u.n
-.,. 11<, """>rdtI in to indit-afe to what
.lIt"",. In m.ry. it 1lla1 be ..iII thai u.. fInt-
.i,II'rt-'lt'lllhl teaIIo1lllhly ..1""l1ll."" I" dal ",illl
III"d.tlll....,,1,.. hOI th.1 no "'l/IIni...,i"" """Id
.Iat"f "I' alld d..li'N"ftki""l ;..ni... in d,,, p,.a...
of fli, ".......1 a di.....ll'r. To Iht hilI" and 100
lale' ,.-II;eh Ch"'CI.. "mtrlZ\'ncy rn",li...1
""n'i"", "Ia)' be .0.1<1",11,,,, !IIIICh cunf""ion a"dl""
mod, ...1obsIrnet"", i"lh. nf
Red 0_
IJ,lrodu,.,....._Il,>c",,'"" of Ih. Ilod C........
headqll.""'" hei'l)! in Ih. ,... pi(al. the
f y' I.>..... ,,{.h had llUff.red sollle\lth.1 from "n in.
.nOt'l.' '''''''I,lex. ,\l!hltl'jlh <I",,,. 110 d.finite
]lroof. 0'" rea,lil}' '*''''''''' an i'"pre,..-ion Ih., til"
1"".1 l>tllndl ..... o".""'ta<!u\ltl!d h, <b.. n.tinnal
headqu."eOl. n... op"..uion uf h;"l'i"1s h)' Ihe
1""-1 CT<lIl$. l"t lIl5ta"I:'C. h.. b.."" fount!
.... 10 he On.. of i.... <objecll",';, In Tok;o
the lied C....... bo.l'ilal 'u.s O\ltlled and OI",,,,,t;"1
Ih.. "Alio".l It,,"dq,,"n..l'$. II '\"a/l a kno,,'"
faet. OO":"""r. 'hAl Ihe Toho b... ""h !lad been
.""inos to h.,. a l""'l"t.1 <>f '11$ o"n. bill all
policie! and mljor by d... 1....1h....nrhes
had 10 be appro'....-I Ih. natiou.II'"t1<IUJln......
il might b. mort lhlll I "It'", "I"
pro"11 for ito l'rojCl:t....l hnsl'ilal had 1101 Ihu5 hI'
been >".....-1 1.>,' Ih.. """'I b....nch.
o'1"'n"'lion.ol ",-rue.
1IJre "liS I-..r., 'impl... n... llresid."t (director) <;If
lite T<>kyo brandl ...", nOllli11ll1! Iry' 11", ....
of1he 10k)'u )Ietropolila" Di.", ..ict Ind .I,pointe<!
the nOlionl1 h...dqll.ne", ur ,b. Red C......
Tlte 1''''''ld.lll. ill lum. "!'I.,imed d ,"'itt 1''''';-
dell1s whu i'l't,.d hi;; ....i.st.n..... n were no
b","eh@;;. 00' ;n tad> of ,I.. 3,j \It'O.rd!I
ill Illd ill.1I1beollll.linglo,,nsand
in II... metropolitan "'ere Ioeal rom-
mittteS. .ppoilll.d by Iht p"",,,dent <>f 11..
h....",,". "'hiel, fllllC1ionl't1 "" ilS o"'po;;!S. Th"...
"'115 .1 Junior Re<l er.:... "'P'ni..ll.... "'hich
ITa, el l\ alli..l \ltilb <he !'<"I_I ,y<tem.lh. un,ls
alll,...j"r illlbe primary 'Illl.""der
lhe I....d.rship of .mool IMoers. )i" ....
'0 i"tli""le th.llM Junior Cl'<l6S
pe..fo,.."..,1 .n." \\.rt;m. !!erne. .."....pl in mulu.1
11"I]lful_ &lid n>Onlle- hmlrlcr.
H. r",;1I;1I91'''''9'''' .._ ..."1l
"' duri"!." ....ar. of """"" ":0' (lIM' of
"
..
P-..-. To"il, __ .
- of .., of Ibt eitk. tIw. ..
Iluditd, .....l/Ile of tJ. .-.. naou- IIJIlI'l
"hirh it had 10 dra....
19. ..tiuR.__. The lOOI'tuary.....nc. .....
1101 I "'artlme ,''''j"". In nonnal b_II ....
'e... I "t jlO,OIli} 'lealh"o....Uy. or btl ........ l.'IJO
."d :lUJ a dlr. The)' "-'1'1l 1,1'1(11,,<1 by the un,lrr'
lakelll' """"<:iali(l(1 "'hid" duri"f' Ibe "'ar, at 1_.
IInd.r I!'e 1,,<1 diI'1ll.1;'l "f tl..
I"[';.f "f ll'e ]Inks .nd "'""leleril'll <C<1i"n rk(oell
'If the 1,lft"nili/{ and I",bli. \\'''rks Int.
Il'IlII (keik.kll-kyulluj Will dil'1'ctly Imdtr
lIte jI"()"enlllr of I!,e Tokyo
/" Jill'" 1,"''''1''-'1', ;1 W:I. t!llll
Ihe... m;j[lu be 0N'lI81"''' fill' ltandli"j[ lal)re "um.
b.1\j of del'l, :lod. i" <onleo- 10 liIIll'UJ-. :I" C8lim"le of
lhe probable "lIm""r." a basis for J,lon,nin/!. Ihe
a,Mceof [he 10 itilary IlIthoMI;"" "'1lS """gl'l. The
Nim",e """,,i,tt1 .'1lS .'lI'lf'JO p"'r }... r in of
Ihe 1l"n11RI fatalily upeet.oo"J'. IWliz.i"g I.hal
""ph "'1 incre.!or oould nut be b.odl",1 bye:rihlin.;
lIlClhodsnd dUll ill the <:o"fu,i<lll and [u..>luil
11011 o.ecom]la"' a se,..", lir ...id ]lUli"", IU.
thorit, would be lhe IIrl!'SnizaliOJn:l1
pl." ""'''',,<led to illCI';'k Ibe p<.>lil'e deport_
me"ts illlhe fl18dioual !;CIup. In d...'''''''''lte <If
llell"\' C>lSIIall\- list.,. the pohl'e "nn of !he mor.
t""r;' ser"ice ':"rri"d the maj<:tr ]lortion of !lIe load.
rs...; orj.l\l,i"'lion e1'an, '>2.)
b. TIlt pari<. ""d ""'''''leIT -0.." had di1'1'<C:t
''OHtl'Ol o,tr d,,,,,, -uo...: ._.
(1) TI,e enlrin ...orb fl'?J,.gakanl.
whid' "'IS """,,,,, bl. for ]ltamll"'; for Ih.
di"l'osal uftl,t dead: ._
(2) Grlle...IIJI'.o.iI"l!,J"""" :!'Oksn) 10 ...1.
had of pr<ll'Ul'1'llleQ' and fina, III
cunll""iOl1 \\"ilh the dL'JIUSII of lhe all<.!
(3) Hllr...l matlers {8OOIUj.'BDnl. \\"111('1,
",wried ."d nperatfd I (,l'1'ma,ory' aod 6 '-"'me-
leriee aod ""p"'n-i.oe<l II ]."i<"lltt ."'malon.....
'1'1, rk. 11,,1 .........ltIT !'I'Cfino al...... 1
e]l& ,,_ "--'-nilin:' a:;o;oeiotlOt, "'Ind,. ,hrecul,n "\"fr ",... . __ . 1
h h 'IS me",be", ;1\ lilt an""","=" p<.>1"", 11\'
t !'Of'/:, I, ""-...r.d hlnek ...,.,.,iat.iOll Irade" Ii", UllIl:;;. I Ie ....., _ ,
"eighbothood I!""'f"\, UII.'" re-
IIKl lhe r ""'"im, fO!"
roll""'on 0 or d;sJlu",,1. .VIII. ..
"al 'tan;;pt> erit<- oroM ion had 1\0 lran,;portau<Ill
l'an:!!.nd ....,.,. nlll<lt :I'lilalllf. 10 th.!lN:.
"lUlpll\!'lIl. I . lICSI 10 lht tta",,_
li(>ll for thai pu'1lO"e al"'" ""Cl
not rwfjly --.ible to doetara IIId1\'--' .
. -_ Ipr;.
yale practice. ,
f,. After the BId "f 10 K.rch 106 the Tak,u
branch D! the .C..... up aIllI ...u.laillNi
III 1In1aid In _ddlhOb to th_ Joe.!ed
Ule 5 "Iilli,... III 110.. raitL. ...hich follo_
1
tit':
(.. f"r 111(,,.,, thttn :I,QOOCllllU.hi; TIlt
Ii",t.i,) operat4'<1 in """'JJf!....
..-illl, hUI of, Ihe
"l 6l">1. CRoualti"", f""" Ihe &-d
l'rot;{;'''' Wllrhl'8 0lll'nllilig in
"f1.hestntions,
W. l"'''<:<:!ti'''e 1111'
",..,u,,,1 1,000,000 rl'" II "ea r, h"t W"I' "er re.
qui ..,l do"ble Ih,,1. "mOlllll, which j.";"';': OOme idea
of Ihe to wl"ch th" lOCal ]led CI'l".$ hl'1u'ch
"'"s ill ,,"lIl' work. FUlids were derind
fl"Ol11 memllC"-sliip du",'l, fees frOIll 11ItliClIk!, and
'I>o!<:i" I <lti ,.<'S. '1'1, I..,.' basic meu,bershi I' clll!tiifiea.
lilli'S we", ..lefl"tld,ng ullO" the 11''''"nt
uf mone," paid. Ilel.'lJ1n r mernbersh ill was b'Tll.llled
10 those who pnid 3 yen II )"ear fllr 10 ('U"geCul;'-e
l"eBrs, 01' II 1II111P smn Qf 25 .'"e" in ("'e payme"t;
",e"'/.>I'I":'<hip WllS IlblRi"ed 10)" lhe ""yrnem
of .1""1\ or mOl"'; "Ild hOllo,'ur.,' membership h"
t1 ... pltJ'melil Qf 1,000 yen 01' more; upon Ihe laS(
;!rolll' ,""s c'Jllfe,...",! the O"d"r of .\Ierit (Yllko-
.\ho) with Ihe """elioll of the e"'l'eruo', ThOl!e ,,-ho
p"id 1(1,000 ,"en 01' mQ!'e fot H\e",be,."hil' rec...iHd
ill ndditiOll 'Ill imperial the Blue n,b-
bon J)istillguished Sen'ice (KOlljuh....l,o).
Special dri\"es for fU"ds both lO ])>eel the eur",1Il
h"dj."'l and to ti"B''''e Slle<:i,tl P'"(ljOCI$, "s the
b,,;ldillg of" hos]>il"l, nlig-ht Ill' llIade b)'lhe Ioeal
h''lluch, slIbject to "ppm"BI Qf ""lion,,1 t.""dqulr.
leI'S. And, tillltlly. fc<os :: to :I Jen n oJa.'"
WCr<\ eullecled for 1"'O{essio""1ser,-ire;; fro'" Ih_
"blelo PilI'.
17. Oo";,,,efllll,_The prug""lll of Tokyo
h,'"ucl, of the Bed Cross Wll_. ,,(1ill,IN 10 "'II' l'rob.
le'n. 10 " g"'''te, t.I"," """S ("'II\,l ill other
Cilies inw,stignted.
Monuary Service
hl,'o(/udio"._Tok)'o s"tre>'lld "ot 0111," tile
1I''llnllost numbe,. of fUI;olities f"'lII .ir ,... ids bOI
tl'e j.'l'l'nlest lH""ber ill Jill\' single rtIid, The u,,
,. . , ,-llhc ",or U'""do"s Slll'g" of work 1 ."1 ,'n,e
I"a,), 81'1"'ioo I'I"CI"d this org"ni1-"ti(ln 10 d,e suo
;;l;'nti"to military l;l'rviCi'
there were !I,!ll), tln'\ of the loB" c1..
The tOUr lIf dllt)' ()f UU"*" on the flf{htmg
rather unique iu Ihe fact that they eer
BrotBling lJagis. t yelr Rt I time, aher which
we'"" bnJughl baek IILII t'l'placemellt6 were_t
I,) tRke their place<. Il1lhal WlY, Iny llUI'll6 mi
8Il"l'ral 10111"$ of dUly in th!' active tilt'at.....
The trBiniug of do<:tonl fQr military tIlll'ri
soml'whRt the !;IIlne for uur9\lll. The Arm1
and N",'y Rl.'t'med to ha"e a strong prefet'l'nce fer
,loclOrs" Ito h"d hR<1" course of training under the
Re<l Cross. Consequent1,., the R('(\ CrQiII! brought
ill 111"n,' yo,ltlg docI"r11 for trRilling in CN)l;Il
lechniqUl'';. Dllri,,1l' Ihe ,,'ar the Tokyo b....ndl
m"i"taine<l four 'loctonl Oil lh" baule hut
lhe)' perfurlllC'll Red CnlOlS work ollly. ""d "'ere not
",,<11'1' militnl'" order'!.
e. TrRini"i of the I'llblio ill Ii""t I,id "'as ae
ishcd by " lCll '" L'ollsist i"g of olte doctor and
lhroo hell'CI's who hnd hlld nrllly This
team "ppenred befure Jl)('{ltings of eommUnitT
le"ders nt" nllmber of ploces in e"lOh want
",,<11 went) sucll meetings, of 2 d"ys each
were held, at which the doctor g""e lectures .,,;
first."id methods ami the helpers condllcted prato
tictol demonstration" based 011 the Hed Cross firEt.
"id n,,""'''1. These C01l1'Sl'S "'e"e only for leRdcN
of Ihe ne,ghhorhood. gl'oups "nd the block assoeil_
lion, 111 e"ch the le,,>I"I"s were l'll[leCltd
to e"\'I'-," t he sallie ions to members of
1"('SllCc{i,'o Ol"ganizntiolls ,md eventually to lh in-
di"idual. families. Silllilnr tOllCSCS were ginn I.
school girls 81.1>1 to women's organizations, bllt thr
e"urse WRS gl"en onl)' onte to each group. S.
in the Wit)' of a
l"fJlllg pI'OlielClIC)' "'as gi,en.
15. PM!en;01,aI8ervicee.-II. 1" the five clinic!
111" intailled by Ihe brunch, ther'e
doctors Itnd eight nurses en,ployed on " fulltim!
basis in this activity. In addition to lhe find
clinics there three extension clinics loald
I,t oililS whe.", the wus grcole;l.
111",,1I)' to I;Cn'e persons who had lost their
in Ihe b"",bing ""ids. Plans Wel"\l WO)'.
Rdd ...o 'IIQI>: clinks, lind to ,hift tlr
[OClltlQlI of the elink'S once cllch )ellr. in
dislribute thc sen'iees to a Iltl'b,,"I' IHlInbcr or prr
sons. The doclors '111([ IlUI'Sl'S also did solllehol'l
"isit"tioll within t.he clinic territory.
lention WitS gil'ell to prel",t"l eases in 1..... ..
the major fuutlionll 01
though l'o;;$C""inj! nO ho>pllnl of It, 0".1\, B
a '1noln of 200 pcr .10 IJe \ ram\'ll lI\ Ihe
hOO-ll
itRl
IJelotlging lO the 1\nl101\"l
For lhM l;(''''ice th 1'ok"o bnl\wh pRill n 1,>(\ of
29 ,.en per month for c"ri, nulW t'1\iu('('. h will
he ;'oted IIIRt the '1110111 WBS the sa",e dllring Ihe
war a, before. and lhat lhero waS nO pbn f"r ex,
pa",Ung the nil"'" tnoillinj:( progrn'" to ml'<'1 Ihe
increa5l'<.1 deU""lds (>Ct:Bsionl'd Ihc wnr. The
only effort IhM waS made in IhBt dirl'('lion wa" Ihe
lowering of the for ,uhni..,.ion. Slol'
dents wel"6 clo;;sifictl ",\ 'lild "13" Irnince><, which
meant IlIRt llIooe who h"d IK'l'n J,!nulll"I('(1 frol11
high t'Chool were kno',-,' BS ,. ,\., ring;! nurses ,1\,,1
were gi"e" a 3"'oI:Ir OOllrse of IrRinillg. wt",,",,,,s
Iho;;e who hod been fro'" prill",ry
schools onl)' weN as "U' cl"... nUl-.el and
g;"C\1 R 2-,'CBr course. ,\f1er gnulII"tion ther"
"'1lS nO difference in the "","'ice tQ which the,' ",e,"<)
assignC'll. btl! lhe cia&; Imr;;e;; were eligible for
Ihe mu1'e imput1ll11t posilions Bnd thus in line fur
beller pay. Since Ihe eessalioll uf ho>tilities, the
tl'llilling of"B" clag;; nll.....s hRd been disc,,,,ti,,ued,
su that inclU5iOl1 of them in Ihe Imining program
must be regorded as pllrel,. a wHtime me"Sure,
leftstillthe TQk,o branch. After grndllRtinn, both
and "n" closs nllrses were ohlignte<l 10 ser"e
at il,e cunrenience Qf the RNI Cross for a period
of 12 which, ill su[",tallC". me"nt that the)'
,,'cre in the Hed CTOQ; re;;erye for th"t period. An
other pllln considered b,. the.Japaneseas" meR""re
for increasing the output Qf nuJ"SIeS for
",,"'iee did nOl, howl'\"er, inerea.se the lIumber of
nurses al all, but merel)" increft5e(1 the ",,,ober hu ".
ing IW Cross SlInctiQ'n. Ordinllril,. only nurses
ha'ing been trained by the Cross were accepted
in the militar,' ser"ices, Sillt:e d,e Ikd elmS
nurses were im,ullieienl in lIumber to meet the de
mands, a pulie,. was adoptC'l1 whereby nur>e5
trained in other Ihan lte<.l Cnffl hospitals We"l
brought iutQ the Bed Cross hl*pilal for llllmonths
refresher and indoctrination course. Rftel' which
the)' wereetigible for militnl')' During the
training period the local Red CrOS!:l brRlIlOh i).id
lhem Ule same .mount as the untlergl1ulu"tu
lrainees. bill. fter graduation the" reeei 4G ven
per month, with (;() for the ref,";l"r
Thl're was no progrRm fbr
nonprofessIonal "Qlunt"r)' IlUrseS' .ides.
DUring the war the number of nurses brOllgllt in
fur3montlIlI prt>Ce'!!li'lg "nd who weresubscfluently
80

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84
"
G..ard Arm (Kaibo 00) of oM A..xiliary Poli'" and
Fi,. Uni' (Kaibod
1o
)
9. O,gu"WJtion.-R""",,," ,.,,,.it-<tlnrated ill the
(keibo bul, (For I 'letliled d_"I"
tio" of lhe polK<! and 6,.,. un;l. - ,loll
_tim' "f "'PO")
10. pt,.,onr>tl.-Th """"btr. of the 1,'1lan1 Ill"
- - Ttu.ta. Ia ..
IPl'eIl
bJ
--.
oItbe
llld*i V.,.
little PJ'8etW-! Lr1libillJ ... .-.. ill
'lilh I'l_UUnd 6I'111-aidO(lftuiou. AMnal oJe.l
"f IUno, 10 to 110 bonn aIIlonth, wu
',"b1f'd 1(1 I"" Ihl'n in how to boep ,'"
.11e<.....jl:..1. ... lhlt I"'y ....
tnlillt.in .i'.d.. f.. tlLlh",i.'1Il .nd mnlll"'"
,""ie;plli'm in .ir,lef."....'1i.i""". .$".
l'<'l'dinl( I" "ffici.1s lI'i, $'Ile "I ! .. l,.d I'''''''
tic'lIlly IIQ ,'.111"d a am"um M t'",e
,h"ul<l ha"t \)('(:JI ,ptnl UllOJl I'Illeil!lof.:,rhood !P"Ou[l Or .. Ind
frt unit would "'PO" illhl'lJ\lgh lh" l>ox_ 10
' '.'- , 'h ,>oh"" <tll,on Ihel>olioo;,lalIOOOru'I'l'(1YIO " liOlihead.
(ro'll Whert;l ....&Sabo
in lhlt d,<tncl. . nd lh"
rtland hom lhe l.u.hOll
.lalio" IGlhe tom.
lhe Cflnlrol ""n,u of f. I' d di:;J'llld, the [itT'
WOUld.
8(lnnel and e<)u'llllll' ld then adn.!'I' rI,e
10 h.ndle the incid.nl W,OII If tht i""iIl.m
, ,
.rt
t'" "I h'5 UI'OO. .,. I
"'ai" Ie., qu .- be"ood the tap.b, 'll" 0
wuso large Ih., ,t w.. , " -"Nlora"l
. , "lamcu ar ......... _,
Ihel.llalionmt.'. "111l' main headq,,""""
"""ld be .em to l.n.lion head.
whell"" GTllel'S ....Oll', 'r! 10 di;;l"teh tI,t
f oIh.rd,.. n pught
qua"e"," an h' I "Itm. ut,it. ho t"<tr:
L
'0
",r,' aid. The e 'e r ""hieh w lta........
., ,h..,>t<:i"II",Uo _6/"Tt 10 d'e area
,.,111 11"",11" _ ed
tI,e
reqUO'StlllJf"'. . the ",1'111 that II "'''
h)' I"d..,n 10 b<' _ --' thai
Upl'S "e'" , . d,,,,--...-. _
oUI. mAA'le I
S
- G"
.' ,edlidllln;;e:"". lid 2.>}I.)\.",.,
Tokyor.."" !j.j" H,\pnll f4,:" [lrd""'"......
of 10 }lo""h I. 'ch;l.. and Sa,t."..
f",m
UFO aadi
l
Milli",'" of II,,,,'" .\If,,irs "II iii) Ai'ri,
\",'Inli,:us wc,.... fonnMI "",I pla,... on .dive dl
on \ InH. willi" bnllali"" ...
ORGANIZATION CHART
TOKYO GUARD RESCUE UNIT IKE/B/TAIl
METROPOLITAN POLICE
GUARD RESCUE HEADQUARTERS
Ch,al 01 Heodqu"':,,"." Unit
,
-
Adm,n"lral;...
Alloc:h.d Pol,ce In,peetol
,

A"i,tonl Police In,peclo,
. ,
Planning Boa,d
Pol,cemen
2
8 Battal;on' pi .., SlOan 10loll,lM men
I
BATlALION Pl
CENTRAL BATTALION
Sp.c,ol 8n. (att"chad 10 Hq.)
8n. Comd,. Police Supl
,
Sonlomo Battohon
A,,'I 8n. Comd,. Poliee In,pecl
o
'
,
E"'I BaH"hon
Attached Police In,p
2
North Bollol,on
,0,..'1 Poliee In,p
W..I Batt"lion
Police Se,geonl
So..lh.....t Ballohon
Policemen
"
S"ulhem Ballolion
Bat/olion Heodquorter<
Bn. (omd,. Polica S.. pl
,
,0,,,1 C. O. Pohoa In,p
,
Alloc:had Poke In'p
,
A,,'I Pol<ca In,p
.
Pohca S..geonl
COMPANY [51
pol,cemen
"
C"mp"ny Ha"dq..orte"
Tolol-408me"
Co. Comd,. Police In'p
,
Attached A,,'I Police I",p
,
O,de,ly Po' icemen
2
Tol,,1 q6 men
COMPANY (4)
I
Some'" Cenl",1 Bn. PLATOON [2)
I
Platoon Le"de' A,,I In'p
,
O'daliy Policeman
,
PLATOON (21
Tot"l 46 men
Same a, Cenhol Bn.
I
I
SQUADS 14)
SQUADS (4)
Squad leade' Police Sgl
,
Some 0' Canho' an.
Policemen
" Tol,,1 II men
Gua,d Reoc..c Uni' (keibilail
2, \\,lIi,h ."Ih",.
I",.m,,';"" "f Ihi< HU;I \Ill' i"",,"l hy
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90
b, OJle.... , I I j>
(I) t.l.
there were nl"de bY,ulr "ut!,
in ,he l'1'ineip,,1 ro"<1,,, u"d 1;1 ,Ie-
>tro",'d or <1."'"j....,d lin' ill thc 'Iok,"o
Di,trit't. Th., ti1':;1 of
Ihe .lICll""e.'" of 1'''''1,,,nll;on5 ""'"l' wllh ,ht'
mid of ,,"o"ell,I,,'r I!HI, wh,'" ;\l_l hm,,.,,,
wc.:e tI.':;lrtl\...I"ll<lthelj> WCI'" ,;e"ern\ 81ll,,1l
c'''le,.;; in ti'e to IJi" till.,,!. well ""
l'O"..i,lernble tlebris '0 btl de"",,1 '01"")" As-
..i>l; nf! Ihe elllergt'n.,I' l'''blic works ,'01"1 I'''C-
lion u"it we,'e 11'001" ,li'I,,,tdn..1 to lhe
,..;....ne b,' Ihe "rm,' Oil il:; "wn illili"I;'e. With
",ple 'help "",i j..'OO<1 ,,,n,,,,ulIi,,n,i,,,,,,, the
..ll'bri, h,,<1 t-n de"l'I'\l fr,'m II", ,1{,,,,,,, nud
.ll hole;! ill II", """I, IIIcn,IClI;;o "s 10 I",mlil
the 1'''_1,''' or "chide" within
The followinf! '''.....UIII ,1t'SCr;bin!! "
bomb hit incidelll 'Ill Jnn"",",' indi-
",ted n 810willl! "II "lIher dum i"'Te"se of
emeienc,\' onlhe I",n 01 11.1' "'-',lollltion 10r<:el!,
eH'1l befo"" the fire rnid. 1",,1 btlgllll' One
bomb On th.t dnte fell "t H:lt) On " ",,'i"
rllnllill# alon!; !Iil.>i."" PL"'k in
<\O'Hlto,,"n Tokyo. formi"!:: " emter in Ilw
streel:!6 f_ in diailieler. !le,tro."ins: (;;, fl"'t of
tmek. making hoi,' :1:1 i"ches wid,' alld
:J,:.1 feet long in a lI,ai". and clIlting" i!"S
main a"d el""tri,' c.ble. The .treel was
."blnerj..'>J(1 ill water. bUI. br lIightf"lI. the
"'ater ....o1'k:; COIlStnlctiuIl ullit h"d tUrllCil off
the ""aler ""d had st,med lhe repair of the
",.in. The "ext till." fter fhe ....aler h"d been
hom the emte,. the street car Crt'w.
startCll work on the dnuu,I,.'ll<! tmc,,", togclhel'
with tI,e help of the Kojimnchi word emer
p"blie wOlk8C<)lI,tI'UNioll ,,,,it. A crew
froln Ihe el""trie 00"'1'''''.'' btlg""
10 the eleclric <,,,1.>11'. while the w"ter
....orks mellrepaired the d""'''l-'C<I ",,,ill. There
....ere 2;'() l"borers working "" the road "lone,
""me of them from the "mergel"',\' oons{('uc-
lioll unit. """,e f''0111 ."xi);ar.,' police
and lire unit "nt! ""111e fromn bbo" ({nil (sic)
(roshi-tai). For:; dn.rll Ihen. wnS no oyer.nll
t""hnie,,1 command of lhe openltioll and Ihe
SitllRlion waS b)' the j..otthering of
I!reat crow'ds wl"etl coml'leteh' 1Jlocked the
I'"" of the streel which WaS still I"'SSllble to
lraflk AmI.\' engineers took ctlal'I,,'e 011 the
f(>urth dlt),. The glls coml'an)' men did {lot
,,'ell 11"" '0 ell'e-" ''''I,,,i,,, uulil " F"I
'. ,"" , 'F
!IN'anso.' of lhl' ,t ""11;> ebni,
"n' ll<.'fol''' .,i,lte, tit., ga" maUl or Ihe ell
('"bles re>to...."I. 'flip. watpr main "'"
fixed bv 2 Febnmr)'. but lIn' job had. to be doae
Ilf!,lin ;"1",,, il wno 101l",1 tlUlI,lhe N'l'"i"" "-4
nut been Ihot"()ugh. MeI",w!>,I .., ,he;!5Q n..
A'iIlif!Il<'d to li"lng t he ro",I.>tQOlI'"'OU1H.1 ....hi"
the install"t""', wet\' hemg re.
p"j,'I'o.I. withlhe r"""lt th"t il wa' lOlo'ehnl_l)',
or;! "et'ks after the 0011lb hil. bPfo,.e t.he ""-ll
wlIS"IIl'''NI to tl,,' no,",,,,d How of t,,,ffie.
(:\) i,;,.... "t fi,.e r"i,l of 1lJ M",,,h
"oll\pletel ... diw"f!,miwd till' "llwri,;"lIcf con
unit. "sctluld mil.
Ie,' thei r fo',-"-,,,. illcilidi nl(' IhO!'e "')llI 10 01
:\;; ,n,,,,I, ""I ,,lr""Il,,1 b,' the rn;d. 1Je!!iUl work
the followill!! f ole"d The fi,, 1'"i,1 did nOI
"'ateri" II.'" <IIlUl"i-'e t he """Is. hut Ihe WI" I,ll",a
cleared of ,lebris, as w.' \l "S 1"1'''; r(>ll for 111 i1m,'
w"" noo'" " square ,,,ih" The prill'
"'1',,1 l"(ja,ls "80ntli",,<! ill 1'efN'e"Ce ile", 2;!
were ,...1fi r;,t "l""f! wil h the 01 ...ninf! uI' 01
wlIlelw".'"s blot'ked b.,' bm'''e,1 n"t! coll"l'oetl
b1'idl,"->;;. AIII,nl!' (he I'"h];" wO"ks
eOll8l,."e\.i,,,, group, the "ultilia1')' polioo ""d
fi,.e unil;;. ,,,,,Ilhe labor ""it. II "'liS ""t,"'"te,l
lhnt ,,;J!Ot) persons wo..ked on the ",'11,0",,1 of
st,-eet debris. clc"rllTll:e of w"tel""'''\8. "'''d
rol'"ir lind ,";;IO,,,tion of puhlic ulilil'e...
One week w"s 1001''''' lip lilt of lh"
c\"ss I priority mads, n"d II '[,1."8 1<, "cst(ll'l'
sen'ice thwuj!I,(lIIt the bUl'ue<:I'Om
nl"e"S. The wntcrwll.'"S ""I opcnc,l for
oont (l'llllieuntil the end of
(4) The following (mth..
in the "mci,n"." of Ihe l't'l'.i,
ford'S "fter the to 'Murch ,ni,1. ",)J.
pouud oo",b dr(lppcd from " B-:t9 on
I April 194(i to,..-, a hvle in nn impolt""1 SII'I'('I
Icsstltall :\:10 fCCl from lhe eIC\nl"tl.lnlion 'I
Tnkuln.;.Io.Baoo. In "dditi(IJ1IV" ernler G.'i
in "Im""t nil the u")'
cross tl", ..t"",\.," I"t,!!" w,oler Illain su,taitltd
" hl...ak lit, feci lOll)!; lll;d II of 10 ek-et,'icr"blt<
Wel'tl se'el.... Ten <IU)'8 we,.e fiJ
lhe wnlt'" 'W"l). whidl hehl "I' l'I'pnir of tho
rbad fm' Ih"l p",i",1. S,,,,,,, :J4() w''''k"", ",rrt'
Ihen put t" w""k "'I tl"" ,.",,0.1, b"l 11",t "llI'...
tion WlOS fUI"IIo(>,' hlll"f",,'('d by lhe ",poll'
1J1I.'/R! on UK" e'lftn'lt eabI_ on.
rNlOrM IIntii Hi April,lIlld
_. unlillh. 16th, or nlQre thl.Q.l!.,.... .._
,. ..-
tht' bomb Ill.
p,pa;r 10 faciHIUi,.-., w.
$. adm1l1tflll"llt!v. for de.
lOf the Tok)'lO Melr(l]l0lltan Dilltriet in De-
ffP"'!b<'r already descrl!Jw1 for roadll, lJri,lges,
(tLID ter....)'" brought Ihe wat"r "ork" d...,"rt.
.nd ..
a
.., .-
"h
e dislrlc! 'lito t ,el;llme .,
JPl'pt 0 W,t,
. .defenllO-' hClldqll,,'1ers. In the pre"a...t'"
t\l$lIr . II><
.",rillg ....ater sen"l'e afler d.mage fro",
for ",,, . a,r
Ihe piau "'1lS 11(1t. "'14tel"all)' <lilfeN!1\t

ItfII: , ..,
bat for roads and b"llll,"-'''' It was !lot possible t(l
ne'" reg"l" I" and it was thought be.;t
l(I dtpend "po" thell' O""n rC!KIurces, since aux,l .
'('I; ,,'ould l.>e of htt Ie help because of lack
tllChnieal skill. It did not occur to the Wiler
, 1
arks ollicials 10 gll'e some e ementar)' Irainmg t<J
....Iw mighl be prcsse<l into 8e1'l'ice In case
emergency. The $Ole war-relnted trnining of
nter works &h...ad)' been memionoo
abo"" in connection WIth the' mock road
del1Wl\strations. The works d"parlment
.. through the ll1(1l iOllS of establishing Il<ielf on
,wartime basis h)' gil'ing ils mnimen"nce fo","," a
nCW name, waler works Cmbtl'llctl(>ll unil (8uido
Kosaku-Tn;); and set up liai""n in the air.defense
headquarters for quick dislllIlch of ('('pair person
nel to trouble spots, In "lmo,1 el'el')' case(lf I'OLlId
damage where ht'oken waleI' mains i'1\'ol.-ed,
the restoration of vehicula" trallio was delayoo b)'
Rooding of the r"etl!'"S and sireeisi bUI, ;1\ spite
of that "nd the importnnce of quick to dam.
'ged mains fvr fir<l-fighting operalions, WAr prep
1"li>;>OlS did llOI "lie" in all)' impol'tant respect the
)lO.'acetime procedures of lhe w"ter departmelll.
Only four IIlen we,.e available f(lr the repaIr of
d'mlge to tlte main, flooding of which tied up
u..Ric near the Takatn-Xo-B"h. ele"aled station
(Il] 1 '\]1ril 1t).I;;, desct',bed in pnragr"ph (4)
,\l(>n.
b. GWI <<lid electric cmnpallie,.-Each of thooo
tompanieg in T(lkyo WaS pri,"te1r o,,"ned, and the
of 1heir pl"Upal'l,timls for m,,'!:! Air "llack
1 .
XI ,"". c osel)' Ihat of the company'"
glI,;akl. It. WI'S felt b)' thn oll,e,,,I, of ooth com-
"'nICs lltnt with the shol"luj:,'6 of l'c{'il(}nnel
In the city, ag'"r''''nted by the l)Ouscription 01 all
'ltra I 1 0
. I' that might hn"e benn al'ailn!>le. theco,n
POn,es .
tila Ita"n 1.0 nwet whnlewr emergenCies
t Illlght arise hr using the ma;ntc"n"ce per
;"388_01_:
8tlDnel ('l '-L .0 __
ellItId be oIltaitllld .. to why U. ... fw ....
Il'I;i-.1Iwlphad notbMn
and 111ft by the traininc of lUlQlWiea, or by _.
inc Irntll!'t'l1len!o; in advanco: .-jilt indlliltria.l
in 1"ll)'(1 for oonarpoq
'''''' tompani.a had Iitde ron.
fidence i" repair unit (Kinkyu
I\l<jRKu.Tli) 1...... li<:e juri.dieti"". Ind
neither allt;cipatffi ito u.c llor caUed ujl<>1l Its help
for sur), break" iu !!'t' maillS 0' cables as
'JC1"um:d. It ....1. !ital"" that there .... Ul101llluch
r...... im III hllillg made elab<Jrate preparations for
""Illit of 1:'"" (I' 8!! the "'"-5 alfeaed
by Ihe raid, ....ere corupletelydestroyt<t and no one
l!a, or electricity In).....ay.
c ,Sire,! C'W I!lllnn..__ ..
. (I) I flI.p<>rla""(.--Qf al1lhe public util'lle.
in T(lkJ"(> the be;,( organized ....ith. re;'pect to
rerovery frun air allat'k ....l!l the e'ty-s lrallS-
[lo,ution system. The d.U, in Ifl.ll
.11 fonnsof publ,c tra'lSponauoo 8l'etaj,'Cd
million 01 "'hieb a num r
. h toIl5 ....ar
"'e"" workers 111 t e nuUU; lofthis
11,eStreetcar system.:arried 00::n ntM
<lIle-half b,\' c,ty...trned . ,,,:_
h half y ...
li"es Ind lhe "'- er. UJ !most entirely
." )";nla liDes ..""" a b
lines. Ie I 1 .. line;r ....hic
..-ere the e eva"", ,
interorban. as , f the passengers
I<':'C01IlIIOO for 3J ,,""=1 0 bulk of lnvel
elrried in Cil
Y
.:
w;thinthecIIY"OSI re ......am. since
,
. 'et'Owned itreetn.r .
(>{ the 'Sl n { the trallSpon.allOP
lhe reUllininli Ii oed busses IS per.
.. ,.. _."'IV..... . ,.
wa.d"",..... '(S ,,"""'nI), taxIS
cenl).
Ilert'Clll) an i .short. the ,,"r<:enl-lgC 0
f lbocameenuClI) Tbe ..-as
lle tcar u"rel 1m .....ithin
W'e< . miles of I,",",", 111 hun
ojlenUDg 130 miles in we f
,
,kYo ell)' and 3 L_ Id .IT hnut<. ..... 0
. . .dEl of 0 track "-'1"8
distrIct OIlISl, 19,i5 miles of
28 .
- .' 0 letat"". oIIicials of tbe
bemg I --Stree1car If, 10 in.
(2) the! 1142
prelt'C1Ure. of their mamlH\8 rT lle1>lOllnel.
e....;e the t(l lioo tl>- U:iitraining 01
but .... ull f thn btfaD 1942. l'MllII1ing
In 'n ;It<> .....rnnll'r unit (kQ;lllrn.
.' l"I\'WS , ir la"", rv 3
e"HIlI!! ......,...,. "pi e'....
. t.... out rna
tl..'" 1 lhrr cam<'-'
ltan). an,
"
",,,nIh" ""tilllw \0 M"rch t"i,\., T,he
wao ,ti"i,lr,d i"to fin- wl1h nn '''''1'1>'''1\)
r"pnir :;<1"a,1 (>f Ii, ,;kill"" tedmicinns III rach. n."'"'
lInd ('.ilt,h ""'" hilt! ito own 1)1'0;(,""'" o.f
'I'h pn>cli<:(' lit 1\.-,.1 10 bn""lhe t","'IUg lII"n'
.,u"ers on th...uPp,,,,,lion dltll Ih." h" \)nl
"ue oomt> hit in II gi"ell IIn'II "t on" """'; \)u,.
t.wo. an<1 Ihell tI,,..... {'('p"ir 1'l'<IIM,"' we,'\
-el ,,'p in ord"r 10 !ti"e Imini.ng:
i" the p.....p I' aU,,,,,,tio" o I"":",,nnel al"l
"' Wh.. " Ihe n,id, bt:;(I\1\, " "'"" ,he 11I1Ic1IC",
\<l ",1 onl\' h,Llf of n ",\,,,,,110 II ,["",ng",1 "1','" "Ill'
10 boM olh",' h.lf in ",,,diu,,,,,, for" ",'\.",n,[
l'II""'g"nq. S'J pi",,> w,"'" ,n",le to "tilize Ihe
... of ;;uch allxili",")' "ni,s !!nllTlI ..
unil (hi!>it"i). lb., ""xili",'y poli... nnd Ik.. u"it
\k,.ibodnul, or Ihe enler"",ncy "'I'"ir uuil. 'I'he
t
Mllb
llOl1alion _lion of the di"rri", "",,"N'n,,,e,,'
wns lnduded in th.. "ir-defen..., h.,,,d'lunrters nnd
information N'h",rdin:;: all !O trall,polta
lion i""allations lind eqllipn,ellt ",,"1,] be'luickl)'
10 repair ul>OlI itd r,,,:eipt J
Ihrongh poli.... ch"nnels. or rlorongh Ihe pl''''me
telephone Il",in,ainl'(l rhe ,,,,,..,,'nl
orj,'JI"izntioll. It WaS iml"l5>ible to 7el any new
""pair mnleri,,!'; nfter Ihe wnr ,t,,,t,,,1 ,,,"I lh"""
that were On haml were tli'I"""",1 in snch a 1I"1IJ'
",,10 make them 'luickly ",'ail"bl...
. (3) OJ!"'roti<:>ll,.-DllrinjZ the li..,,1 fell' high.
(-xplosi"e mid, 011 Tt>kso. Ihe ,It-.;('Ic"r ""S'
,ained onl.' minor llmna:;:e which wu N'p"il'ell in
" maller of houl's. The first mid which l>rollght
"bollt all)' cha"gt' in poli"y waS Ihnl of:!'j J.,mlaly
w!len .. bomb madc " direcl hit 0" n IlIO"ing
.nd it wRs,]eo::ide'(lllolIO ,llleln!'t Ihence
forth 10 rep"ir Cnrs dmn"ged bombing. A,
Ihnt IilllC I[,(>rt! we..., 1,4 I i cal'" in 1I,,,ble .'Omli, iOIl.
btll. by the end of )fny Ihel'll wen' but 1;(lo2.
""me of which were said 10 be l'epnil'nble, if p"'1d
h....! 1""," oLtained. Durin!! Ihe greu! fil'll
r""I", when 1111 entire nrea was in flumes. the cal'll
were simpl)' ,topped and, where p("",ible: l'CI'OlIted
.roll"d the "lfecled nreas. Oilici"ls statClI timr
rep.ir of lrucks damaged bOlllhll
was. ill all "".,;es ellOOUllleretl. "nn""e"""rih' de
layed b." the lack of l'OONlination ,,,nong the fOl'ees
l'C>,lOII,ible for g"l'. w"t ...., o,nl eahle l'Cpnirs, "",I
,.he inefticieney of Ihe rOJld rep,,;r f"N:"'; ;1);"le
Ihe IA)'iug O!f Irack wry dil!icult.
enr mel) "'OI'k of Ihe poli':t
and fire runl.'l In helping with dearunee of
polt'll ""d wires. in helping to restore roa,lhe<.ls, nlld
92
in cl'O\\'d
s
. "Wll)' fl'<nn IIw ***
work. Wlu.... tlwir fI'p"lr 1'r"III"I\\I> ,ltd not
,'(>h" I!"", wllh'r, nlll! ell'(lri, Ctllll.llli''Illiona,
Ir"ll,'.\' ",ell felt that Iheir .-fI'llrq
ht>t'1I eni ..iellt all,l
b. Uuiblilly<,-Th,' of "lIieial
,,,-ownl of f"r Ihe 11'>'l"l'lIliun of
\)ut "wne,1 bllildinJ!!' found to
Ihe ill "ll01 Ih.- oIlier it,,l"lItil(l\tt'd ,I
1''''''aile,1 ill Tokyo. IJetw,"'" lIn'
pl'Ol",-,I;"" ill"l ti'>toralio""f ;;neh bu,ldmgBlo
p'''I ....'i"n ""it$ boj,..-:a:llln) on the
h"",1. "ntl ,;('lln'it., of n'p""' ",,,teri,,l,, 0111,-1
oth.,., lit' b'O,.,.t1tllenl"l pbl1l;; "'1.'1'1.' for llOC-'
rr,;,] hllilding "".tom,ioll, It 1\'11" thaI,
if "" illll,,>t'\:lnt l",ild;ul!' pri""I" ,,,. public, Wert
,llIlIl,,!!1'(1 1J<o."ond Ihe Ilf """ wilhOUl
major fCl'n;n;, Ihe oK;Cl'>'J 01' \I hall'\'N' the hlliltlilll
!I.nl;;e,1. wo"ld simply be mO"ed to another one that
was u""ble. :\0 '1"",;,,1 P"\P,,,,,t;"lI wall u\IIde for
the demolition of ,hlll:;:""OIl$ d""pilll tbe
jZl'Cal ",,,,,be,. of tI,,,1 might
,[""elol'"d in do\\"ntown Tokyo, h"d Ihe cily beeB
>lIhj''Ct d r" mltjor hi:;:h--explosi '-I' 1''' nOr conld
lIny l'Cwl'd_" he foulld "f what de",,,lil ion h'l<l Inke,
ph.c.... of Ihe <!i,lriet "ngin''CI'i"g .1"1""1'
111"11\ s,"te,,1 rhllt 110 d,\'lHlIllile to thcil'
h"d e""I' bee" H_I f",.l1'''1 I'UI'p""", ,,,,,I tha, all)'
11I7.inJ( of danJ(""'''" 11"" lIs wa" neeompi ish"d cit hI'!'
f.,y the self_p!'ot"",i"" IInits of th.. huilt\i"!,,,, in.
""h'ed. h.,' pri""tel." 1Ii ....l lah<,)I', or b.,' pri"m!
..ement betw('('1l Ihe Ol\'ne,'S of Ihe \)uildillg"
"",I auxiliary pol",.. ali(I lire units.
.J. Sail'Qge.--(l. I'{w,.-Wilh 1,111 mino,. ""I'il'
t ions. t 1m same plan for ,"Ill.",! iIIg ""J.,'C t
the Metul g"h'nge Co"t,."l Co. (killzoku bi<hl
to""i kaislm) ""lS fou"d in Tok\'o el""wh.....
,\11 of 110e scmp ....ted il; the disll'ict "'",
handled b.l' the COHlp"".\'; the WuS piled upia
desigllated plllces ill enclo "'"nl "ml puid for by rll!
l"llill I'" II)' ,lmH1J(h Ihp wa I'd onil"'s which ig.,;;u...l rll!
""",e\ to Ihe ow"el-';.
b. Operati"'M,-The s"h-nge h",I.to4
1,000 w",klll's "s of Dccemhel' IflH (hilt Ihe ,f!.
""",tls of Wnr ,-e,lu.'\.'(1 rhis lIlu"ber I,,' 011..),,11
I>lltw('(:n ,\turdl lIlItl )tn.l' of Ifll:.), HI;<I ustd!IJ
"."tl'(l fr"IIl n II'1Iek "S8Vt:intiml throuP
D""ell,b"I'IO.I-1. The n,,,,,I"'I' of tl'llcks
dll'1!<1 to QO bel .ju"u,,''\' 'Illd M"l'ch Intf'"!
nft"r the 10 MHrch Inl" 1'lli;l, \10 tl'ucks ,wl'l.'a",il.
nhle. From ,\pril lOll to )1'lI'dl Ifl15. a[lPI'll-'"
",,,tely ZOO/lOt) of IlCI'HP Wl"'" eoll,.:tl'<l fl'Ol'
'ffol'l dwellinga, busin_ oIIcre, futoriea, QlI
pi" nt 11I01'1II; and all 1IlM.11tOt-uial
... including door'::
_111 ...diaIOI'll and even eln.ton fJ'Onl (lllbli;
Aftt'J' March 19-&:1, allllerap llad 10 I.
iJII l1ed by hllnd or Olt-cn.rt. but ."ltte ,"1,llQI
usutd been eolle<.1,,<1 in thia manllet' &II of 3:
1941). D)' t.hat. dateJ arnrtgflnenla ",,,I'tl
",
.de 10 ob.... llI ,h" acetylene ..)
btIP1 .... nlou
rbai
ll
blocks I't"ltllred to rem""e larj;\'! of
p IItlch n< englll!'!!, and drills, Ind to
...
lJ'I*'p n('<;eSSllCY fo\' earr)'ing U'nl' tl
, ". . Ie
Ile8vier scrap, 8.S we as "" o:s'lmnt...1llOJOOo tOIlS
f
_.n,gnted lin. I"ernl eol.l",e18, safe!! and
0<.... '1'1'1' er
...ble metals. 'e I:. Jul)' lIalion.1
I.'" re<juirillg o.wner'!( to mllrk metals
ling aoou' Ihell' bUrl.led ],rellllSl';; within 30 dly$
!tier a raid, if they dId not want the GO'Wmnent
to OOIlfiscnte tbem, lI'IlS Illodified in Tokyo in Oe.
obl'r to pro"ide Ihnt nny sneh lllelni.ol nOl eolloct('(\
Ix' tnken Ol'cr by the d ist I'iet af"'r I0Xo'-em.
ber. TIII'IlI!folrl reasons for issning Ihis reb",I.
li(>n gi ,.<:" by the <1 ist riet s" I nuthol'ities:
(I) To obtAin metnls llIudl .needed for the m"m,.
Iotlllre of ho"""hold "eeesslll.'S; (2) 10 denll till
Ihe cit\ aud In l'l'atliellte the war experien"" from
rhe wi'nds of the peot,le; 1Il1l1 (3) to mnke n>o",
for Askc<1 why SO "'"eh sal.
wn" still "loom sereral
months nfter the end of the Wtll', oflicisls .wed.
"rh. poople a re 1'CS1Iess, shi ft less, "ucolllrolled, nml
1_lollIseeking. HedmilllS I,.,,,e heenlifte<l and
t),e Ill'Ople look only for th"rn;:eh'es: Ihey ..an
RIll beorg"ni7.e<.l to do thiu!,'S logethc'r. The needs
of lite mOlurul nl'C 1.0 tl"in people to work to/,"Cther,
.nd HI g<'t mom trueks to cur)' "w,n' lhe ;lCnp.r
5, C<>llIme,lf8._1t WM nruu",1 du'; the pattern
of el<:arnnce "nd l-epair orgaui7.lItion and "pel'l-
tilln,> ill Tokl'v ,;honld oonfol'l" doseh' wi,h Ihe
llOlieies laid bv thf\ Slltiolllll
for all e"'erg"tI!.'.\' took pl"ce IIIlder lhe
"h.dow of the )tiniolt\' of Ilollle Aff"irs Amllhe
g'''lel,ll The di>lricl
"'" u""l OS" SOl't of gui""" pig fOI' .."1,,blio!lil1j!
IlItioli
a
l [lolie,. "nd for testing Ilrl>cCtlures recom
lIIend....1 by th" X"tiollnl G""ernllwnt 10 the pre
Cl'iticism of IIJ1tionnl ]lOliq nlld d,'pr('
of the lith-ice "i"en Ollt, b\' the of
.\Irail's, So ill other
ttt ... h '. I "'"",
, --, ,,'et'\l conspictlously ahscn, lit Ill'
. . . . .lIS
-",:""lIOlls. 1",11' to the ,1I,tl'wt "
'-!ailed bJ tile -..,. ... Ie aitIaa ..
......
...."'-n..d. n...JIIIb&.orkator. heuer
llIIPJ>Iie.lwith Jlt'I'6<lQIleLand, ill r..t. -mont..
we"" ...igll"d to t'l'jIIir job. than -0IIhI ha\'e_
'l>oad irl th. V"il",] &11'" or """Id Ippear Co ha\'e
boIel
l
f"'r In'l;"IllI dieitnty. Th;. over.
eml'l",.mellt of I,burr,.. "an f'Oillte<J OOt by the
<lfIicial. l,; btlng of tilt ...)' the
J.pal_OI...... Road <>I!ici,l$ctJml'llilled aboul
the illlbilil J' to g"1 addiliOlI.] men bea.\Il>f! ron.
;.criptio
n
, bul in.ll <:I"", elll.'l:/'llCy .I".
>eribe<l. tII01'C per>;ollllel ........il.ble .lId .""'gt,fld
than .ize of lilt job '.rraote<J. 'lllC 10 lilreh
raid was said to IIll"e "bmken Ihe backM ",}
,he rO<ld ,,"d bridge org.a'Ullon. IIot beeause"
loss of maIlIKJ,,tr but becau"eof (I) I_of trucks,
(") di'cuPtiOl, of colllmulli"""oos. .nd the
the Jlpalle!lO ea_ loopele::s 111.1
Ihat t!tecoIl>lIll1 th!W.t of ne", Iltlck made re;tor_
.ti"n poimlCll@. E"ell;1I ti,e <a;e of the
otlicini.ol ...-It<>ie repair oTI,'BlliZlllon the roo:
efficient .nd wh<>ie "1> the I
" 'd"" tt "'II; stll""
Ihel>rglnlutlollU U....,. hardl' ..orth
10 !'O"er from Il'e ",tJ., l L'
. . the "'ar I lISt.- UM<
the energy m\"ol,""<1 _& lid Ih."' ..... no
been bnrllOO do...-n Ly ra, d Mrit,.
neeJ for peopl. to lrooll I _. d.;....tlCIf!
. I ewed _mill!:
Mall\" '" eJ1"1
h
'. ,holll"'re ..... 100
. IWoffi I e ne b"
and repalr" ..p. f etlon at til. JiCtllf!,of trou x:
litlle COONwauon " .uthori1l' .h01lld
0011. of ",'er. '.
Alld th.1 pt", in<ll'dertoeliullnue
. 00 to >OIII"Oflt f d
1II,ebe!'lIl1S'!lgn . 'led 'n.,.en-caseo .m.
Ihe COli fusion ...t pre:" by ....""...1]I<Ib-
i""oh-i"g .,mnh.o _ larl\" <HI1.';poken
oge ... Offici.ls "'ere JlBnlnl , the
lie Utllllles. L NV>r oOO"'illg mad.. u:__
b
""er t,x: ,- more """w.
and ,!let' . unit .nd ell' do'oh.
"mergeney 'Iheir 0..0 men to l
denoo in Ihe .LihtS rould hne
The" ndmitted thl.t t . receil-..l """'"
of had htt'n made rIM..... : but
e. ""of""b"n'.I. saidlOb.\"etome
I"d 1m h tfelllhHtly.-ere L.'* natll .....nd
- ers t at"" 10 t,x:I.
,h"",,' leq al' "-.nlln!! \
without.. Dooliule raid "r.. the p<JWic
. bul it ronm.... red for
t stlr!'r"". full,. prepa
::;k;::",'''','
. thefi....... .. 'L
II.., h' th. IIlII<' . but "";11" "x:m
and, J
"'I "-as to<>
sali I heir f.te.
;;('h'e> to t
"
V. PROTECTION OF FACTORIES. UTILITIES, INSTALLATIONS AND BUILDINGS
DEVOTED TO PUBLIC USE
"
i jilt Ih?1'UD....... ...... iDd fii . ,
IIlTO" or ",fllllSIlp'l'8 teJll, '1'abe Co. (ahiblt E-2 . 'l:;l
.. medi<'allSffti'm 'W1Ill CODl(>Olllld lunilo1oneofJ. ...Jfo.")
,. tor'/. llSSl>daul dO<:lors, 7 lIU1'llftl r"'tlt l1l
of
... Ioe.ted in
1 dOC .. ",utherperHOIllI"'bn t It'"-.ki cit, awl ........
Al,nl ". " , f , , "'tll' t ". . - ....L.__
r c. 1"OItl a lOr.to.... ,N'..... . ar , . ,
hn,e' .....nnel. ,,_ . '"ctllDlf, Jlnol .
"', [ltllt'''artl,..l'lanthadbet-tl .... "' . llI:Il"Uoftbis'''M
g,.ryl . '"" J' -., "'II, t
11 hO"l'lllll w lIC I ," ,,,r,,.'!(l do..." alld ha.1 >11 Pllt 1I1c1l1dl'<.i '1\'<'1 in JI' . .pe....nt of its
,ljIIIIrtl'lKC<'<1 a ca,,,,,lt}" blatlo[l ill tht ('<)'U I tural.'teel. T)lI:pll"t,,1l' 1>lP!'.lnd.ltrtlc_
\If('D I"() 111'1 tIle 1\.". k' "",l\ldl'<.imtotheo-himl
tflIter, , t - >a I ......, fur f d " "
. were 11:1 of Ihret: ration at,d .ir....id PI'''locti",,II 0 a m'nll!
/'. ,'i"'JCrs<!<1 thmllj.(hollt the plalll Uel E, .,
lo
l'lc;l from _: he nlme;; belQlI
. "eI r If 'l ' . U'"II!",
"
'r WQuid llC"oIlUl\oo:la1 1l!l!>1'<>Xllliatel)', I '" . Il'd"'a" 'ell' ('<''''tr."' I
!lie ' .". 0 I - '''''' 0 ,""'1 fnllllC
. "IHI lIle <H ..<1 .. "'" tOtrtllllllt<J ,h"", "
pen;<' , -. "'" add",(>1 t , . ..
, ,"fh. and :ltI IIllpro\"lscd ellh"" '" /JI f,," "
In' ... Itere Iw-' "'" " e ""'I"""'''''
The g",aler pel"l.-enloge of I h,' ga"e Ill'O. Inl;: of lumber.
\lCIion for lil1III tllOI'C limII pnel or Ilellr llli9ol.... l'f,,..,..,iMlily._lnotrucrion. ",I.
b
I QUe 01' tW'J "f Ihe hc",i,,' '''"crete .. 0 .'rn"d ProtectIon of ti,;" or.... nizolion
" " , ".. oTlgtnlted ,,"Ub tl ,-
ighl hll"e Wit 111'\'!<'1 hl\. of high. 1'. Ie. "'''''ryofllom..\lflil1l,bu!
:,Io>ire bolllbis. by I.",f""'u...l poli..,..
, A" " ,.,. . nCrt.t "''''''m"J -I I' "
k Opi'rollO,,".---vnt ""I 4atllspla"twas ,','" , . .nlllement
, " " ,.... nsp'lllntalllf""e<lh' '" d
'
ruck <lUI'ln" all IIICen, !:Ir... l'aul. wluch te'iulted '1 '': _m
.'" n mauel'll of plOl\t prol:ll d __,
"In Iheburlln,g of th"ee woo,lcu "llUCllll"('>!. illellld. ,_,."" I on In 110 u-
. "" m _ I
in" the hoSpllll\ II"d foud-SIOI1Ij!e warchou.... TWQ ill P_" ,. . . tJ l"'l"oOIllle Or
0 e<jUll'melll . '1
hllacired lind UWIl "nd sl"ff of.aboul I(i wen. Ible quantities. In
P
resclltlltthetlmeoftheraul. In "Ie\I'of ihef'tl f 0_","_," '"d "
. WlI._. Ir-"" protection of
thaI the Wlltel" l'\lIlIll>:l desl ....ycd. all elforts the planl "'ere dil"idcd inlo 1"0
" "' 'f" "" J monn grouJlS-
10 e.dlllgtl'" I t WIre .WN-e In \"81ll, lin ,eoIlSle. prolecting Ihe KIWaAAki pl.ot and Ille uher the
quenll)",encrgy \\'as to"",,rd the "akag. (),hill1a pia"'. E.,h """Opetlled ."d OO"t.oll...l
ing of food "lutf" from the warehouse and mOOi from il. 0"" ronTfUi ""oler
.... 1equipment frolll Ihe hospital. ,/.11<1 eath orgoniZlllion "I>' sobdmded inlo 11 sec-
l. ICllrlled.-ll1'lui ry relat iI"e III 1e...<Ol1s tion;;. The .tllTof I'Ilch >e<:1ion at the heIodqu.rte",
learned <1" rillg 1ho SC",'rn1raids elicited Ihn infor. le"el ,,-.s ,h....'ed ..illl the ,,,.,.,...11 plannml! 100
mation that thel\! WaS little fear (,If incc"diarl" Ihe eXl'CUliol1 of the .irnoid defen."" matter!! for
bombs duc 10 th" f"et that they soddom ,,"hidl it. putieal,r ;i!'Cli"" '''IIS re<ponsible.
injury to 1'''!l;;onne1. b1l'. Ih,re ":a.s great f/'llr of Operating $PCIiOll> illl'luded food
high cxplosi\"/!8 und. whe" the\' "'el'" dropped in 'lIppl.I'. ,helter. """''''' Ind med"",l. defrtliie
great quanl il)". it "'''SII itlitult gel \ he employees and fire prottl:1ioll. .
lQ COUll' out of thci,. sheltel'S to fi,.ht fires. (I) 11lt dat) or Ihe food seo:tlOD
D
- ., - '" -I ....
"'. unlct'S were l.",eIlIO( IS' "," 0 d" , "f"'"'
. . I ke of ('8,11 worker.n ." m It ... 0"
perse any I"wt Ion of lhis bllt oil '}I"Il , I ", b," 6oh.
". '. '.' I-OO,"'rdll" I ....
thc .\11l811bishi Co. ;;C1I1 ollecrucklllj! IllUl ,'r_-., ." I h' "0 .n)(lllllts l>fI'6!li&t\' to
toT" ,nc<lIIIOHp.e;;I.
Ol\ll''''''. KyllShll. ('''1'1,' ill Ion. Due to s IOr!- .' . "'''''',..lmios'lerd.t.
I"" f ' . ." I bnngltul'to-=", ..
0 howe"cr, thl5 Punl IO( It the
nMer 1>eI!n hll1shed. I f.- d ..Iruct ,n ,;htolte,.,. .,.,thm lbe
" ;' , . , t (""1g'1l III .,n . .
. ood "IlI'oll.-lt 's intcl,\,_lm, to IIote. I ,a "'0 TO;oK U)llll orgInIDtlOll
lh' " . - !f pllnl ""'..
IS eorpOl'lllon kcpl on hUlid e"ough f..ox),tu _, b' ,..r;;oolll'I""" aigued ,/lI'her 8paee
fur'''''' . \_ "e"')...-
,,,u "'en fo,' :\ S,>eci"l ratiOU (.'OnllOl" " III:lM 110" to gfllO t I
'.. an' "', r . d ti.....protec
. Issue<1 to Ihe w,,["ket'S ,u,,1 slllflclcnt food "J '"
glten e , , " "I ke of h --' "'lh the ,ullt!!
Ic, tf, ",,,intlli,, II elllol"1c 1U a . 0 .,,'" , "1""
k no. '"
3 :'>.200 "alo";es for cach ,,"or er... ('Onll>lrabl. I<"h 1 en na
'. JI'Otl Tllbr ro.--u. The JUl'au l't",,1
:.>. ami:\. Ench subunit hnd a varying num'-
of section;;., dellC-lIdillg on SilO of nl'Cll
Basicalh', lhere seetiotlS were COlllpol;ed of II
o!Mn'n;ion squad, a fire_lighling squad, and
a first'lid squad.
(3) The dllties of Ihe l:(unl'l, olJsen'alion,
fire.fighTing and first-aid squnds al'll
indicate<:1 by the nallll'5 of the IIlliiS.
(4) Thc utilities l;Ijuad took care of lighl
nlld powcr switches. The blU"rage balloon
,mit, waS \0 1"",dle the one ballooll
at the "lnllt. bnt il ne,"m"l'e,:ei,'cu nllY instruc-
tions WtlC"I'ning that duty.
d. Tlnl rcfille,'}' wa. IInder Mini.try 01
)Iunitions and lhe fuel.sect,ion of I.he llI'm}' for in
,trllelioll8 I-.:>.lnti"e to nir'I'I,;d 1>l"'l'Clioll.
e. Water ;tuI'l'ly.-The lllain sOnrce of water
sup]>l}' was ....a water, which WRS pumped by three
's.horsepower pumps alld 1.1"'00 ISOhorsepower
I"nnps, "n parallllled inlo the same 12-inch lille.
Bl'Iinches wero 2\(,,-inch lRterals which deli"ere<!
45 pounds pressUl"e per sqUlIl"C inch.
f. Protective el}ldpmellt included two hllnd.
dnll.-n gasolinll pumps, two handdrawn foam
carts of 132-gallotl (500.1iler) cnpl1Cil)" and 1"11
halld-dmwn foam carl.$ of 53gnllon (ZOO liter)
capl1cit)". In addition, Ihere WlIS l\ llll'go foom
SJstcm which dl"/lw solution. A lind B from t""
H ,z:;O-glll1otl (1,500_hnrrel) tauk. lind dist ributld
IhCll11hrough 41 outlelS.
9" O"i(jillal air-raid warning was sent -from till'
1'1-e{!.'Clurlll Ihrough police channelslo
a neighboriug COI"j)()I'atiQn, which then
.... by telephone ur messenb",r 10 this
pl"tI\" Interior n)al'lll was over a public.
ll,ldreBll sySlem, nlld 111so by telephune or Il1elS'P'
b"' rs.
It. Tlte 00"11"01 cClder which \l'a8 located on 1'"
groU.l1d l100r of the llllmil1isl..lllt ion building WlS'
roolll of IlpPI"OXillllltcly 18 by 21 fl't't, jllippod
with '1 public-I<lhll'\'!ss .ystcm. lind cOlllni"ing 0
COUfel'Cllte roolllllnd "ir.raid ;;hellfr.;
Comlllllllicalion fl'Om tho centcr wa.
94
FACTORY AIR.RAlO PROTECTION
1. /"tf'Oduc(;(m._. A dNailed of fadory
air.,."itl pr01ection llf thl'('(' plants in lhe
area WaS Two of tlw the )Iitsuhishi
Oil Co.. KtwaE.llki ...,Hllery. "n<1the Japan SIef'1
Tube Co., had been ,ubj""te<:l to InnjOI' "ir TRi,ls
;,m\ suffered gr"at dat"age. whereas Ihe third
]llant. the Adachi plnllt of the J-1itllchi Holdin/!
Co.. which prodUcEd machine lOol., bei,,>! on the
outskirls of Ihe Tokyo "rca. (";;Caped damage.
Th.,;e plllnts were ;;elected as being: representati,-e
of a cro;;s !!('Clion of Ihe Tokyo production efforl.
,.nd an Ilte1111" ".... nla(Je 10 e,"llllte how IIir-n,;d
protection org>l1liznlioll5 fUllclioned nuder majol'
lir.raid conditioll' inlhe case of thc two nnd
how Ihe orguniution mighl ha"e slood lip. had il
been attaeked. in the ca"" or the Ihird.
2. Tit" j{it8ubi,lti Oil 00.......... The )Iitsubishi
Oil 0>. (uhibit &-1 nnd ",fel"nce ilCm Xo. 23)
WaS. member of the chain lind had n
refinery' at KlI"'n",,ki which eo"e"""la" Hea of
:'>.2:.0.000 l;Ijuare feel. The pllnt, lny-ollt included
H oonCI\!to buil<litlg5, 2, slateeoyered
>teel-,keleloll huildings. and 39 wooden hllildings
which includcd 23 residences.
b. Cn,de petroleum was in by lank CBl"
Iud barge from Kyu;;hu and oon"erted into avin
tion and aUlomobile glwline ill the amount of
11.200.000 gallo"s a
c. 01'f/anizaliolL-
(I) Cbief of unit (bogo-
dan) wa;; the plant IIIRnlf"",r. who 1>"d ona
or Iice-chief. The "I"nt, mnn"get
...-a. III direct charge of"
of two rccol'ders, two rUllnel'S. Olle
address annulI"eer. a dOClor, and his
a."",S"'"(. Attached 10 the headqll"rters ..
,\l0JI of the plallialld adminislel\!J diret;lly by
the chief Wh a guard llilit bal'
rolf' balloon UllU, utilities ;;(luad. ob5eI',:atiun
un,!, "lid first-aid 1Il111
"" (2) boll; of lhis orgRllizRtion
as d1\ Ided II\to three subunili;, llnll1hcred I
,
97
, $OSf;W!Ji
-_vl-'....... ae: '0 tHq.,.",--A.a"-kofu.. ....
'""".'",.",k _ ...
..... :;'10. ,., '" ou.. t, ' f ,"' ..
1..,. c1u.
f
, . , "f the alr ul (I!'tJI"UIIl t IwI 1li"l'l'll!l'<l IJo1'mlt of Ihri. 1Ilath.....
p' ,.,,,, ..
""". ,f", "" 1"''''. . ,." .", "" ", '." ........
.. "IP'''''. "i" 9ro", ,f 'h. '''.,d '''''''' ,""., ". """""
"'f., 1'" ,",""., ." """ h. ,,','" h., '''" w.....
"'.""": ,," ,,,'"",. fiw"'h",. '" ," '''.. k. ,,, "" .", .'d,., T,k,,,, p'"''
",'., a;I'defe,,'" ,..."'i. &t'dl(JIl.lr.nll. r"ll'O!lm.r ,,".'" r.. "i".lnd,,, It t1w, r>t(>,lled ,If
_, .....'cllvl. ,__ . . _ . , ,
I . 11 11''' tI, - ",,,,,,, PtOCII1"('me'tl "I"II1( hu .",! I'IlJl l"'h"'k"]1I'r, Ifa"mg l' '''1 "II!
.....110 , 'l'Oll!1Il . S' '"
. tio" 'WI: , l'Cllllll1l1tllt ""pr<'<"I"1. Illy upene" '
".
rt8
, ',. ,. d' ' , '''''','m'',I ..,.",
'n . 'tl"lir j!U1lr<1 llnd la"l,., .......t. '<'''''.r." ."'.
"""110) :I'he ': t1utie:s \"'0}. alJOOJI Ih.ir ,IUlit<; ill In "/'lle.l)' I"',hi"". Alter
(
:l '. In',,' """'gll" . 'I... ",
'1 11''''Hc p _"I 1"""""lIlt
6"'1'",1< wid, Ihei,' ""tnt"",' ,'"s-i 1_' lbolld(jtlttliite 1'1101 o"d btl.,lffi IO'I)w .,,..., pod. . l'f'"""nc"l""""'H."""" .
Im( I) '1",'.", ""d """',,., ,,,..,,, "" o. ,,' ,'" >f'''''''''hl
,h. no< "', "" . c' n ,,,",,",,,=,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,, ....,.
,I,' ""''''''b pOl''''''''' 'W""""", "".";";" ....", "'.. ,,, "'''10,"
(
f,) ",Iiv" of f'llllil'mt"llnd r. ,',
to",,,,.,, , . . , " "
. ",;,,,,'d d'''"""",." ",.,". hI ,10 .. ,,' 'h.. ,,,.,, , "";:.
",,,,,,1., ,""WOC""'"'''' """""', ",;,", "" ".., ", ,he '" "
(II) 'I'll\' 00, disll'ibutt,,-1 fOOlI o,>el'll,ion of Ihe pll"1 l"'Nlnntl .. U-.tl
,,,-I '"I< f' t!'''cled s, k
, "';' ,,, :;"::;, Hold"" !A;"
Walet' '''Pl'. , ,. "I <lOl'nb'll tlnks all, reiC _ far II" fire.
fi
l!hllng "' I'toI
, '. ,m '" . "P"" 'b" .. ,. '" ",,_
m """"" y"."" '" mo<. . m"" w.. w' :'. I,., ".,
"in; wil h " win I,c." I. S a itlcd Vll hOi h Ihc nOr il "1IS Jloorly )lIip[>ed. 1,IId, doubtful
' """"" "'" . . , ..,. ..
,,,. "r "'.",t""".. "'P''''''o rom _ Id h..",m,_,
m""'" ""'''''''''''':, ;,,,.",,,,. ",."I',,,k"' "I' .,,,,,,,, '''J' .1 ,
' 1,,;oi,,1"",";' ,hh,I""", I"'""""",,, I, M d p"'" ..." .".k
,,,,,I,p'"'' " dl"" "',, ,,"'" ,,, . '" 'h, "re "',",00" h". 10,,_
laillt'll by 1",,,110 ".'" la,'''' w"s gil'e" b.l duri"glhat l>ertI,tlC'e1'l1 .
,.,. ,,",.. 1 ,,10101, h,d ." ''''''ol moo". '" d,l. ".OJ ""'1-
too,,'."" . ,J"T".,,,", 'oo,....
:... -",,, "r "," 1"":;:; ". "."., .'moo' .,,,;,," _,re '00 .",11 """'" .,,,,",, 00
1'. 'CD/d'"!!! W"S the de,' ;h81 III lI\O>l :f >trll(1u........."..
. , lln"l n,,,, ,., be , , DlSInL f' 'IIlI,"1W
..",,," '" lo. , 'd, .,,'eo """" _"1'" ",,,. .,,,,, ,. h,"
fatlor "s "Ill initially "lIdl'r a 'IS L'g)',,", 1'0"'1 1/) '--n 10 ltlltr-spe"", h",
'. II,,,,! \I'US u"." Ided " , Ie. lorre< '0 u;,j' 'I"
The 1U"ltlgCI', " ,.le1"1 was SOUl " Imlt<. 'I" ,.. ,h Q' Ih-
'h,'" t lC , "CIlia Ito "..., I IloilO&. . .... rn;l'!! 5t"I"&-" ,. Hent 0 ea"I."",-., ,. 00 hea'y 'MI I llIe
1 ',m 11\ l>e ,'111 dU'I't \ D.,' Ile I'IWI I "arel'Otl8e w"s use;" " ',ehe,' "'liS to ta " onh ,.... I ", ....
'
Ilwoo(, I ""',,1',..... "'_r
!"lid. I"l"ge ...1111 I a, t "lasl 1I>'.'t. Ih,. t /I()" .....
' e Wa, I " ,!tOI!l , II' ralt. "" M 'A'(IO.I'l'"
""re.'". A"",,,,, . "m'.'" '" """,,"'.' ,h..
I ".,,, .,,,, '''"'' 10"': dTh,"" ""''' om,. -"",
I!ffiU'lct'iOl'
U
"dcxlP"'O"O 1 ,el OJ with" 101. <IU""!!I!>"""tu,, ....u....1 "'"' dunuglM
"'1 '1"0 We'" 1101'1' k, t' , ],..c....., 01 "">OIl xnd c'"'llt. '" .... , hut . I" "",,_53 r'
. l..'m'C . '1....llloel. dr,
w,,,I,,., "1""'''''''''' '.' 'Th,"". ",M',". h0"
., ,. . , '0 "nit I 'I"w,ng" sue '"_ " hod "'" fir-"pl'"'' Ilu ., . 'i,os" 0 , ..... l<... I"" ; ...._11'111011
' SC' ,war. , ,1lle,m
r

"' woo, ''',,',,'' i"" "m' ", ,,, ,,, oowl'f"-' ... ""
.i'mllt Il'ctlchcs, but ,I lacl' "nd U...ll0 IOeIIlI'IO)""', ""lIntg" ,10"" 0
. , . I) 1'''' ll{ l'llthrr 111'<"1 f"'1 I In I. f Ihc planl e
tile "Ilen fidds Z Iniles !lQ,'11t "
IhlllUile
'.,"1....
1,m!! ",uI 18 illc!w!' lhi,k.
,.sh,.//cr,.-I t\ "d,\i1 in" 1U ,he 0\1111
I llh"\tcnl e" of :10 1
16
1
cllch ",,,I hy 12_nwh ","UB amill-l-.'
deek" exlelldillJ! 7 lJ<'lv\\ lhe ,,,rhell of UIt,
J!l'ound ",,,I I fel'l noo\'(', ",ere withlt"
Ihe 1'1n"t ".el'. Thcre 01150 I:!O earth IUIll
Itu"bl'r ,hdl"'''; OUlsidc of the I,lutll "'....a. Furthet
"pMC w"s \lHMr hell"." "'-llliplllel.ll ..
bl",l Orijl:iuall)' il w"s 1'I'n,"... r",
th" pl"nt l"'l-",:,n"..1'" u"*' Ihcir own ,lisereli"n ..
tn when \u l"keshchcr.!J\ll InWllI"d Ihe I"ue. I"'rt
of Ihe Wllr i, w"s "ul!J-<e>lc<l Ihl,t 1'1"",
e"'''',,,,le thp pl"nl a,\,1\ ill Ihe ,,''''\It 01 nil" "nid and
"tilllnte" the Sltg&",,,li"ll W"S elHlllge<1 to'" dire<-{
orde.
o. Op,,,rolio1lk.-This pl"nt ",lIel'ed ,lij(hl d"m.
.'J;" <lu,jng d,e D""li"l" ,"id "f .\pril 11142. The
u"ighw"i"l( cit)" or Kn"a",ki, h"wele,. so
,.,,(',... 1.1" d"mnl(,,<l lui"" hy ""ids that
"1;,..,,,1 m""." clllployees who hn<l lo"t t.Iwi, hOlUe,
nnd 1"'I"8O"uI I','o!",rly f"ilcd tv ",1l1t'I\ 10 w01-k.
Ihus e"",i"g" tlra,lic retluCiion in Ihe VUl!'UI of
Ihe I'lnlll. While lh" ph"'l w"s lle"N'elHi",lr ;,hlll
down "s" reS1<It, {If alcl:lltccis'" 01' "i,'-," id
ge,'et1,1 li",cs d"rilll'" Ihe wa,' there were
onl.'" IW" 01' thl'<.'<' shor'" in Ihc !,I"nl Ihat
Wc"c in OI"',..,lio,,. )1"""gClUcnt yilllll)' inlcr.
"_Ie,l in welf",.(' und h"d" fullli"'c.la!
.. l in l',,.,,,l...,h on th", m"ttct'.
4. The lIi!Ile!<; .l/l1chilt" Tool l'III1lI.-o. Tit.
l-lil"chi H"ldiuj! {;o., Lid. (cxhihil E__:\ and
cm..... item :\0. Z:.) of Ihn-e fUClo,i.,;
\)\'cr an tt'...,a of 20 milcs. This .'lId.
c""cI'l"tl$ Ihe 1'''.,..... l"thc pln"l which I'r{l(lu<:t'tl,;O
pe,.cell! {If un si7.lJS of 111,.,.,,1, lMhes in the J"l',,,,r;e
cml,ire. There Wm'c ;;e,'e" dcpa"lmc"ls which 1II.
O"CI" 2.000 pe,";joHs in "n ""e" of
Sljl13l'C feet. intl",li,,/; " workillg floor SP"CC of
460,000 S{JtlllI"e fe'lOt. This pill III w"s )lrintely
owncd !Jill ,,"ll" "nder Ihe coni ml of Ihe "rill.'", 11""Y
and Mini,I'.\" of Home AtTni,'s for gllidlll\CC in
oir.,,;d
b. OI'9,,,,iz<JIi;"'.-The ni,mid ]'l'"ledi"" (1("
galli7.'ll ,on wus hcad(.d II", presidcnl "f thHoe
))QI"lioll. who 11"11." ,'uliot\4",l nl a sistel' pl""1 11
14 miJe"S soullt ltm!. i1.crd,u'c. ltdive cOllo"l
by Ih" p,.",hldion mlltlll"Cl". The .i...
mid pl'otoctioll orl'"ani7."liotl II""S :;;,'id"'] into'
he"d'l"n'lers nntl "n operaling group.
(I) TI,,, hcu(/qu(lI'Urs gr()ufl ,,"ll,< n'Ade ar
'
II' 7.e
'J ft,... (9Yil'"",,,t for plnnl {I 11,.' .
.',1 1Il-
enti ....II.i'''''I,''-I''''teIOWl>e\\1 ,a . I
flOid. II 1__-1 ollly ,j lIl'll,.'rm,.
1''''\(1'('1:'' "f ,.
. 1'1lnllK"". h"nd,ITtlwtl. vf :1;,(1.
C-ltl'"cily. "'1<1 of 11Il'
hand-tlO11.tl'I'" )l"lUp" of :IO'J,!"nvI\>'lK'r'lnlllule
in "ddilio" I{I 111,,1 ('(I"ip,"ent"
wort' ,H:J 11",,<1 "I Iho
IYI"', 110 co: Htin!!lli,hp",;. "nd w"ler p".n.
of bucke! ,,,,,,,,ri .ed ttl'''l'-
mont w"" $ul'l''''''".III('(1 by 1:?U-,<-"'li,,ng of
h""", GO feel 11111/:".
h. TraiNi"'J.-An iutc",iYe t,... ini"g l""<lgn,,,'
...1 lile 01 the fir" b.igade ""d
hi" CIOch del"1l1 mcnl of I he pl"nl ,-.-..cei,'-
i"l! I ,IllY \\'('C\; cv""","illg """h.
()<Is of oomoo,ing fires i" p".licul,,' I."po o(
l'rot.'('-...S vr op"mtio""l lta,,,,"'1. wilh drill, bei"g
for ,-",cit <!el'''l1menl ,,",';ng Ihe "lIt"nnte
..'"
i. Jfulrr,tlJlPly.-The 01 walC"
>l'PI,h' "'"s from the I'ublio ",,,ins vf
In addilion 10 Ihat. "",,'en deel'
wellg h"d bee;, drilled "ml ",aIC' fruIU IhL<e
U well sca "."Ie. WllS 1''''''1...,-1 10 lhe
(".nace;; and rollin/:" mills for cooling purposes.
j. Spri"klerl.-The only ""IO",,"ic sprinkler
proteclioll i";;I,,lled in Ihis plant waS" wah'" cur
lain of tl" deluge o"tside re<,'Ot'ds room of
one of Ihe "dminisll'llli(l" bniltlings.
k. P(Il"er.-Tlte J"pll" Su.... 1Tube Co. ol)('t1,tetl
a plant to genemte ii, vw" elect.ic powcr
suppl)' of which il pr!l(l\l<:E<1 80 IK'l'CI.'1\1 l)f
ti{ln"l ""luiremet'Us, 20 perce'" l.ein/,; ]lurehllscd
(rom outside sourees.
l. Initiul ai,....uid !rumi,,!! wu _ hed hy 'ele-
phone from ""d prefectu 1 i"
l\aw"Sllki lind wa$ supplemenled h,' illforrnaliv"
"blaine<! ,wer Ihe radio. Inle.iO!: wamin.. w"s
lroompli.hw means of local si,.ens. "
IlL Conlrol ct"1It.. This plam lind co,," mcle<1
''''0 hea,'ily reinfol'Cl.'<l L"tlllll"<ll <:entcrs
ellendiHg j f....el below Ihe ground "nd 10 feet
"I.oo"e Ihe 10\'e1. These i"sl"Il"lions had
"II .'crnge Ihi('kne>8 of :14 inche!' of rciufol"t:ed
ooncrele. In Ihe, e"ent of 'UI "Iert, Ihe gener1l1
mln"ge', bllsiness m"nngt
Ind ol.each sed ion of Ihe "i .-n,idl'rotectio:;
force ...em 10 the conlrol a"d
n;;sllmed tlteir pos's of ElIll'llllCCS of bOlh
conl",1 wern pnltecled L,. l'cinfort.'<:ti con_
"
99
'..
LIidiii. "'"'PUnd. l'iftt.q '*-at of
;;;a Ib';',,"II" oo""n",., ""'''' of"" , ... , ........
I........... . .._ 01..
... ,.,d b, '';". .",h" ,.h" " 'h. T"", '""f" ,,_w ........
"'-:."",.- ,-".'d",", ''''", .h." 'h" .""" '''If " .hkh ,.,"' w .p",",-
::> ' ,
dh""'" ".".,,,,, .\"..""".
."""" "" '7" ,,.,.,, ""'.. .,,, ''''_ ....ro,...
"'., ., ",,,II, , . .. '" """ '''.m ,n" m"""m,1 '"''" - ma.
.,....,,, ... ""..",'oe "n' h,uk",,, "'''''' 'm, ."'m, '''"h I,...,
...'. d "I... red ,II""o,,s III add'hon. .",1 ;11 nilies of OO1lImul\>ca.IIQII
' I.. I
.... "' .",,, ".1""""d""'.." '''', "' '''do, _'"'.''"''' '""
..,,; 1'''. ",,,I,.. ;," ,"",,",," ,,' ",,,',, ' d"",.. "__
...".b','"", """." "n. ,.,,,,,,,,,, ""'m" of ,h. ''''m 0' '" m,I.",
,,'''.'...,,,1 "'"'" "",'" ;,.1f, '".,"'"....;."'hm.'oom" dMro,"
"" ''''n. ,,, ,I" "."\ '""'I"""'. ,,," d,'. d AI"'m bJ) 'h.. .. "";
... ". ""CO",,., ",' """h.',," ... d.,ro, .. " d"",.,, "do ""."1",
.,,,h 1,":',,1 .y-""" "." '" " ... "..,,,,,, .....","" of,,, _"., ., ..
f.renll>!1 ,hLIllllllelundcl1 10resIOrc:OpertenlOfthe"",.,.,te.
....... Irel!;, 'I" " ..., :.ot!(''l) .... l1lI''''In.J.of blllld'''l!'I'''''' , w,,, , , '." ....,,, " ,.. _.. . 001
,m
l
""'" '" ""","',.,",, ". , ,,",," """,, 'hro....".... ,
roof ,"d,'::::""",, "",,,,I ;::::':":;':':"1 ,,,'d. PM;"I' ';';';
oIher. ft I "*" tJlI; mllll >orlal;"1\ usahle foe emergency lI"
,.. '::':' ';" re,; :,:::,':,'::':;;;"1,,,,,
II'I"ch "U. 1 f Ilmbel lind gra'el bafle ''''';k''led
.. ,,,.,,,,, " IT 11", '" .. '. ""'" '" d.".
fo.....oo redu<.;t! Un all,h. Ilntl 397 were e.::re- wounded.
,," ore w"'d """ .1 Th, "I.".. " " ., .'Irood
r1e<:\ I'.",llge"a)_ The b,UMII l'xl>ellded a 101 , bou1- "-'u.ny be!.-"tn 1*"'""l:"1"i.
rt 000 "'t'SOIl,. ,e;;tllll.let >I
';00.13. I ""I", ."'"" ,,,,,"'. , .,.,,,,,
"W>O,OOO "" '" I 9 "."., .Id ,. do ...... do"""
",boo' ",;00,000 "'" ,. .... _.,..
"'''' 'h".. I, 1''''' "hh.... I;"",,,,,,,.. ,. m'.
'::',,1 ,."h"",' h%I"'" ,,,:1; :..,;... 'rom "."",:,,:,,,;::,, _;_ .
n ,,"," "" >'" "" IT I b, "" ph,.","", "n." _ ."....
." beds ll\ Tok, 0, Sill Il< '111 ,,<1dll'OIl. IheM' wilh emergency re!."',r with
. I ,-, , I '" 4 ,_ ,,, ... '" , ""
"nl '-' ,. '-'N'l'ies SlatTed h., '1'1 wilh light "'pall' -Irated Df\.-<d: 0 .-L
'
ie"t < - .11 Ie . 1,... coo.." 'w",
4 '7 IlIll."..,;e", . ",,,,,irll"lllll>. 'LL lIlObilieL,mao)
I f'olll' 1<> "'<'011' r- d' J05:>I"",tO 1_"(I(il1
ph"',;.",. '. ITf",' ,h"",,,1,,,,,, 'I', m..'" h.,." ,.=.fo .
"....lprofcilSlOnul 51:' . >lmnnuei,la. "",j . ens from llIloug t e. e incident.
."" ., " ph"""",,,: :" I I '" ""..,.".."" ..... ,,"".... ,., ....._" .".m;:.
. I",-s 'nndd'lIO",11 ",re ..u;e<llhegno , .... m.J,oqul
,,,"''' ._. b '''I-.
n

.;, ",,,,,d.. .. "1"',..' ,h. T"k". ;,. "," r,... ""do" ,.,...'":"... _.
;. OP<,,01;'>/I<._1 lip,''''I "'''Il f"OIlI "II' r,en" dJo" 'If:I. 're O<'CUm<l, elfol'l,'fi.IOO on
'1 "[,e.,"n,,,. >Ie,' ", do
'"""" "", "r """''''', :... ",.. I"" "h,,,. ,."iog ,... ,""n."oo.
0' ,h".m ",,,d "" "",;d""" ,,,,h,,,". .,,,.,", ., '"'" " .......,W
'm".".,.1 "d'. '" ,,' ,h;, .. ",,,fi,,"<"" ;.kro.,'n, ""'r,' " "..
II,. d!'SII'ncl iOI\ nf "i"l! bn,.ll!p,:, ;,.",'k. W'o [I"lh 1ll.1n . on " ....."
. I I'lm me 11.... ndllne; I .It' Ill:
il lLppl>t, I" n, " ,\tel'lI"le u, "lth Hit" fi MIllin""" L_ fi Id nol
"b "b,'us'I>" oflle cb,'" lit her
""I "M!COllst"llellon,,,, \Iann'u" ,'._,...rf'll'" .. ,fi,."lJI""
, "1" or' " ell ,,,,-v 10 f(N't'f!l
h. 0", h",,,h'.1 "'" "". ''''' ,,' ""''''''. ,h, I" , ,""I."'"
k.x.nlOli,'cs Will'" d""ing(!ll, [,Ill II ''"wr",1 I" c,,'llroll...L I
h
' r,n, it'a"1l,!!: I"
l'
IW'n''''' fthe of Ie.
f:tPlbl
e
of ''I!pllil' lIn{ \Ill , . ". 1)C1"t'Cnl _ "",tWIlli
" loll
,.ttehlltllb'l!d ""d ,.,:; II.'-b.,. I "Iro"ed, ",l<
,
" "m"'.
""'''e eatl;, W"1'1l danmge,
" The oNli".r'l)" in ll'll' witbitt
a11'" w." llpp....."im.
tel
,. 1,2OQ I,
li,'e,. \.,\)0 eleclric carll, :!,800
f".ij!hl ,
d. Tile hll","I' h"d !lln ""I",rate ....
inehilling ,Ialio,,'. fl...ight ofti:.e b'llldlll&\
r\1H1"lIlOlI""". ..
pital", bUlidmg;;.
t. II\m,!Jer Qf emplOyee:! w.s
Qlw.lell
lh
Ihe 101"\ e>lll'loyM's of Ihe entire
milrolld
OI'f/(;nizfJ
1ioJl
fl>l'oir-raid !"OIUliOlI.-U, 'n-
T"kl"o Hn,h'omlllllrenll orllan".... tl a ,Iefenoo head.
'll""ie,.", ill it, ullice in Ihe 1l011h wi"l! ollhe Tokyo
main r"ilt"(HI.lalion. liil,-'Clor wnS II",
d.'," of Ihe ,,,,,I hi, slillf of aU
.lcl""'lU,",'t ,,,,,n"I-'"''''' in Ihe hcsd(llll,rlers oftil'll
w'lh lll'Cl.lon chiefR for liaisoll onicersnd n few se-
lecle<1 1"'1""-"1' f,)I' d"rk_, telephone ol",fatOr!l, atll!
",..,.,ngel'S. Elich of Ilw ,:e"en dislrict.s '" luro
formed I'" "irraid prQlL,<;lion bl"llllCh hea,lqunrle'"
wilh Ihe .111",,inl"ndcllt lIS direClor, nid,...l by hi,
""Iff. Eneh bl"llnch w"s
11,,,1 each i".I"lhlion in it' distr;CI formed "" "ir_
mid self_prOICCliQI\ lIllil (Bogothm) with lh.
stntioll mn.lel, or chief execllli"e, us ils leader.
b, Ea"!, of Ihese leadel" (slnl;o" 1\l"sICr or dlid
e)<L'C"li"e of Ihe ;n"n1l"liol\) WLIS allowed disc,..,.
li(}n in oWIII,"I'" of prOlection IInil,
hut il w"s in'l",ctcd for p"ofieiellcr h)' pracli.."
drill. hdd "nd"I' Ihe oh,.","lio,, of .nd
h"rel'" The locsl breakdown
,how...-l " '""'''Iy of org"nizaliolls slIch ;IS 01'1'
in ",,'eral inSl>lIl""" in 1"""io"8
,,,porl<, [,," ;,."'lIeroll)" they consisled of sublln;u
and "'l"ads in !-"""'d tlul)", waming,
lil"ll.lighling, rescue, n"d lil."t nid.
3. v:ar.,illy w"s i>lili"lI)' re..eil"!KI frllfl\
the ellSIHIl lIl'my distri"l wlll'ni,,:; cllnlnd hy lhe
hureau air.,aid deflln5e head'l"n,.t",.". II waS Ihtn
Lr lhcdispalchel'lo ,,11 Tokyo hll>;n"'"
of Ihe ,,,ill'oa(l, IIlId hy Ihe defell;t
hend(llla,ieN IQ each of Ihe SC"eJ' d'Slr;el heal!'
quarters. It was "Iso t"",,smined d,''(ICtll' by lilt
burcau he.dq""l'leril to fOlll' IUI'/,t:1l
shOI)S wilhin the ciIJ'.
4. RCJlaj, alld mai,ilclla"ce.-The 1U","lellltllCt
of lhe ra;lrond hnd "knys heeu " '1Il,"er of pri""
wilh Ihe blln'ltu, In pen'cetillle il hlld ,,,ailll.;utd
II conSlant repa;I' .nd nminlelH'IlL1' force of aJloUl
5,000 worker>;. Th,s >lIlInl",,. \\"IlS increased dUrlt>,l
wllrt'")(l 10 7.iXl4, <lil'ided ;nlo "'p,,ir
Ihe a,h'enl "f m"I, on(\ hiJ:h
eXI'IO'il"OlS 1\,ixed wilh int<'"diarie". f,',u' .d"ll<:d
the aPI'('lile for b",\1 food and laelO
r
.\' tllrrnld
prol("Clion. a\\,lll","", unit; ......1\-1,,1 10 f,w
Inck 01 pc,.,;o,,,,(1. . .
f. AhhouJ:h refc.... ... lm, ,,.,..n n,ad(' w mtc,,'I""
lraininj!, Ihi" ,talenWlll (]Ill,l 1.00.. wk,'n willi re,...,.
"ations, While imen,i,'" in ;.Jnl\' ''''''''. Imininj!
""lIS mi.guid..l and frHllle,' d", 10 Ihe nl'l'n\l,nl!
lack of "'l";I'"",,,t n1ll1 Ihe iu"!" ill'
,truelion.
g. E"ell a (nsu.1 o11*,,"ot (""lit "'" I"il 1<1 1Jc
in,pf'iS'lC(1 Ihe in,unno"nla"ilil." of Ill\' prohh'm
ronfront,ng: Ihe Jnp.ne.... f, ...loty tlirn,id prtr
loct,ion o!plni"",t;oll,. Bomhoe'-,; ,11'''1'1'..<1 Ihe,r
1000d" .n.l 1,lam" 10 ol'em"., l'cn;IO'\Ilel
engn!,,",, in Irying lQ (,,,h;m, lh.. blow ""ul,l d"
linle nlO'" Ihan r,"' for th..ir li"e'; ;1 wn' like
Ir"inl,! 10cu,;h;Qn Ihe blQw "f a II'il' hnnl1llcr "ith
a feather.
98
RAILROAD AIR.RAID PROTECTION
1. InlroJ..di(".....,..Oq".""i"',tion ,,,,d olwrnlion
of Ihe Tok"Q railrolld bllreall waS idelllical wilh
thai, of IheOther -,,=....n hllrenu,;of Ihe n"tioll"l n'l
W.r ex...... pt Ihal il sUl'e""i-w 11,", Ir"n,
ponotion nel"'ork "f Japan's popUI.tiOll
area. alld itil e"cellti"e head'luB'1e1'S Wa5 lilen,ll..-
"across from Ihe of Trans-
portotion BIllI, 10 i'ls inll"ence.
To Bpprceinte Ihe problems and ii, [11".1"
fonn.""" IInder airmid ro",lili,,", ""me l!e1wl',,1
,tali;;ti"" mu" hoe known,
a. The focilili... under ilS jllr,,,diL1ion were di.
,'i<1"d illtoeight ""I",rale lines,"g."izcd in'" 5O,.n
"I)('nttillg and defen,," dislricls. Thc ge'ler.1 p;ll'
lern of Ihe nelwork wo;;:" loop Ih.1
circled the inner cily of Ihe Tokyo MCll"Opolilall
District ....hieh ro'H'lllted (llIe line (Ihe \'amatll)
and one diSlrk1; six lines Ihal ",dialed OUlwa,,1
from the c;ly loop like the spokes Qf" whee.l, ell"h
"mainline an,l a scpa.... te .tlrniu;,t"'li". di,lrie!.
,'iz. T"kaidQ, Tohokll, ,/ohall. Chuo. Takaooki."I,,1
Nlbu lines: and 8n eighlh lille. lhe.I""I'''. Ihal ..."g
an ule".ioll of Ihe Takti""ki lille II011h"',,,,1. and
wu induded in Ihe T"k"s"k,
di;;lricl. .
b. The lenglh of main.lille l!'llck fore"ch lin" ill
tI,", onler !lamed aho"e was 9, 16, 1H. :\'1. 6=1.
J60. alld 63-. Wlal of Gil millli. In .ddil;,,'I,
th.ere wa;; net "'ork of lill.,. IOloling HO
mllf!!,
ticubr co<>l'(li"Rtioll III lOP hll(1 ..
December when WHe w,t I'
,It.,.wn from :\lillb'r)' 011(1 liS R"cp.
1I ...1r a!tt'ncy, more a[(el\lioll WR, paid \0
of air.... i,l defe,,"" ","Her.' by the Ilighcr
...;!'.\ defO"'" \Ioa,I'Iu.arlc,." WllS
fo"noo as II full-timo _I the
It ..-a' ol}.'ll"i"ed i"lo tWO bl"ll;nchl!" lor-
a. 1'IanninJ:(. I",i"i"g. lind (01l....110n of in for
nHuion:
b .\hkil\J:( llr",n!-"''''O"I- for IIIKI<'rilll, lI,ul
for the orJ:(a"i""liol\ and opcratioll of dr
leno'(' IInits. takin);" .clion hl ('","te lire.
'0 l,rocOlCI bllihlings. f"flli,hi,,!\" funds for
('(>1",lruCli,," of
It ,,"liS f"Mher rell"i,..,.l (aeh l'OnUllUlI1ca-
liollS bureau sel liP II local helldqllaMel'!
(hoei ka). of II 1'111'" alld tmilling";,ce-
1l0ll a"d all ol""... tion. """lion, and Ihat it pro-
mote the ol}.'lIniution of se1f_protOlCtioll "nits
ibogodlln) in eaeh under its Jurisdic-
ti(lll, B},the time thi. reorganizalion wasctfecled,
the c'Onmnmitits in the "icini,y of Tok)'o we", be
ing ;ubjeeted to fT\'ljllent air]'lIid IIttacks llnd t\l"
inditferente 1O,,.,d defense organization hlld
di.. ...ppeared.

in the following sUhparagral,hs were ell'eq,,'CnC}'
apedient. 10 lIIeet 1\ situation nllher Ihll" the re-
sult of ad"ante pilluning. Assnred llguin and
.gain b}'lbe mililnr)" Ihat .cllllll IIiI' raids of IIny
exlent 00 th" Japanese mainlllnd wore highly iln-
probloble. lind jIl"-IOll,h' relUClant 1(1 tllkc orden;
from " pllra.l\el Ih"",,t ion" I
Communic.tion. Board was slow ill tllking ",,)'
definile prel'lllltions. A I'iclllre of the ""Illembil-
it, call be otxailled from the follO"'ing sta,u;tiCli
on dama!,,,, and CR.';;ulllties as. "",,,It of majur
incidents. submilted by Ih" Tol.)'ocomlllllnic"tiol\!I
bureau:
(1) Of a lOIal of ]50 lirst- "tid ,et"Ondc1asS
pIlSt or Hll'e=m, "'ere de.tl'Oyed;
(2) Of 2,08\l Ihirdcl'55 l"",t olliCl!:l. 5:'.:1. or
2G pen:ent. "'ere deslro)'ed; -
(3) T..-@ll1)'nine 110>1 "onla;n;ng
telegraph i,"'tallatioos WCl'll destn"'cd'
(4) Of 48 cent nil lelel'ho"e 0" 8
loe"""nt. "'ere (Iestro)'oo;
.(5) Ofthe 16 and maintenance
oIfiCl'!l or buildings, 8, or 50 pen:ent, weI'll
de.;tro}oo ; ,
'"
(6) Of 316,8138 !I"bllcriber telephnn.,
I)';!I, Of 65 l""rceut. were delllroyoo
(7) The lltrb'f. go\'enmlellt bUlldiQI
hou,,,d ooth \h'l l'ialiOllal
Ilo"rd lind Ihe ('Ommun'ClltlollS blal
lota\ly destroyed;
(8) Of indi"idull] 19:i,
or 14 percelll, were dll",a!-'t.,,1 til'
l'eN:<.'nl of Iho tolltl, wel-e dllUla"m b)' Ii",);
(fI) Of mill'll of locIII telephone
l.tl50 miles. or 41 percellt wCnl de,1
dlltlll'b",d, 0" di,mpled; ,
(10) Of of the bureau,
w,,''ll killed lI1\d iujured on I.hejolt"
"nd hea"" l<ml of lifc, injury. IlIl,JlIbst"t""i_
in ''I'ne'';l wOI-" c.. u,;ed by the desl"uclinn 01
:!:l.400 r.....idcnt:eli or "ollltlHllliClltion "Ill-
ploy"'-o,;;
Tho det"ill'(l III1"h... of IhOl 800"0 damuge waa
fllrni.h"d by Ihe p;'I!.>idenl of Ihe communi.
clltious bnrc,," "nd is ,lIbmilted lIiS ,...ferelloo ile",
No. 27.
b. [>0'1 officn.-The c-entml po,t oflk-e buildi,,
of Tokyo waS Ih"l"rgl'lll ,ingle 1'0.1. oflice iusI"Ua.
lion in Japlln, Due to ils ilU[lOl"tllnee alld size, it
wasdcsignlltcd KS "thecent]'"l post ollioo building:
This distinction ",,,. gi"en to the Illaill IlOst oftitel
of TokJo, Kobe, lind as" designa.
lion of ]"lIuk, bill il WU nOI indical i"e of SIlI""""i
sion (lWI' 01 her p<l!I' otlice!l. lilly (If tit is instal
lation rIl.'ealed a lypic,,1 orgll"iz"t ill" described in
detail in fOl1ner t","gcl ]"('llOrls. In Ihis in.tallC6,
its self_prole<:lioll unit w"s not subje<oted 10 allf
SHe''Il tcst because Ih" POSI ollil"ll bllilding WlIshi't
onl.\ with I' few im-en<\iary bombs., which -.ret>
easily t"ken cllt"ll of its own personncL'
oflice sen'cd II I"rj!c conl'lllrat ion of gO"ernmenw
IIb'Cncies, husill6SS elllel"J,rises, "nd Kn ex,ens;"
residenli,,1 nrea. \\"hen ,."ids de\'ll5l"led
Ihis IIrca, HCr)' cUol'! \\"115 m"de to locate Ihe f,,.
mer residenls lind OC'elllllll\IS of dcslrol'ed build
ings. The ,""il delivcr)' force wOllltl thr
area in an elfort to dClermine the fo"w""ling
ad
-
dresses of e"lICIlel!i:!. No genel'lIl deliwr)' WlI$rsl1b-
Jished, but per$Oll!l wcre 10 cull at ,'''
IlOSt oflice lind gi"e forwl,rding llddresses of tlltlP"
selYeB and tho knO\\"1\ loclltion of lIeij!hbors Inc!
at,<\ullilllllnl'6s. . of
c. .IIail Clir cmne lIndcr the prolC\.1',,"
Ihe I'Hilrolld SJ!lIC"'. .
J. wCl"e sirollgl}' encoll",ged
J npan lind tholl!;;' nds of homcless lJe'"SOllS lo>llhr
i
'
...---tllllD""- & ......I'.....IlWU' i6itPf(lil1i;D C' .4ii
1system. which adopted the Irbitru, '-no .
.. iii' umall tJUDl thllVarbll r8l(aeIt ...... . 1Id. .. , ...
...... 01 lIIaking a claim. Thill UlloUat... UllJIaIlatioftl 1.
,1'- . . . _ .
.,fJI1
c
bu' thedllim Ilf t!le ... _
,.J11::;nehtlCke<.l apinM.the t....nIJ1lI reeordJ. llr ::.fnHn illl 01l1l liliy "u Ibktoeut
'--' f purcha_ "'a8 Illbulltted, the Will or dqu.rttl'R I . II( ....IOD lit
r;""wQ f ,." U at ."," . f'lrulllill __.
"":::..1 to" payment 0 "" }'llll. Aft.!r invtllti_ 14 b)' ;llltrruPli OYtT.he IiI'
tlllil jlurchasea e"en of 'm"er;. all built n..
nlS had IJet!n Illude. payment lip t.() aoo )'I'U I ddulg. A smln vou frd 111ll<'tJIl'!r ,,( \110>
.., Bnd the full amount paid on t ll'tJUgboUI. Ihe bUildi","" JlO.ltded Iltl'&Ollnel
....ef"U' "" Pl'l'llecf "'as orgo. .Ud .
".s the national h,"c!. t I\"t fOl'C<\ alld 0Jlrn,lt<! d . 01, !lito a
von l;tk'groPh 8Y8telll.:-'l'he lelegraph i:
r
Ihe tntire dtfellge
oros slrllck llines br Illcendiats bombs 110g&se dal1lllged, buildiog
- h onlv minor dllnutb'Q 10 Ihe top floor .. J'lO\lg datll.lge and the 6rtll
htC 6a '. I . . . mterru"tel/. ..... "-u llOl
rs<l1\S wet-e kIlled Knt mnn)' tlljllrtd!,ow. 's '
f1rope . l'b'll' . -'
I
r\"lOOoft 115 Ul (ltlg'HISUntlUen"U"ted __
,..rj\e .' (I)Thetihel -_.....-
I burden WKS on tlus inSInUation II'r policy fo, tbf. Prolecrion of
.l. . larly due 10 lhe 101ld of emergellc,' COlll_ persohnntl "-'5 generallr tbe 6aIIle in Tokyo
partlcll '. I I' .' as I roughOllI
"o,iotls whwh folloll"e( (ISrUplloll of Ihe tele_ f ._.1 tnJlIllJ Large buildio...
IRII"" 0 o....,emron.."IM>C\ il' -
'
t-Slenl '" 10000t
pholl6 . .' . olter (l(In; for ...o I sh I
, from Ihe bUIJdmg to bnltlch olltces Ihrou,h. 'r'.. I b- era e aud
Il
l
ng , , _Ut ou and al'fa6 cleared f
..
'
\e Toky'o orell. I he IWerllf,'f. lellgth of lhese in 'h . . . or """'....b
- e llllh.... ,ate ""'IlIlly 1<eft douod 'b
L_ ,,'as 1 Inilc, lind Ihe" l-em,"lled undamn,red ,_,,. " , ."
IU"'" . . . ' >< "" ",II! Iei'll COIl9.ructed by tbe 10
lh.t, Ihis StatHlll \\'IIS nble to t"nnsm't lIlessages l!temsel.,= I '.'1 Lid. emp yeeI
" , f' '. .... 0 ,.. lil(",lthmlbe
to suhsllltlOns or I'll ll)' to ,heIr dtstl. con.truetion .... ,._ . 'gl
, 'f '. - allU'""Utranl !t.lhe
DIotioo. Durmg periods 0 elllerb-eIlC)' 11llS sernce roofs "'e" eo,-.red ...ith up to 119 iotbe:8 of
'I, restricted to ofliciul use. reinforced ooncrete &lid the .......
/. The UlephOlU! ay#cm \\"us Ihe backbone of lhe ronnl1ed iOlo lllon! or Ies& thMlers
Tokyo communications. As lllenliollClI carlier in by I of means: tbe IOOiit COIIlm(lIl "'Ill;
lbereport, the army had priority uoo of the exleu the plJcillg of limb.r and pI,..1 ldlr$ in
lelephone fucilities. Instrumcnts und line, front of the bai;emem ...indo..... and. in 9OlllO!
1'tre buill up ill sHet'a1 special net\\"Ol'ks fnr in- tM reinforting nf 'M 6rn 1I.....
ltlligence service, air-I'Rid warnillg lllld other arlllY ...ith Ind 11If OUtSUtld-
toolIouuications. Thc S)'St elll known as the "maio iog e:umple uf good eon;:trtlC\J<lJl ..."" f(lWl(i
-.ras also used (lxtcnsi"el)' by Ihe army, but at the boildmg. This sU:'
lllcli facilities and time liS werll anilahle were st.nry' bllilding had .13lJ..lndI
girtn 10 public scnice. Wilh the eXlensiye dam- crete a,ldition to Its roof. and ,be
age repoMCllllbo,'c II hea'T SI,'ain WlIS pl..-l Oil basement ... ,nto a ahelter by lbe
" , ddit" of a cnrred abutml'ot around the
"I
Ul
pment Rnd '''''rsonneL Each SIllla!'lItC 1Il5laUa a 1011 f.
, y" ho Th' butJlt'!llt ...as _rune.. 0 ..,.-
had its OWIl self-rrole<:tion unit and .se
t
10 feel Ihid! at lbe base.
ftltchbnard 0rerlltOI'S, essent,illl for elnergent,l rtm.o "., tMIr...lohbe-.:l
!OOIlIl , d' .nd II cun"" Uplt.",. .
. UlllClIllon, WHo l'ell,,""(!(1 to l'Cmllln (III UI.' 00t J1b of Ibis l'f'joforromer>l Ii
nnllg mid periuds. The\" e1luiPI'@,]willtfloor.\II<tTl,"'
n.J ,.. . sI'o"'n on I"'gl! .....
pnddcd millS willch were . 2) Gill mask>- "'Be_fum-
n O\er thlll r persollS 10 prolecf. them from ..L\.' ,h. .. ,tJe..
....UH I' ,....... 10 "" ....re
splinlers A lllllllber of casun Hes d "'-1>11 operators ...
I b' , phone all !q;'.. . ids. 10
eo:, ut the onl)' addil iOIl,,1 [ll'ceanllOti tnkfn . I 10 remain IU duty dunng ra
.. '0 I 'I f req\lln'( onit> and 0I1i
\. IJ alCe helln' Illnnking ,w('r Ihe WII" ows 0 , .. f 1hf.!If'lfprotedlOll
- melll"'" 0 ps ...ere
a.l\b'll roo'1l5. '. d_1>. {)lIe 10. lhe in In- flUU-
d'Q br(J(J(/ClUllillfj 10 Ihll !,-ener,,1 public not ii$Uoo to mdm
duab

'l!:ly fOnce"trnted in t,ho lJllilding of lhe J"I'1t1l 10'
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I'!.AN
""
"Koji",ochj" Tokyo emor8e,,'l' ,.l.pboo< <f.'" ((I'OIIl .....).
l..

,-r,-
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,,'crt elfft:Il'<I. The Ihror)' 01 I;/'If llrolf('ll<an ....,
".,1...1Ih",ugh,,"1 ami till' !,n'''h''I, ,Il'\\whllclt
ina,I"'I""lr ,",,1 poor .....
_I'" IlIl'llSlIrt'... 1'.,,'" Ih.. ,"HI
.1"1!t,li,,lI. Ihe ,t,",WllIl"<- or Ill" Kojinllltid
bnllu'h. ,h,lnN, hon",: or pr"t"d 11""111".1
11"1,,11,,, iOiI'; bnl fUrlll_hNI" 1>I(',llI)"lo...
,,,'rr ",,,ne I"-.. ....nl"'l "",. "I",n ll", 0lIl-
"nf'" ..-en! c1e.tI'O)-eo.1. \lII& of
"1"1,,bowe ,lid".... I,,,.... lI11lole "ol1'm"fti,
",,1'''11< \'"h"'11,I,h'. '1"11"'10.. inUit-lett
"" ,",,1""1(""11,,1 ""bl,,< "", "'IIlI'"I"" n-I)' 1'lI
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t.
coval'-
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121
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lOCAL AUTOMATIC Tal, h ......
RM,
f _t:::=:
i R.
COVIl'l..
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POWI" PLANT " ....
.

(,,"DIT10N HI
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.',' I:! 110--- _
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2,
lOR
1. flOOR.
"r "liT of Ih lrom Ihe,n .n.1
flln,i:" \" ,,1 ,.1 ,"'"11mnical iOll hI Ihe I.rill
Ii .... ro"ll'"Il,,,1 '-'y Ihem. ",llIlU)", ftrli"n 1M"
Clime ,w,....... ,)' i" II,.. ,'a"" llr O".k.. ,,11,1
Yllk",,"b.
f., ('/1""",,,/.,-11 i< ,h., ,lie .ir
raid of Ihe tvlllll\'m;....li"u .)'.'
lelll ..... n Ihe .......ull or kmjt ltn" pl.lIn;II!'. II
"-IL> h,,,h l'I 1b,. ill,hll'e....nei>. rhnj.... "1' jnri.,
.li.'li"" .,,,1 1Il<'lam"l' 10 f,.llo,, in;.lru,1ioll>l or
nih i",' ..r 1",1'1,1\,-1 "j.",,,,ie-. \\';111 ,,<1"'111 .. r
" ...ulllnlf' ,\ ""'ri,'",, lir ...<, h,l'ty .....
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t, Sorue pert inem Slllt ist irs of hn rOO,. I, nd port.
4lbt bo.... are given hn<:witl"
tl) Tlw IIlll'bor is locnled III lIortlo 1.lilude
l1ud CI,St longiwde 1:}9-H_
!'l!l'W,
[)wI' W"IH in Yokoh,"nn ..
,hilliof"lmo;;t till,\" (ounnge 'lml lIH",1 wloal'l-e.
had. depth 01 frnm :15 10 31 leel. while Toho
1I\'cmgro 22 feel in Jejl1h. wilb 11,1'
whurll"I\'ing II de]llh of N frrl.
(3) 'nlll del'll'w",.:!, Ill'el. 01 the h.. I'I>OI' in-
by 'md usubl" for ,hip
lIIo\tm
ent m,d Il1tChOI'Olgn totuled I,hout II)
llIi1es---6 in Yokohllmn lind 2 I'.clo in
qsaki lllld Tokyo.
H) \\'j'l .
d f ,1111 alld Itg-hlel'u!,'/' splice for
t sh'ppinl! could ucconmlOdll1 59 large
4jll>; I 'me li'"e in YokoluLlllll (2;' III bno)"S.
;to
1t
.nchora:;re. "ud -10 III doeks). ThiI1)"
\j could bt hntulled lit, KHWa;;.llki Bud
11 yo (29 ,,( nnd IS H ",h.n'es).

'/iiiId' . '" 'lotI! r
1I--(J Tokr
o
1311)' WI\811 body of OIlthe('o)q,billllli.O - .... 01....,..
f . Iy 40 Illiles long, illcilldinj!' lht d,ltf bUhdftd,; lIf
....
1'O
.1
I111a
(., ab"ul 10", Illlles wid.,
_.....r. it 811( I , ("
tr-pet.,lT'l r "s sl",]lo,," "II{ 1111 past Rnd ,,) l"uk"h.r 1
' .....rll hl
d
l " "h 0" thaI il hl,l liu],_ "f
,..,. .... 1Ih- '" _ '/lpm, m I....
"':;..-:. ,JIll 1\ h"l'1x..... Its ;;hot{. ....&"""t Jea!'i of "., Ildillthe
. . Illdl'
ri.
I
,1\1I cOIl"p;;lll<:! w,lh Ill"' R1 m'il"I1I1' ,.
.... "'lIS .,. ..., I rt tIlJtlItCOlllbi
""'-bo,..'PI, [porI "'I"</)f 18,/)Uo:l.J:iOOttJru, h'ItT .
,"'IS "'tlh'l' h()IIL Wl1lIWUt! 1111,1 _lOll. h1lldlf'tl .. hubor
..... ,.. (l rOll " , . oj' . ""'"' ... .....,..... qof
....- ri!"-.II I . 'II'IJU'I(.
"".".,,1 r:<tPIH The harbor of Tokyo IH, tlor (f;) im.o- 1
... 'e ,,"01 { . . , ' . ...... "Ill. .etonO!ll"'eT!
.,sill
t
' Ithou"h Illl'ge ,,,,d "t"lltrd '"' the
.. ,bi'y." ... . r. .,... ....1lT
' ....I of t ,e , -.Ill" II port '('II of t hr, "etuill rOll{ .lId 43 III Tl4:YIi ._ttt f"'.1
.... 101111" .. Yk". ..........
.....ulut... " It shlpp,ng, 0 OJ I"ma, \\"Ith I I) \\'lrelo".. 0" tho ,_ 1 ,
F'or<"oeJ I' 1 "" k h
...
. . .' . !le""rd "8 I Ie mlllll 1
10
11 or t, yo .d, eopaeil! 1,"- 01 3(llI.IIOiI
' f 0" k" , ,_ __ "'{IUIl't
.pnw
r
i pOlt 0 ""II',,sn 'lOllii'll j'u'(.., l;;1bn). At tho bfgil1llinr of
."d t UI r. rollt i"lIons line (If "b<ml Z8 mile.. Ihe "'.r. Yok',Il.1I1I 1l'r lromhad m ...
' 0 forlllII " h' .', "_,.",
,I,,d, SN"'ed 1 or enllre aloe". 0I1'1':! \Ill' ;""'''''"' nnll /120,00)

fro"t , II"
Jkl
rbor
. ,. 1"lO)ofSjI."". I Ihlsol"t\.
1rJ':'f". Md I J\",,"oIlStlki. "I rmrnn..... (8) SI1UlII 1.00'.1 tlll!lic inthtOllDbiord tw.
lIllI 1I",l" l'l I Olll It of the At1' n, 'er. 00"" and Ihe 1f!l'\lmgtllo.Js _Dd linn; III.ndkd
_).. to
llrm
. . 1-"""(,"',
JIM . , . ,Iiellled whell II 11'11, BII 'HtlIge 0 1.......',,,,,, 10 J).(I,OO) lJbG of
',Jirll(lII \InS C01ll1 '. "'.
l Jun. _,' ,. l.J,. tl"'HC 1'1'1' ) ..t .
. MI Ihnl lh.... '" ')" . ._
, . 11 e Go,mlI11wlll III the OrgamZ<I/w.----.. .ff.in bolo:n
d
'rr /'till ""'tltles- , I' I , f L ......
"", J I' '" I I "e pl"illciPllllll,mieip.l .", IlIt'rNrJP..rto In''.lr.-mU
",!Illml, illg Ihe of jll' :\lini51rJ of
lOI'fI1lllWIl S.' . _ ! f II .'" As tloe "'Br Rrn<oI.'U.. I"" "y Q;U...... greo. tt
ri-&li"".1 ""thOi'll.' 0" (lP 0 0" ('OIllrol in both ;bippi"l! a.nd defr_lIIIlUn, b."
il' .. "thor;1 ,. " .. I"n;IOO 10 II.. ""Plation of !ihipli
Ill: thr .<at;r. p'l1irulnly 100.. iD 1IlOI..... 1IIl<! 10
.cthe defense "1.lIen;. Pu;1.e dtf_
.", 'k .ro....rnJIlftIt..1 IIId (I
rema'n"" 1._ e , 10.... ud
. 1.: .....'1 tM IfNI.Pet of We bo;;ir
,..... . . f \lIlirs,.lI
rt'l!ul.tions by (hi' Il the ilnd.
h.fuor."ellrirs (Ihroll.n(to.. _"_,
" frr'tu<aJ 'IN ,-
thr h.rOOr pre trpri9r1 ted-
agencies. the Ilolirf .nd plnlle ..... IIladI
.ir-I"'-id dl'fenSl' O1fIl511rel. tDd <011'-
. .....Slr of II1&np" . , ,_.,
O\'l'
rll
l'll
lll
g." l'rul!:pOI1lU(lD, lD "",.
F
'n.II,, Ihr )[inisler .of A_l\I" o.r>d of
'" 'h !tl')hm;ler.s"' .... , f
"
'-ruiOll "'It t __ ......,1a!ian<0II
...... " I'll orders ..... --,,-
Homr Atr.II':'.
Srptl'mber 19-13 t It to. t'OIIfemd .utbort!.Uft
toordinll
fol1
P n. , ""ftf'lOI'S. &Ild or
In lit prrfe<1Ol"l ,,- ..>d prr.
le.Mrship on t 10 esubli5h I W.
det'l'll e.rh OIle -'-ir-<l-rfe_ gr<>U'
dit"fd I hi''''''
sonilly yotoblllll'
quo.rtero. "'hill" as lho- _;.
The Kel " ...-ot.....

.
Tok)-o h.rbor'" 123
fmorn""ey J'pbon" <en,. 8,,,"'1' ,<>om.
In
'::=
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T...
--

--
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01 ,-Ium .'Id rllO\O -
t'lIll!,';"g' fnom .. to JIOt"" boo<..
pat rol 00ali; ..- - 1(0'-. .\ flY tof u-
fir(' pun,P'!, old. iaferior
fireboal8. 0.. IIOUd OJ
(3) Il"at'r Ii" ,lal......._ln
Q"h' QIl@ Wirer fi ' , .......... da)"...
>UtKill rn.<tl'd tad
... Il)'I_r..:l 11oof' ,be rlli: 'I ....
fro c ,_ . oiIama r...
l> equ1lm....r ..f ..... tinboll
a twlO ... rrafl, "'i'b':';'
hQOl;..:I 'up 1<> I I"""P of I rllIad
.I.OOO.lf&II<l11 ""ptr"... (TIlls boa.! ....; '<lid:
In Ih.. l1lid of 2911.,' ,1> rlf'""IIf
("oul,1 Il"'- be renfial.1 'J1u,.
'lullr.. equiflDl"tIl .... 1I)";lDl' pi-
0",,,,,1 fil'l',li.c-btinf' Inl- to
prj'"OI" ;m!l\;.lrW< 011 the 1 ffml, ..hi<h
",'re Qrlr'I'iutI inlo rnllllll fi .....
brigade>. Thfir betJquner- 'I'l'ft ........
li,l,..:1 al tI,e wlin nrer fiN '1.r;" aDd the
fil"" \Oler pnl;"" ..urion.;;, Ilwy"'...
11Ml under rlwo toIflIIlI"" of ,be ",ot pol;'"

1,,,,nl-o,,'''..d fi,...oo.t ."d tlwo I......... i......
quar" uf till' rolun''''' n''''- 6", MflI"_L
HI;.... fil'l'OOar., ....,.. b."I, .".) pktrfd ;0
co,,,uu,,,,wo. t)noo 'fl";'" "f ..,..... tnu..... ""
w
'" ........
"-
0""1)"-,,
lIorllorG_.",."".,
"-.
I I i -
(>1....." .. "'._
nO"'''''''' ".,....
,.,_0..0-""""'"
"""bOr I)."....
O.,....,U...,q .....
"-,,toIl,mol
,
'0' ..."... ,.......)
(K.'ihill) chllrt .
" -\\ liS
-- I
1'\I00,itlg bUL elll'l, prefec-
ltrt nsg;I'ell indl'lleIH]Plloo of "pel'atioll dif
l!rtnl up"n,tillg policies resulted.
t. rd.'olwmo !.arLm' mr-Mid
(I) The ol'ganizlllio1\ fm' hal"
will be lJe!;1 understood by I' ,lnd."
of organizalion chm1 on lhe following
The IlPlffll"eUl dnplication of '(Xlntrol
of fi,-e SI"tions "nd police ,t"Iions over
rhe anxilin." lIllits is eXl,lnined by d,e flLCI
rhil Ilw pol;('{! llll'i,' IICli"ities III all
""le'; d,"'iug lir'C figlllillJ! wlwn Ihe
was in COlllllllll}(l.
11"111(1' polire.-This ol'gm,iZ:llioll, a
fI'l" 01 lim pr'cfl!t:Illl',,1 Ol'l{llnizl\tioll,
rulhe st'lnd,.rd ,,"uler police de;;crilJe<:1
'n<lNail in p"e"ious filed l'epo''lS. Their jn
nsdi<lioll Was litnit('(1 '0 tlte wIllel" I'0l"liotl of
theloarUol' '''"ell "lid 1<> l1w l"n<lw"l'<l "n'a illl-
Dlffli.lely "'ljacenL l" lh.- \\",Iter (docks nrlll
:I?l'\\l,,,,,,,:,j. Their ",ns ill "
Ittb'lilJi"g- "t Ihe ""nlhweSl "n)!le ,,( Ih"
d', ,I' pl'np."" t" the c("luml busi,,""'"
of Yokol'Il111", TIlI"(l(" wlllel" poliN
"11<:IllS wel'C uOI'lhwlll"d "long
Ii .h<:ll'elill" with" (olll'lh OU" I()t'uled i"
',., . . , . II>'
,- , 'ell'l'll"'p"",,,t o:ons,,"'< mall ..
of ..
"'b:pj;(i d1, hy "I*l'illl 8tTalllr<'ml'llt. I.l,".,i or
lllUi
lMlcl
-"-"_
I I......
... I"
0';

J-i
,""""
._.-... ..
,"'='
.,_'ft 0'

." , .
.
=,

rQffro-ro
4." t
HARBOR FACILITIES
AND JURISDICTION
TOKYO BAY

TOKYO

'-f:,

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I
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>/7"---
_. ,
\:!/X"
/ :::::::::.
'L--" !
_' roll ro
.:-- ----------
8"

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size, ag!I"'gnting 120,000
d. l>'llsolll\e.
ope.... led hal"l.dn,,"11 plllnp which laileo.110 !lnw
lion. and halld 1""npS WillI a
01 6re lHI<ol'.
t. Air.mid u'(lrni"g ,n\, recei"ed frolll
the local ,iren alul al11101ln<'l'(1 (hroul;hmll Ihe hQ!;-
pilal by apublic-all,lre>;l;
f. for 1.{l()O fll'I"SOIIS we,'" eo,Hructed
from urth and h\lnber. bill the" fllrni,hed mini
nlUn. protection for "olhiLlg Ih.n ;1\C\'lHlinry
bomb!; or di,l"nl el<plosil'l\S.
g. Ope""tio",.-The '''llipit"l ""'" "IL'u"k oil Ill!'
nighl of 2-t )Iay during lIn n,id.
AU hit were d""lroyed, bill by wetting
dO"'n .djaCl'-nllml1dinf,.... lhe firlfillhling ,l'<:li"n
,,'U able 10 pre"enl spread of Ihe firl.
The t'dof}olN1 ..iporlmt"t /J"i/di"f! ..-(/. The
&Iogawn Apartment lluildillg (Hhibil F-;I "ud
refenwCl' ilem :\0. W} n' 10--2 Chotll"
Shinogs"'a.;HRchi. l1shi,,"Omi "'''I'll. wns bllill
a homingel<pl'rimelll hy ,he Imp"rial Go'enunent.
It. houi!ed Rpproxim.ld.'" r.oo I",,.;;oll' ill :!OO "1''' 11
menU;. of ",hieh I;!O we"" family 51.'"\11 alld l:l(l
b&chelor 'Qle. This ,l.nlctu.... di"ided inl"
two reinfor<ed ("<)!le,'ele buildinl,'<; con
laining r.oo rooms.
b. Organ;zal;qn.-
(I) The Edogaw/I .\p"rrnwnt [llliidillg:
....s org.nized i"lo " block "SlOCi"tion
(chohi) of'1"2 nf'ighwrlwodg..... upil
(touSTi gnmi).
(2) For pllrpooes of c"Ol\I:.1 the neij!hwl'-
hood f,'I'OUp5 ,..ere di"ided into ead.
of ...hiclt "'as headed b,'" le.der anti three or
four -.iotants. At h""d "f Ihe ""Iire or
was nn elecled chief. whooe 0011\1...,1
"'alI undisputed.
(3) "'e neighborhood grollps weredi"i<l"d
inlO two unils. fire-fighling and re"',"'e. nlld
IMre ..."':"" 15 Iloctor!l and 5 nnr!;e$ li";ng on
Ihe preml!e!! ...ho formed Ihe reselle sectjoll.
(4) Fire-fighling oeclions "nried according
10 need a1\d were altered hI' onle]'s
from headq".rrer!l whene"er it wa; deemed
.noceasary. The equipment 01 Ihese sectioll$
mcluded,.s "s,,"l. a gasoline pump. two hand
pllmps, huckelS, !lito"els, sand. and the I'k
(6) Sections ,,"el'll IIOt s I e:fi
I'I'lIIpons;bilily btlore
cur .nd "'ere !It'nt where needed.
'30
(Ii) Train;lIg nlld drill. were altnollt--.
existent.
c. Iraler SIIP!'/!! IIlllLllM.'{1 b)'
,,"om a loe"l well. 1 """Of tW I,"l,s<?ltnll lItan4-ll,
1'"1\\1' allll in Ihe e"clIl of l",wel' fIIlllll'0 Im __
Ihan :\.000 t"Ollld be del',:ttded upon.
d. (.'Oll/I'l)t center and sh,,1tl'n; were Il:l<Cated lit
Ih,,!ln-"'!IIl'nt 01 apnrtllwnl I\JLd uo elfo
tt
.
",ade 10 ball1\e wlIldows 01' dO<Ol"$ for adtittlOllll
protetlioll. Comm,lllication fn,m Illis centl!t' 111..
elfected hI' mess<:'nJ.<eI'8.
r. I"ilid/ air-raid l1'a"', i 119 wa, obt"illt"l f, ..... mIIlI
tit\' Si"""111111 il\lerio,,"hlrm ,,"liS ;.'i",n 1lI..-o.
who I"IIIL llbout Ihe I'l'emi;;c.; OUI lilt
1.I'pe of "lIrliing. \\'hellwl" ,,'e\1 0" "I""m j lit lIighl,
in IIdditio"l ,hese ,;I'''''' ''''''''''''j!e'''' ehe<:kcd elf@<.
I i\"cII""" of hla,'k'o"t IIlca.'lIres.
f. Th.. 11;".l'(li" pro/"elio", jJly""izali,," "f th..
l",ihlillg ""liS Jl go...d of "...\f.,""II'<:I;OIl i.
of Illek of I1"lIin;ng. Till" 118>o""illlio" <if
,It'ij!hbol"1,,,od 11'11' ...<:;flll i,
1.0,1" Ihe Oil Ihe nighl of H en"
though Ihe neighbo..hO<)(l f... r mil", ,o"tIl,,1 "-11>
burned to Iho gwund, Ihe.'" pc"ple. dillt of
.ll...,ug elf"..I, ,pi..i!, "lId llel...."erillg
will. did S!l,'e Ihei\' building fl'o1ll Ihc 11,,,,,,,,,.
i,. The Shi"j,dw .I10,i"f} I'iellm' Thrt,l.. r (ox
hibi, F-4...{'felcllee iten' :\1) ILI\ eighl
1IlIildilig. "o;;l;n;.' "1'1'..""il\\"lel.'" 1,,00.(100
yell. "Wiled b)" the Fin;t A"II,,;eIl,,,'" Joilll :;I""k
Co. The bllildillg wa.' :I ",,,,It"'1\ I"!illf",,<:,,, ''\J\I'
tl-ele sll"llClure wilh II "f
"'"1el)' 400 11",1 " Iltel'IW"\<'nt ,I"ff "I
II. The o,"g,,";z<lli(III. whkh WI!.!
hellllc.! the lllll"ng.... of 11m Ihtaier. \I'll, c<IfIl-
"f Ihree 8'1ullds. IInmely, ti ..e-tighli,,/!. guid
nllce. anti firslnid.
(I) The y"idl1m,;e eOHlplOScd of
I",,-;;ons. waS II... <1111\' of ('S('(lrting
l'atl'Ous fm," Ihe tll!'"IN' when iii" u,
!lIlunde.-1.
(:!) 1'106 jin,;-fig!di"f! """"". '" the ",1ft
im!,lie;;, l'l"qlli,......l to ""\'1')" "lit fire-pl'"
"cnlion alld fil'e.proll'CI;'e Equip"
11IeUI with which IInit """"k,,,1 inclulled
llllotiern hose oud"l' Oil elLd. fl'K'''. pln,lho
lI,ulIl crude equipment "f fire bt'lIt.....
sund hags, IIl1d milts.
(:l) The \\"11.'; ClJlHIIO';t't1 of 13
. [ 1 .'('(I II
glr liS 'el'S who were pllrtlllH.'" Ir"'" <l!
el.mentl"') fil'Sl lLid. The p\au in
major injury wus to tllke the .
I;tretch"r to the "'ho had IIllt up
aP emergeney III nearby depar1mellt

b /"i!il1l airraid lI:'aNling ....." obtained from
Ihe 'IOt'al sirell localed on. of a nearby d
btore. but lllf
n
mtati<in "u
obtainetl from lillie tu tllllll by a bicycle m""""ngt:r
,,'ho WMS n&<igl1ed 10 the aU'tiliary police and lire
l)IIit Interior "'.nli"" "'lIS ha"dled
br Hllslullg UII MIIIl"ll/Ice.Qlelll (oil Ihe """"'" alit!
Ialer lIIes>el1gers "r eTlel'll.
r. 8hrlter.-One i""dl!<Jllate shelter 10000tt'd
illlhe (ront "f the thellter, b"l the lIon"al policy
..-as to "$1) the bnsement of Ihis \XIl\el'f't6 bUilding as
the finul l..-.fllb'e.
J. Light not II in Ihe
illeule,', dUll 10 the fllct Ihal eW"i"g 1>('I'formal\c'l;'S
been diseQ/lI illiled.
e. Water w"Solotainetl from" 1"",,1 well nlld W)l8
pUlnped cICCI"icull)' to slor""", I""k!! On th" rotof.
SOI'Ol"lIy, 2,000 gMIlOlill wern ""lIilllble in l.h_
tanks. bUI. ill en"" of CIIICI'b"l!,wy, \XIllld be filletl
1<1" nf 3,000 !!"lI..."s.
f Opn(lfiQM._This thCllter was ;;truck 011 Ihe
nighl ... f ;\III)" h"lf of il burned OUt On lhe
aight of I he 25th" lid 1he ''''I'''' iudet ...f Ihe interi"r
allhe Ihe:ll"" burned <im oUlhe 2ljrh. P'rsonncl
IfOrked wilh c"eQ'lhing the)" had nl
Iheir t'QrnrnluHI in nil aIICl"I'1 10 exl inJ;:uisillhe fire,
Ixllalll heir etT".ts w.re "f 110 ,,'all. n'<!ollly rea-
""" Ihe building did nOI burn c"mpletel)" 10lhe
J.'I'Ollud WnS ht"'au$I) it wn, II conerele nlld sleel
..mcture.
8. .......
li0n8 in buildillg!l devoted 10 pabfie '- .....
..ilb eullieienl JI'l'I1IonMI; hlle.. irI their III.....
"ail hi,"" and II,,, rll'oM to train Uld iDItnet par..
ilOlmrl in tl,eir <!"tirll"" ll!'rioua Illld 0CIllIlneIld.
ablr, bUI theirell'r.1i'"rllral ..asnllteriaJl.
r
recllICed
b)' the shoM"lf" of li",.li/lhli"l!." "luil'mrnl Illld
".p.ble i,,,,truct j<lll.
b. It murst be a,lr"itted. bOlle'er. lhat unilll of
010"", ... were ....ell-e<jllil'ped a"d ....eU-
Il'lItill.d. hlU thi. Ira,' dn" ill lllO!1l ca"", 1<1 the peo:ul.
iar ""Iure vf Ihe v,:cul'Jinl( lhe Otlildi"g.
Fj)r ualllplr. tl", n...1Cl'<lIla hV"l'ilal1Lad III e..<:c.l .
I"'I! medical_tioo, ....lt8asa I'1'StIllOf lhe,r
prime missioll as " htllll'ital ralher Iha" ?f al.')"
lraining Or inatnlCliQlI On tlll'ir 1'''" .... 111 art.nnd
or"..niulI<I".
c. Limited .'''-'l'eiiti in fire.li;dning ,,-.... in
ea".",. me....,.. I:""d fO""M Illd wuld not I,. altn .
1l1 1'1.0 the of ""its: SUt;h
."et as ,he lled C""", II08l,ilal a,.d lhe ....a
'\pllrtlilelll lJuildi"f' hau ""1.5 eonfilled to
fi"tIl"" baek from ntf...,ed a"'al! ralher Ihan actual
.xtingu;"!Iing of fires.
d. Th""lel1l in Toky" "'e... ' ..... "'J: fo"uDale Illd.
!llmost withoul e.lCtl'lioll. th08t hlt ....e... hul'lled
dO"I1. due 10 Waler or "1"11"''''111 s1LOnah"e. .
. .'3helter polic;"" "'"... ,,"'"enny "'eak and. Ih
>'
were nolluistent. alit! I 10"'llt'\"SOIIntl
lIOn ,,_ ..... ed 10 Ihe
lOllS ill Ihese aln 0.0: aun I h.th
illh....m discipline or the .!a,..,>el'oe people -\
ellahle<llhem to "-":llate bUildi1l"'" alld areas " _
om panic or di$order.
131
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St",i...-fa<. 0/ familr >ho\",.
t"!.i8_Il__..
.'v,,,od,.,,, -'"
IOO'OOlI(&-' ............

.... ""_',
Il",-""(3,,...-'
Amou.' .. 0.,..,.....",
I.""'"
,;"""._..
x_
T...'hlnl."''''"
.. """',0<1100
.'PtlII.... MOt<h lkl
I..' .... I'"
...
"
""'"I
x..."',
shelter, they simply dug holes:l 10 5 f.
under Iheir houses. large enough to
Ihe fBlUily and 1.0 hold !lOme lM!rStJnal
Shoring of lhe SIdewalls .,,"lIS se!dol11
in cases of e:dt't'IHe nect!\Slt)". EIll'I)' rRld.
,h'mon.l
rllled
Ihlll Ihis of shelter
Irap'llId familiN' wne "d\'lsed 10 1ll'l,\I'are Bhf-,
in ".rd "r"a$ or nellrh)' open SPliceS. Thetlllaq,
t).Pes were eilher " ""n,isurface shelter llholtt.
feet SlIlullre or trench shelter ahom .. feet dellp.
:\ fee.l wide and 6 feel 10llg.. Hotl,'
111,,1 th.. sides reinfon:e<.l wllh 1_ll1Ch alii
'lI"crhe.d Ilrotediou usuall)' eon;;i.tC(1 01
[-jud, b<lllr<ls or cOrruJ!aled fN'rons ....
which I'llI<'l!<! 1l1Xllll. \ to I% feet. of earth ...
Slone'!. FlII"ilie;j ill official circ1..,; and hip
....'OllOmic le"els quite often built more. substBntili
shehl'l'S, liS Iher weI'" .ble to secure hl><)I' nllll
\l(OCefO;ary mnlerinls.
1>. Se",i/>lIh!ic of lhe111011
hea,ily COnBII'ucted Wei'" nsed as
lll"iucipnily fo,the employe<:!; ""d lite few pnlt'fJll>
wi", mighl be in the buildin!,'l; whelllhe I'"idslnoll
place. were nOI "pen '" nil\"lIl, eXt'ept f(lt
1"'l""''''I'l'I 'HI dilly, liS Ihe Ilublic n,,1 out II
nij.!hl "ndlhe of pel1<t>llS li"",1 some di,lantt
fWlII Ihe hllsinCAAdistrietB. Anothel' f>lelo!" whim
mil ignted RJ!ainst Ilteir USll WRS the loss of life from
,nlfOC.linn which oC<:Ul"l'ed in ",we",,1 Sl1e\r h.,.
"Wilt sheltel'S during the fil'e 11lid of
10 1945.
r. f'ublic,-
(I) trrJ!ch.-This IYI'" of shel-
Ie,' \\""S "boul, S to 12 feel long. :, to 6 11ft
deep "uti aboul :\ feet wide. Wel"t' <'OlI'
stl'lIcled the p,,"euumts in fil"'b....k
.!"eas, and in any olher I,,"uilable open sp.M.
'\1.><1111.' In,lf of lhis IYIM! had the sidelf;lll>
with light bOllrds. The c.pM;I.l
was from S to 10 1....I"S/lllS alld there II'
l"'oximulely ZIO,OClO in Tokyo (p. 139). lJt.
TAbU: l._Tokra--loc" ."d " .helle.. '
T..............
,2,0:7.....
'..-....... "" ... _-...
,-
,--
-""
ToW.
ters ooll51rncled slid u5Cd for laluily amI public
prolectioll.
2. De"rlopmtmt--. Tho diri'ctL>'c on sheller
policy antI conSlnlc,ion wlls isouC(1 in 1942 by the
of Home "If"irs. bUl nO ',m,ily shelters
&nd onll' aootn 2()(1lr1'"eh sl,ehers wilh wooden
reinlo..c:e"'''1ll we'" ronslructro up 10 1 Ifl.I3.
The Ii"", amendment 10 lhe directi,"" iI' September
ord"...d lhe ron,lrnCliOn of 01'''.11 BIlll co"-
ered ,;}wlters; an" in Jnne Ifl.I-I. Rn
Mher mllen<!ment called For the. roofing-o"er of all
open trench shellers B,ul lheoou,tr\l(1i()llof Illunel-
tYJ>f\shehen; a('Or<lil'g 10 plan, sud 8!lI'Cifi
ca
lions
.>el forth ill pamphlelS pllbli5hed by Ihe Minislry
of 1I0lne ,\ifairs., in,estigllliol'S showed that
the localaulhorities l,ad IOlllake .,ljw;In,ents to IiI
lheir own .itl1alioll.
b. '1111' for !,Ianllillg: Ihe oonstruc-
lion .nd loeation "f public shelt ...s waS ,",ted
in Ihe delen".). engineering ....,Ii"n of the Tok,"o
.\Ielropolila" District defell'" bureAU. while the
enfm,:emelll of lhe Pr<.Jl,!,.,.m W,IS th" dUly of the
)\elrol>olilan 1'01i,1' BOlird.
r. The finamial pl.n 101' Ilw <'Ol1SII'I1ctioll nf
IImnel and <'0" ...,..1 lrendHSI"" ;;hellel's was for
Toky() to 1"'.1' Ihe <1W, "f Wn5lruCli()n alll!
llten be reimbur.>eIl f(ol' two-lltir<ls (If amount
by lite MiniSlry of Home A/fairs. UI> t() ""o,e,,,
bel' 19-15 Ihecily hod be<,>ll N'1'.id fOl' "nl., p.11 of
Ihe e:<pen<lilure< msde OIl oonslnlcl",l in
19-14.
d. It ,,'ILS cl"imedl),"l ;;om" In'" of SpAce
wl3 pl'I)\"ided ft>r illdil'id"AI in Tokyo. Thi,
ronclll,i()n bII":" on" oomll 01 (.mil;, Jlublic,
ba;;emell\$ m 00l\;;ll'u'1<'l1 buildil1J,'S, 6'0\"
emrnelll and faclory' ()r bu,iness OOII1*rn,' ,;),ellel"$.
Org.nization;;, such n, ,,,,,ighborhO()(I gr()"I>5 lInd
block USOCiSliolls. financed and buill ",a"y C.)I"-
and IUllnel shellers. (Table helow.)
. ,s. of 8h"lluf.-(J. PUlllil!l.-\\1len fAm
Ihes were fir>l urged 1(1 OOll,ll'UCI ""'00 l'vI'" of
iwecn June lUH, nnd dm en.\ of ihe
m,\I\\' (,If the"'-' illl Iinch
On ,,:hidl wn$I'IRc<'d \ to 11 fl'et 01 ea"th ""d
10001' 5(Oll("<.
(2) ('ot'ered /r,mch.-Thell<l were
conSlr<ttle<1 in 8\\)' R,-ail""l,, "l>\'\\ SPlltl'S nn,l
generally weNl noon! 1'2 long, 3 to 4 floet
",i,]e 81H.l5 to ij lli.'<'lp, ,,\thongh Ihe ,leplh
WI'S of",,, >!o,"crIle<:1 waler "o..>ep"J,!". The
WI'N l\or",,,lly br:,CC(1 wi,h light
limber Rnd hOld n" o"crlnwl,',werillg of Ii::!>'
bo",,180r l'Orrug:nll,,1 iN"rollS oh('('I$O,-e,. whit'h
I to 2 fe"'l of <lil1 wt\';l place<l. Ench shelter
hn,1 tWO \'n' ront";",,,,] nO """,ing.
];::ht,"g, nOr ;;l\nitn,'y flleilil'''''. The
nf l'neh waS from to to :!<II"'''''''''', "1"] there
we''!! of Ihis 'yp" ill
Tokyo.
(3) Subow!l o( the
wcre 1l<)1 uso>d a" lOaiul}' lJ,r.
call"ll the ",,"dy ""il water pre-.
"ellted lheir ",,'''lrI'<1 io" 10 " whereby
the o,-erhcad con'ri"g wOllld atf(lr<l a",ple
protection againsl oo,,,b;l. The
(If H(lme Affairil fcol'C(] that too
grent a 1_ (If life might \;e ;IlClll'NI. SO it.
fQrbade their n,c as shelters.
(4) Concrt'lc.-The COllstruet;oll of Ihi"
I)'pe>heher ,In'1ed in 19-13. hm. dlle to
riLe e:nreme ,hortage Qf ('ement und l"1'inf(lre-
ing oul., IS were fin"ll.,- complCled.
sheller waS ,Ii"ided into lWO 0" lh,'C(!
rooms.lld had lltroon,.
TIll! u..'" of Ihe,e shelters waS li",iu'(l Hllhe
,ick,agC\l BIUI The completed SlntC-
Ill"";; were, with the uception of tbe doors
emirely of concrete wilh ;;.ome Meel reillforre:
ment; the wall,; and ceil ill!;'; were I !o 2 feet
!n "",I the floor wa" "oou! 8 to 10
md'eli t!"ek. Each one wa" eqnipJll.,(1 with a
... 1 . '-emilatitlg system. eled,ieit".
';atllIPr}' faCIlities. and $Calill;! amlligemenls.
Some of them were h"ih. 8 10 10 feet hel(lw
Ihe '"rfatt of Ihe grnund with r, feet. of ea rt 10
I
,lac! ,. on top, ma lng lotal roof c<>\'e'ab....
of I:, to I, feCI. of and c.,ih (p. HI
of ... with Ihesmnll
..",nera[ :"oclfi""Il,ms. were huilt as Itllmcl
(II. 14;\)
1unn.eI.-ln MB\" " ".. .
llntl _ ," Ill, ,mSI,'\" of
Ii! ordered UllIllel iloeltll''ll I,) he
cnnstruc!ed HI the sidell of hills and eleVA! I
14"
park aWOh By tht .....,
the ",ur, "11,,,,t 4'Ht
the,e lunnl'1s h"d lJ(o-en COtlb1.ructed, IDll.
eslitllll!ing;l flC""SOHS to /I meier, the tl:JtII
parilY WllS "p]>l'oxi,,,ohl) 21tl,(100
Thr'>ll .I,..hel'll ij fwt wide iii f
f('('1 hil:h olld 1I1 .'"Illl)
f",.c't'd by ;\. 10 10j!:.,. I ho
r"o( c,wering ,1"'IIC"ded tlpt,n 'he
lnlt ll;;""lIy it nl"ll:c.,j frolll ;!l\ to 40 f-. III
...al'lh. In mo,!
"" "it'l l'\', "or Iil!hln,g f"e,hl ,e, "','re pr""iaei
hili ;t ;"a, o[,,;en'ed in SOH'1l t"nnel;; 11"1
"I"'i!!ht, hlld "n,,'k...d "'llh while
H> guide lW.,.,.(JIlS at "ight. The ""'"
,",,'I''''neled ill " honeyeOlllb manner 11l 0....
1<> p'-O\'id" U, ",u"y entra'l<'e; lIS possible,
which with few were well J1r'o
tlocted L.,' he""il,'- eOl,,,lru(;led lmille w"
(I" 14-1).
Comments
4.1-'01' a ,ltot"iled descl'iptiml of t'()I.
b," factories, h"rbo,. installa
tions, (""il,""d_, "",1 natio",,1 communiciltinll\,
N'fe" 10 thc !;('Cliolls of this whit'h co''''
thow SUhjl'eIS. l'lll'licnl:!r jg made tl
d,e eln""t'"IU de,;c,-ihed in the llM;onai
eotlltlHlnic"liolt!! section of Ihis t1Jpol't.
ii. The conot.n'Ci;on of he",-il.'" l't'infOlwd aad
shellers wus greally hampered In.
"""rcit., of mate";"ls and lack of n"'H power.
6. All and onlel'; fro", th" MiniSlrt"
(If HOll\1l AtT,,;I'!! ,lipulI,tcd that soe,dled
p,wf sheltcr:;, such as lunlwl shelters, should af-
fo,.,1 protl.-<:I;on a:,,,,i"';t a ne,," m;ss or direct h;tof
bomb.
Since lll'efecttm,1 Ilnd 1ll""ieil'ul aUlhor;ti"" gl""
e",dl." followed inst"uCiions, it is nppa'1'nl. th,l
these shdlc,'ll did nol pro"ide proloctioll
"J,(ainSI the he,"'." Iypc [,oml>!! tl""ill,hle tn thl
UII ited Sial es"i,. f,m.:e,. I " midit ion, oIIiei"l SI.tl'
melll!! I!"'-Il e,'idence 1hat Ihe co,,',-e<1 t,....'wl! ,h.l
lel'i< did not "Iford ,ltllpl" prolecti"n ug.ia,t IhI
he''''iel' of inndi,,,.,- hombs usc<1 in Iht
,,;r mid, 0" Tok,o.
j. No pnblie 'shelte,'!'; wonl<! lou"" gi"eTl p<'l"
1e<:liot\ agninSI sulTocatio" if tlw.' hlld beI!";;-.-tfl
(I'... r by conllllgnlliot\s. at!
8. The 1ll'<Jlectiw ",<Itt, of lHlI".\ of the I""
shelters was olrsel, b}' II",i,. beinj!: al
t!;,lnnce from ule''!! of pop"blion.
.--
Mojo 'mranco ood ,on( <"""jolt or undo,yound .bo,...
Air.", ... 'ot.. '0 ,h.lt.. >h,,,,,n .1><>, .
,,,
'47
Comouflage !rea,men' of ,be CommUlliC'lllions llUlnu (T.isbin.Kyoku) Buildi"",.
ti"n,; IIn,1 fl[('lo!'il'S Ihe juri",:li.ctiun ul lila'
"I'my w"" hmulled dl]'('!'t I)' II., the mlltlary.
3. 1'YP'!a of I.YJlllOlItfagf.-Only ihe>le In- 01
were fOllnd: (I) tbe or Pl\illtto
thlrhu Illld 10 blelld tit" "truClnrll mto the '-4.
ground; (2) the liS(' of net>! VI" 10 hida ..
"hj,,,,t: Illul (:\) Ihe 11>(' of !lOd. "hruhs, and otbet
lholltiugs 10 Ill'llill"e IL 1I1ll1l1',,1 cntn"ullag<>. t....
hy pailllillg' WllS h.,' far Ihe n'C/Ilt
""",,1. :'oillch In U-
flln of l'J.lllllude II"!! of colors III
bill nfter .j"u'IIIl'y Ihe scan:il.'< of
lil"iIMI11", ll11tholili!'S to tho Ui'e uf. hlnck coa1ltt
"'. It .IYI K' pllil1l. AIt hough ci\'i iia," aUlhq;.
til"; lI"ul" n" """ of them. Ihc did emplo,
pOlS ill plll'IS or Ihll iudn,lI'illl i'l ..
e",loII"OI' tu pre.-c"t. pill.point wlI,binl( of "i,,!
tlll'J:.. bllt resulls "'('1'(\ ncgllti<e. No UsB 1111
",ade vf Ill1itici,,1 fug. or simntllted light pnllol'lll,
\>1' dllllHl>\' locIII ions.
and lay >Lt til!
1I""d of U".I'. on" flat d"ltn pIli in, h,,,ct"S!ol
b... SHor:,] I'i,'or" Thll city mer.. into KlI"'"-ui
,,"d Yokohu"'" 10 tho """th. with "idid,]s, lM.ll'"er
plallts, t1lCe tl"ckJl, nlld "lh"I' laltd_
m,Lrks snl'rOlI"ding cit.... The I;I'OUII<"
br mm.ts, I he l'"ilrolld ,1''''11, lind Ililblio:
!,1I1'ks wel'e prom;n""t lamhnurks for the do,,'I'
to"'11 und gO"cm",,,"t :-0 It
tempt "'us mnde tl, cnmo"tlaJ:,'6 01' hi,11l aliI' of til....
lalUhn,lks. 01' to IIher Ill<> "PllClll'all"e "UI' 01
the ,,'''$ilille pl'd,''''' fe"tltl"s. '
i,. Fa<'(Qr.'l cll"","jfllgr.-The f"clOt,,, "l'ras, 1'".
heal',\' indllolri,'S in Ihe SOllthefll p.rt
of tlw cit,. 1111(1 ill K"wllsaki, due to their size ,"d
dllll"Cle,.istic "'''''ll pl'ollli","nt
Thc)" wei" >L of coll oidel'uble worry ,lid
wel'll hllt, the c'IH(lIIH"p'
consi,ted a f pnint iIIg t he bni td illl-'S b],'ck .lId SOUle-
IIttempling 10 bl'elLk lip tIle !lll'ger
b... the applicat ion of the btllek paint in l'f'<:IIIIlI(\Ilor
pllttrms 10 imital61he roof p"llcrns ()f the neigh'
boring l'l!.idelllial ;ll'llllS. A churl snbmill",llltl'l'-
with. rdenmlO(\ itclll Xo. ;j;;, ,how. Ihe l"'ttt.m
wOI'ked Ollt fo" one ],H'ge fuctul')'. which 1".5 qUilt
typic,,!. Orc!' :300 ont. of 2,000 ],Lt'ge!' l.cton"
Wel1l camollflu/,,'OII ill nll'fin,!!' del!rCl!s 11.\' thi51,1]"
(,r painling. No Ihllumy r(lOf. WCl'e nl"de, no,t
tempts WI;I11 Illude io bN!lIk tip ihe ,tl"llight edr'
,
. .",. OIht
l
;111( J,.'OO,nellle p"tterns of ihe hm nUlb'S.
tltllil Ihe blnck plLltel'tlS im!iculed "bort, .n"
., ]'l"I""'"
attempl WliS made to hide large erallCS.
CAMOUFLAGE
I. Introducl;",..-1'he of
(
found in Tokyo ""ue sillulnr 10 Ihe
,. .,.,
camouflaging found in olher IOCA 111CS. Le
e<:Ulion ..,.5 no beller and Ihe """el'll!,'i'- WaS nO
more romplete.
2. RcgulalwM.-The blIsic ...glliation calltOu
f1.ge was Ihe Rules of Camoufl.ge, pubhslted by
the )Jinistry of Hon,e AIr.ir;; in ,\ ugust I1Hl. II
wI!! !lese<! on the general alllhorily conl.illeo:! ill
the air defense law (lAw ;\"0.4<) en.cte'll ill April
193<. Although ihese rules weill released by Ihe
.\fini5tn' of Home AlI'air;; as a "restriCled" docll-
ment. they were classified as by Ihe then
prefectural go...enlment which had r<!Spollsibilit."
for the camouflaging of ei,'iIian installat]uns in
Tokyo. Copies wero distributed 10 hends of
Ihe air-<lefense Unils. chiefs of police, o\\'ners of
large buildings.. factories, and olhers ha"ing net'd
o.f the information. Supplemellts to these regulu.
t10lUlwere putoutbJ'lhe llinistry of Home Affahs
in 1mand 1943, but Ihey were onl)' remindel'S 10
the prefectural go,'en/mem" to make full use of
Th abo,'e applied ollll' to ci\'il'lll in.
5tanatlons all camouflaging uf militar)' inst.lln.
'46
gas mll!'ks. 'fhe l"tOulL \IOL'don of
,,1'0 owned l!"s masks did m'l kll"'" 11I.>\\' '"

6. sfMlc(urt'-Ther" weN! 110
j:lspro<lf slwhers nor Rny olhN' J!'bprOII.'CIl.'l\
,truClure;; of allY kin,\ within 11ll\ Tokyo l\\el.ro-
politRI\ Ihe I\Ojilllarhi Tokyoelner
lelephone ei'lIler (;;e<:1ion on :\ al iOIlR\ Colli'
munkatiolls).
<. ma,ks were diSlributl."(l to
the \l\'Qplr primarily on l\ hasis. The
people felt "nd $II fe front pOL"'m'
OilS gn_ R5 long U ClIch (me had n g>ls Ina,k. reo
gnrdll'SSo! itJlC'Olll!ilion. ChildrNl for wholl' tht,,,,
wt>f(> nO gas llIask!! were Hllcllaleo:l fr.)nt the t",,
,,1 ali'a in larg'il numbers, but 1\01 prill,arily IV
po$ible attack!!. ,\ fter the irLe,mdiH.'
bomb raids on the Di_lriet
had begnn. all phases of Ihl! l,'1\s.defen5l! prop,L'"
w"re dropped and ell'ortJl wet't' di"el'ted to pro'
lection against the e'erincreasing
mid:\. lhd a glIs .nack heen Sllll,'t\1 on tlte Meu'''''
poIitan l)i51rirt. th" peol/le would h.w been :seri-
ousl)' handicapped in CQIllh.ning Ihe l'0isonoll,
gas beeanoe of the lack of adequate defen5l! prep'
arations.
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of Illenir'def"""" 1>1,,- the poliqof e'.c".li.... _,
Fro", lhe sll"dpoim of ai,. defe""" 11,,/ in-
(I"',,,ing the coU('("il'e fiuhling '(0 "I(I,'e
to lh" lXIl""ry I'e"ple Who were n"t '''"I,....ntl.,.
nCl'</",l i" the whkh had beell '"
elac""tioll citle_.
b. Ahhollj?h lloe "irdefeu>e II'" pro"ided ",-,!-",.
lations Whereby s"ch I"'rson.. eo"l<.l be (>r.lere<\ 10
Illo"e Oil! of <:eMa;n specifi('(j ue..,. lite Jl.. "'".
lO rely IIpun Ihe rool'",.. tio" of Ihe people Ind.
Ihereful1'. el.c"ation """S ,-,UI on" 1'01"1l_
bnsis.
... TI,e .tihllel'tial of f8ctories. eontrol ageneies.
Illld the like. l"l!llOrted utlder Ihe of FaClor)
Ait-nnid Protection in 81101_II.. r secoiOll of
rellorl.
J. De"lo]il ion of hllildi1lf.'S to trenle lirehreaks
or 01"'" to prolect iml'0M.tl1 f""to,.ies.
buildilff,'S, "'''lsllO'''.tiou ])()in!.S, and other "it.o.l
areh >lnd localiu litraid dlmaJ,,'" wa""
l'<lmpul""ry m....sure. ParaJ,,"""I'h (; below C(l"ers
Ihis suhj('(,t in""far Us rel.tC5 to IICl"$()IIS made
1J0mel!$ hy the progNllU.
4. Th, pl<"'.-The main points in Ihe e,.ltlla.
I ion progran, were;
". t:"",.,,,,/it"l ",..,,,,,,-11,,, .reas <\e,;i!,'naled Iu
be nllCUl"ed were limited to the ..... pital aud oth.. r
ill\110111"" cities. 8l"-'8killg. Ille i'"por<
lalll c;lies of this metl'OllOlill" 8""" wpre,
Y"kohallln and Knw.... ki.
I,. "rrsm"'fllo be m<irtd._
( I) .\11 "Olle...emia1poo],le li"ing in e"nCI\'
81iol1 areas.
(:!) Persons working ill pl.llls OUlside of
6"IIculltion an!llS "nd li"ing within the
""moilS who had ehan/,'eu Or given np
their <X't'1I!"llion he<:all;:e of bu.ines reorg"lIi.
znli"". '
(4) Other nOl\C'<.."'-lIIisll"'l'Su'b "",iding;n
e""ell>1tiol1 IIl-eft, nlhlli"ing OIl \n""mes ll"Om
prop'r!)' 0" 01 her S"Un"l'$. .
c. f!)r tJw,illg.-A;; all a"llo e"OO\,."
age e'llcunlion. GO\"Crt\ll\ent subsidil'S were
uble to th.. following ...18""6 of per;;,ms,pro""led
VII. EVACUATiON AND WRPARE
EVACUATION
I. InfrQIlW'lim'.--t,. Tokyo. m "dtliti"n to ""iug
d,,' Cily "f lhe EII,pi"e, WAS .I$()
d,e sellt of Ihe ;\'>ltio""l The mClln.
"res by the eapil"l dt)' for el'lIellatiOtt
,nd dispe'""l of 1l0lll'SSelltilli IlCI"SOU_, 118 well
., fO!' p'J6!l'"id emergonty we]f,u.." reffe<::ted tloe
Illlt;ollal polkie_ "lid 1Il"l'e etrreli,.e lha"
.-h'>1"'. This "'port l'>""rs II'e ei,.ili"n "efeu'ie
pl>lllS for el'''Cl1l1lioll found ill the Tokyo Melro_
pulit'III Di,I";CI (Tokyo toJ.
b, DefinU;"" of tel"ll'
used in lhis '''110M dt:nig""I"" thll\. IlCl"SOn who;>
1'01""tll";l)" lefl 01' 1II""l,,1 ho", Ihe as" 1)]"-
".utio"n,') 1I1e",,,,,, ilL his UWII
(lIher d,,,tin,,tio,,: whet,un" 0,.
is tho one who h"d o..'Come 1111 ai'rai(1 ,<iel;m or
!Ufferel' br "ellSOll of 1<J8ll of Or 10 his home
b, h",nbs o,'lire Or deijlJ"U"tioll of his home for the
of erenting Or SPlices
prolf'Ct bUilding>; lind ,l\r.ntld
dalilag.-..
,lllllt",.i/y.-The of Ihe e"billet lind
the comtllunie>ltioll$ f''OlJl the .\[inl';11")- of Home
_llflil'S Oil :?I Decembe, l(l4;1, togelhe, with Ihe
",..Oliun in Hl4:1 of the air-dcfe"5e Inw, wore the
laoie di'"I!I;t i,'es Wit ing fort h the p"iucil,l"" for Ihe
ft'ICultion or dis]lCl"Sld of those 1""l"SOns who we",
lIOI1e8lentinl to the w"' .1fo"1 (exhibit 11_1).
These regulaliolls were issued nntll'lIblished with.
",t thallge b)' the 1.lCI"SOnni 6\'aCllntion section of
lIletl"()llOlit"" go,"-"1IIllellt {jill in soklli kaJ
!Qr the guidance of I h(j IlOliticlll !;t1!Jdh'isiol1' of
ll ..trollOlitnn I)i$t";ct, (Tokyo to) of which
wcre 3" w" ..ds ,,(Omp";sillg lite old cil)" of
Tokyo prio,' to I JUI)" Jtl4:I, two tities (Hr:hioji
'"d Tachiknwa) nnd (h'6 to,,"I1S pEtak
a
. Hoy.,
Taknsi, and .\lusashilmnlllehi). UI'"n th"
and the /,.'O,.tlI<)r of the M
e
tropo1itnll
- rested tlte iIl1p<.".t""t t>lsk of ,,<llllilliS!l1\.
t""'intolUll"'lioll-""itlt th.c"nl"llati"n ""d ,,..If,,re
[Ioij"itos,
3. 0./1,,,, f<l.(r1.UltiOJI lite re"isiol\
";'uiel\t il Wn, n ..!teller ....
ils ,"pn"lIy. "f JIIlblie
_heh(''''; 111111 "f 1111111110'" I'n'"1 .to itulitat.
entl"n" >II other" h"d "llit. p.'
(Win" with Ihe hody of the m"n): f....1
,",.1 ,till ,n'rl' ,lrlpsuf "hitt
pnl"'''. 1"'0 PUP to tbe
I\nllll>t>. of p""'llle III th" .do.
w
"IOWI1 SI"fl, \t
\\\"hl. non. of Ihe I"r""ollic'" hUlld'I\I-"" w",
nt Il;j:'ht for ,helter bllt We"" '1ItlI1
dllrinJ! Ihe dny. )leI1l\.l1'1':5 of th" \'lIil<li"I-""
1)I'OIc<:liul\ unit (wllotilln) hlld lhe ..ibilil,
of tli,.......(i"J! Ihe puhlic to Ih,' "h.lll' nre" in tho

il. f{e(j"la/;'-"V' v:;/IIi" the .he/ler,-.\
of the ",U(ilill1")" politn 11",1 fire uuit ".,,, """,,lly \1<-
.. 10 polit" th,' 10 "",\11'" 11'-1
Ihl'\' W"''Il 1101 ol"rt"mwdefl lIn,1 '" n,ltnil l"tlIt
p",;pll" 'l""'" p,-,.l1\il, In ,,,,,,1\ slwh",
tht' fir,;t pe'.,.,.-,I\ n,.,.iY;IIj! esp.,.le,l 10
d,arge "f the ,hell,r. hili "'''I"""ilJilil.'' "...
n",,,nwtl. with ,,,,111""'1 o"("T,'oWt!inl!'l
tillllS. The loc>lllll'ighlll)I'I"",d ;(1"0101' "1' 111(' locol
self.pr(Otect;oll unit Ihe ,"tSI"m,;;bilil\
for de,"\;1\1:" the ,helter ,mel nSo-Il"ill/: 11I"t
H''Il.fighl;ng ""n. ill ,1Itle,..
6, C"",,,,ellt.-]I\ ;(1'1"'''''1. Ih, puhlic followed
th,. r"les nml Ihe insll'Iletlon, (Of Ihe ej";lilln-,It-
fel\se n"lho";lie,. htlt lhel"(l we"1' lilll\"; when thr.
been",e ,','r... CO,,'p\IICelll. !:illeh \\"11" Ihe caS<'
F,.l>r1l1l1"." ItlH,. whell II bomb
cnught " lug" CI'Ow<l in th" Y"I,,"'lIeho
killing o,.cr ZOO, would \'n"6 been
lI\"ch lower hnd people 1l;;e,1 no"rhy .helter>i. By
Ihe sumlller of I!Hfi. the 6"'lw,.,,1 public wns 'il"l'!'
;"g the pres"",,,,, of one or-two htlt tho
bombill/;( of Hiroshillln nn<\ Nng"sllki c"n:;l't! t
rndicnl eh"1\6'" in lIt1illltle. Afler Ihnl
we'.... rl"ompllr o\)eyed tll\lil Ihe entl uf tbe ".1
Thl; llllljor lil'e ,."ids crented pnnic, d"e 10 lhe uu
eXf"'Clcd sir.e "nd ferocil)' of Ihe 1i1'Cli lind 10 lilt
SCllrei,)" of Slife h,,'<ens. .\lass Inigrlltions to lilt
ri,.ers, cnlulls, and other WflIerWll)'s tleveloped OJ
people disco"ered thnl PIIl'tilll immersion in 1!If
,,"nter !:lIve them ;;om. proleclion. \'"t, ;;nfCl.I< f'flI
lwre wns the fi,,,,, 0111
."d the pressure of humllnitr e"u5f'\1 1"'tIl
e
"""
dellths by d,'Owlling.
,so
11",( '"I'l1uin I,,\'lori"" r(>(juirlllg
10 hl"nhl in,I",1I'1"\ Ii,,,,, hOld h) :;h111 ,lId,
ul',,,.. li,,,, "I 1\'" lime"f Eh..,tri" tr"ins
"nd in Ihe downlown :\1"" ,t
0
I'I'.>{1 "'
nij:'ht 0" Ihe ;;(lundin!! "f the "le'1 ,,0 Ih"
,porking 01 the on the wire would not tt'-
"""l,lle lomtioll 01 the to" II; IhO><' 0\11 in (he sn\"
"rlmn " ....." conld "onlinue 10 Ihe ,I.,.in
('()"du"l"r or ll\O$\"",Iln >") d....1.
b. n)(ln tlw, ,.Qnllding uf the oir-rnid "lann
,il-'1,,,l. l'er>;OlI,;, ell;l"'l" thO:.'" n\'le-$o(li",1 engll,,"'<\
in .., ....nti.llltti,iti"'" Iwr,. 10 f!O 10 ,h.. l1e,.,,; ,,,"\'('t
,,.,,me wa> III ""p .' 'luicklS There
Wa, neTlllly" 1.'mllOT1.l1y in(:n'IL"" ill "n"'1 Irnlli"
im"' lin"'l\. "lte" th,. ,...,un<lil,!! of Ihe nir_'1.id
nlnl'm n" I';'"pl mo,...llo ,h"hel'" or 10 theil' d."
f"n>e tlmi.... [,'ll ;1 '1'1;"kl., ,Iimi"i,h,.d,
d,-"""I. hill f."",rie, """Iill\(('d. unle,,; light ..,...ntr"l
n",n,lIre! h"d ,1I'llell,ion of ol"m,'i",,"'. If
IIU' "ll"'n,ly ''''I)I',-d. ,t"""I<"'''' 111,,1 lI"ill" in I)W
(lowl11own wen' 10 ",."",' ol",rnli'llls; tra;n,
iu the ,,,hurhllil "tt'n .nd in till' 1'0,,,,1 ry cO"111 con
lillue to T1.1Il Ihe ,"id. if the tr"in
ofIid.l, ..... Ie<"i<\ed. If in a sti,,;on. Ihe
IIIl>O!Cnl-"'N! were lO lea,.e Ihe 1"';11 Illul
,Ialion auu lO t1enrby ,helter. Ul",pl nhle
bodied ill<1h'i<\ual, were 10 remnin ill "a,* Ihey
were f'>r work. tl"'l1 Ihe arri,",,\
tlf the plalles o,-erhea'!. ;;igllnled hy wnlchers.
factories were 10 c",,,,,- pl'Olllletioll and nil pe("5(l"S
were lO,....k 1"'0 In"" rotnpe\lNI 1>I.'Ol'le to
'c.... ,helter5. bUl mo>l of Ihem oh(wed th" a"lhori-
Iie,.-. after Ihe <1."It"lIclion
eall!l("ll ill Ihe earls rai,I", -
I, Cuidi,,!! tlte public to w""
1l1""l1od that Ihe grealer portioll of Ihe poplll"tioll
'r<>Uld be attnmmodatf'(1 inlheir uwn prinl/! shel
leN!. P"b1ie ,helters ",e,.. l'ro"ided for Ihose
l""glll from their home;;. for those whose
look Ihem nway. 811,1 for certnin grO"l>5 of
?J!ed alld sick. children And wo,kers.
'" """": locAlil.'. Tlwr" were m.. mbers of
the.l"'hce force and also members of th"
poho;e 811d fire whose dUly it was to eomr';l
to di......" people to tlearb\" ,helters.
e'r -Uti"" Wa, Ilt ,;om" lll"o,ninem s;"cct point
Ilot III Ihe emran,." of the shelter. Th_
were marke<l wilh " sign con
.
"
.
.
~
'
\
~
J
l
"
'
i
"
"
I
I
:
F
.
U
3
H
"
\
I
f
.
.
.
.
~
-
~
"
'
i
i
'60 '61
"etlt wh." 11Irj!c lilla"ei"l It,,,,,," lIf J .....n
l1>illi"u, 1,-, f""d.
K ''',/h'''oJ 'di.! 111.-('.",..._
(f. ('''1/,,';' f""'..:mN',",.ryl.'rlir! .1!r"''''rr' (Kn,-
l!" Tabak" Kllkul";,'" KOj!i-Kail, .\her II,,: \(I
..\Iareh .... id.lh.,.., h"d beell II tlurr.,' of "cti"it)'
JtI (;O'er"rr,,1It q""11en.. Tit. ,.. hillfl held a 111..,_
illj.t 0" tlte 1Il"rllillg or II to ,Ii".""
"lid de,;,ide 011 '""rWllt .ir id ",li.r
h ,*t "I" cal,;"t, 111''"I "(",,,,n.i1 for
I!"IW.I' ntlief T.iN,ku K"k"nu
K"j!iKai) .... ..1uf Ih. llill;"I,-r or H",;,.
,\Jtai,." II" rhairm,,". tI... .\lill;.t.,.,. "r Irelfll .....
'\j!"i'-11ItUrt' and ern"'''e"",. T.... ''''l'''nal;oll 11,,<1
c.-"mllllrli""tiOl.... ,"01 lli"i"'er witllulI1 1'ortfolio
I,hi"'at" 10 "lUap oil! elIf<:\;"e plalljj for s"'ih 1"'-
li.f in .ncuauuII. and rul"'!,or-
Iuion. a"d corUlnU"iCllli ........."" A eoll.te.... 1e-um il
10 ,... Out Iht,.", "'as f<>nned (,I lIlemt>e (lr
the ,.,.ri",,< lllilli<terif"'; ... ith tht ,ice-<:h.innan of
the "i1' defen", h.. ., I'h.inuau. 'Il,i_
('<Iulleil ....... """oed tl... "ll.elief Enfo"",_
"'em C<ll:nr"it1e<.'.M I T.i..!,;" Jh-tli hnbi).
b. ll'or Trk!>"",' Uri;,! A"DNa/;all f:-'<>n,.i
Enl,.'O-Kai). To >11pl,lemetll tl.... di""st"r
reliefla.... a n.tiOtlal Wa" ..,;tahli,I.....1.
om _\pl'il ItH,,. for Ih. purl><loie of pro"idinj! such
1I1..........ili,,;; II" "'ere '''ll included. ill tilt, di....,t ..r ....
lief lall". Fun,ls f()J'thlll IIUT]"I<l!le " ....... eomrihllted
h.,' the Gownllilellt ""d industrial :;rou,....
,-"'eh pro"idi"g 10 "'hieh "'u add l
II 10.OOO.OOll g 1l1 Iron. the imlK'ri.1 Iwu;e.
Imld. Th. eh"inn n of Ih. u.......niut;oll " Ihe
.\lini,ler of Welf"T\' lind <>thel' mem""", M' Ihe
'\li"i",.1'>, uf I lome .\ If"i"",. of Fimm.... of TTIlllS"
llOn.ti....n CommuniClltion". Ih. Go"enl"\"'
GeneMlI 01 K"...... Ihl' G",eMlor-fil'.lle.,.1 of For-
mO/;".lh.. 1"'lleri.1 Hhllscl\"ld I're__;_
<1em I}f Ih.. lIot".... of I'l'('rs. and Ihree promillem
titi7.t'ns. O'!<l II.1);n,,<.1 hy lile t'>lbillet I}lI
g Ml\" l!l-t.-, 1-. Ihi, import.1ll a!!"n9' w.s the
Ulll of mUSlins whic.h w.... I'TUI-..-1
I". Ihe Ir.lbno for Ih. 1.,.li.f of Wrtr
Anlll)I'O"ided for-
(1) Spretly llAym.m of ",Iief money lIli
I'reo><:rilJeo.l by the wlIrtime ,li"""'.... r 1.,.lief Ill\\".
i'.I;t"hli"hmem of" lloMI1t10ry for Wllr
\"iel im..
(3) I'rolect Ion of wa1" vl'I)I","S and <li;;ahll,,-l
p.r;;ons.
(4) I'"vmem ol .....lief mone,. 10 Ihose who
11\'<."(100 llid, e,'ell II;Ollgh they might IWt he
'..... by olIiciol Bud llemi.....ftiei.l
,.... t"l'<IUI't!d I}r I,l>o"sheu fo,' "i'1i'"b \l'b"
)DI& 1!Mllr . "1' plute/j .OJr ht",ill''''''. Tlw
fjnanCl! )I!nt.ter ."c-ou""I{<lIl ftn"nei,,1 aid I" ,'il"
DJDI. Til.. Agriculture Central BKllk I'l"vl'id",1
JoaIIIl ... ith.... ut bee.uri.l)' I........aCUet!ll/lll<!
who ,,'ere eslubllblllllg a. lurllieru.
JlcotiatiollB ....re n",dl'. through agricult'''"1 .fI.",.
dal
iolls
in well h dil'l!(tl) h). th.
individual .
e. C;Vili<U11Jlol1e(ar!ll'"e{ief._I'hl'. 111""1 i",l'l"('<I.
live <If all tiuanci,,1 ,....Iief w". ,he work
of H cOlllm;ttee!let 111' h)' lending .1"I)l[II<'>le fiUBU.
cial houses. On n Murch .....
lallllc-hed II dri,l'. for funus to aiJ th. ,ie-tim,. set-
ting the goal at SO,ooo,ooo r.n ... itlt brg.. <'I""las
for the prillc;II"1 hauking The fUlldb
IIlll101l,,,! by t he war victim;,' ..elief """""iat;""
"'hielt wall 1}1',,,,,ml..d with go,'nllllwnt ni;S;,tllll('e
.lId l,,-,pIUI-e<1 tit" W" ..tinle lIlutu,,1 ali.,i"..
lllnc" associ"t;un fOt ,....Ii.f of nlliiollllls l'etuTIlinll
from o\,el'l;(;a8..
f. fM'; (""I rlolhillY.--On:\O Mard,
tl'6 nation.l b..... eo'mll"'".."l ,lj,Il'i.
blltion of 2-1 sticks of and I ()f
food per pm'!;<>1\ II) the re>;id.1I1.'; uf t.h. IlIlIj"r dli""
ill J.p"n fOI' quick relief of "ir-rlli<l
Toki"o Ihut cottml cl"thilll!'
Olll'. and a (>{ "'loCk_ would
be gi... "ictimll in Tokyo thl'Ollgh Ihe of
!OllIe of the l"'l,'<lt d.partm.nt stOl"<:";. Following
the 13 Apl"il l"nid. Tokyo "\Ithoriti,.,. furth.1' re-
food by gi"llI!! tl) "ir'l"io1
tictilllS, UPOIl lhei. I)WII d.dlll1Jlioll.
lIIOUg-h food fo,' r, days. SutIe.r...
nre oblllln",1 as lxfol'l'. lit pollce "lid
I"'hlie halls in lhe Ill"'''S <II' lit Ihe
in cities, 10WIlS, alld wltl'ds "\ de>lin\ltlons
of eractlecs who ldt the dties. The sick an,l
iI)llred WC'"(l trellted lIml ,,11 hospital c1\llrges paid
brtbeeit).
g. of food s/oraye dCI'0I'.-01l. 01 Ihl'.
1'\"<llakell in ",..,at halite b,' tlte C(HlIlllel-..:e
"(1)'l\"ilh of Ihe Ilrn;y, the l"
"id. "'lIS the disp"rSlll of food Slol"U1!1' depots 10
.... to 1><. from "il'rlli,\
I. Th, f:ml'eI'o,,'s /'rlirf ",p.-FoUowillg thl'.
l"lI,illl}lI TOJk\'o ill th" I'tnp.rur is._Il1
1I11d IO,000.1)()tl yell for
,ietiIl 18. Thl) "tlln \\",;S unr
\"ictilllS' Hl'lief ASIIOciatioll (S.II8\11
Kai), all orglll\ization thaI. heellme \Jel'lllll-
f"ud and lIbel!..r. No data \\"I'rt' U'lilabl.r.
Ih. nnluill'r of m...llIlIl'rvt'<1 III th_ lid It
b. o rOlil'tI tr".-prfut
bombingN. air-n.id viMima lIiPeQto"""
cerlifieR'" fronl the w.rd I1lI
"'ert', h"wl"I'.r,1lO ><Ilt'l'''''''rll "n the to
mi,\ thai reqllll"l'Ulellt WRK
l'"lil'e upull Ih. pro.-.-UIil '-
block "11<1 n.ilfhhOJrh...." 1,'1"'.'u!, le1U!l't1I toOf
milll' th''''' wh" shuuld rt'rt"1\'l'. Ri,\. ......
e, I.orol yr.t,or. "I ltym/l(lll,y._l1le" .
,.ietimS in thl' [l(!ri,,<1 f"n".ill' ....
10 .\lllI"dl ('\li,l ",em fl't! by neil!hoorhoodIIfl "'"
fl'l.nds nlHl IIOln. go\"ernmellt"rgani>.OO 1Il1o.,
Neo ..hy p\lbl ic bal hlt"n;.es opl'1Ie<l t lwir batl nlifL
I
.' " .....
col to Itl lim n.t!!hbol'inlt Ibidm,
olfel"<Kl Ihen' pnn.t. ullthK. The cl}mmi,
, ,
. IJII
l'.llfol"cclnent 0 t'" tef nlens\Jn'" di:'t.rihmed
r!cl'.llnd other foods 10 victim"
elfy. The for r"t,oll books 10 Obillin f,.,j
wall on 12 .\llll"Ch I!Q5. Thore
for Helill olltsi,le "f Tukyo were :;:i\"C1I .....
llt'C<l""il i.1I for" sh"n period, th." ct,
ried doomneLltli .. rl if.,ing th"Hl as ,'iCl.imsofnilb.
"Ially ll"llllttatetl from Tokyo to ShillltJb
l'refccllll"', lool,t.d bctwLoen Tokyo and :i'g<l)-"
On 1, ,,"'reh, ShizlIOkll aUlhorities n,k.d tb!
he"ds of cities. towns lind ,mage<' to distribult
Sill pie foodstulfs withonl deHlllmlinJ; <:enili
cnt.sll
nd
10 provide food for from 3 to :lOdly'
\llllil the refugeell hllu seltled wilh their famille;
uml relat;'.;;. ,,,(Htseu in 100ft
di;;t,"\1 pr.f,,,,tlll"l'S was e";()en{;('d in the foml of
CHt"lollds of fl"Csh ,wd c"nned fish "rri"illg I.
Tokyl) ft-um Ihe Hokkllid,,-:\l}lllOrl art. on 16
Mn.:ch snd an oife" from Gifn prefeclUre of i1>
t ransport"l ion ser\"iL"f.lS 10 collect and Ilispatch II
cnrloads of fi,..,wood ""d Chlll"t()a1. In ,'ie"- oj
lhl} mOll,,1 in" 1l1Jmber of "i1'-1"" id vicl im5 fter tbt
10 MardI wnr ."h,mily delilll'ratil"e[(lllll'
cil of the .\lil;iSll"Y of \\.lfllre set np th. 51"")
Laoor 11lfol'1Il11lion Bttl'ellll 10 oll"er eOlln",)lnJ
assiS!llncll to acton' workers depl';"ed 01
johs by Ihe raid in Seeking work c1,.e\\"h
e
rl'OrtJ-
goingto till'. cUllt;t IT for on f"rIllS.
1I\1'lll. fl}\" Ill"" IImlwolo.n ,he a:;."';
0
,
.lId ,,0 was on.redl)\' ti,e T"k"" I"ilw"-"
iou;; "s I'ugi ,''',,;,,,. 11'1\,'k :1"; ,,IS. Ir
eL'>l allol, "Iso, ill l'dntin:;: ,,,,,\ rUII,ln\ClI
Illl
l'
'IS well liS "lIil"-'S' f ,.....
d. f"ir>twc!M lJill Iv ( ...,ruro IJ",I f ,I-'
L'"'b"-'.sc,,lc. Hnllnc1,,1 "id t.. "il'-I"I",I ,,;et,,'l"
_If. r .....'u\.. ,..
lcnders ... ,,,,1,1 ""..,,,,,bl. ,l1 ,'" ..., .,,,1.,(1
I ",I....
of Ill""" who loud nop"lIel' ",IIi...... 01,,1
.' rI 11('" l<> ,...
,hc'" III !-""lUlj:: u,,""I'" "
friend.. ill tll<' COllllllT. ';01' ",.,.".-i
l
,
r. /I"".;og r/mlrol ,n rt(rl' ",n" rt>fll'
. '1 l\' .1'",'"......

1',mf
HH
'<lry o"""Y'- "'. in
11"'" {"I'll' Tokyo w"nl to y."\n!,... p....".,. I" """.
,h,. llIouIl,al,,' nurtll <If ,lw ",'y. " n'" I \
lrol ,h.' hOll;''''- ,ilundo" ,h"n'. " n
""''''illiioll ..... ...d "liM" (\11""'"''''
" .. .. I 'r,l 111
,,;::;lOCi.tiOll ....1 ":",,. ,",, n.' ..
"".rching for I".,,,,, Blld roo"'" f,,"
:'1,.",""1'> of the ucillhborhQOol ",,<oc
i
,,\lO)ll W,'I'll
.t"" lITgo><llQ ,nke illl() PIlch tWO or
tUC..ee I'pr;.onE from the bo,"btd-.out
b. EIIOitrfJ#'nr-y !w,,;iug roMlrocl,o".-I1,,' ,h",1-
"l,."" .... f h.... u"iug lor ",I"ming led to Illl'
..nt of. to """tI1Ict elll.r!!enty
h<l\l;oing to in a Utea'''''': of
de5lroyed by .ir mids. The I"'u by Ih.
01 W"lhre .",1 1l011lC Alfatr5 waS H'
be ('lIrril'd b)' Ihe prefoctural !to,wuneut,.
The .U<ll:nl,,"t 10 Tokyo was 55.000 h(>l'se5 10 which
the '1'01<>0 aluhoriti';' add.. Th.
fir.>!. .... f 'the Tokyo house! ",a;; opened for ottu
)lIoncy duriu:;" :\o"ember 1945. The;:e hOIlS('!! WI"'"
upeded to sen for 81'1'roltlmatel)' :\.000 or
10 NIlI for yell to 3:i ).n I",r Inonth. bUI appli.
calion. for Ihe hOIe5. it w.' report...1. gre"lly
Ul'ftded tbe supply.
i. TheEleel. of tAt II) JVarrh 194; raid (Ill the
tJ:tlfort. pIOM,-<J. f9Od.-Thll 10
M_reh In I:' r1Iid whi.h the _u,)writies 61i",_t.d
10 be .t leASt fire tit\ll'!; I!"",ter thall .,'ything
h1Ul'ected or p)ann.d lor. was in Ihe low.r
of th. dty. .. n'Tlllly <:\msidel"l'd the 11\,,;;t.
sl"m setliOlI. Th. police, (Ill
th", oo:o:o.",on. a""",,....1 d,"rg. immedillt.l\. look
.... of 1l.... h"ildin!!S and lI.t ui, emer,
cr .Id lacIIUleil f(lr <:ooking fwl. Thl'. d.-
mand for fwl Stlpplie;;. straw m"ls. and blanketll
.m.rgene,' ;;uj>plie;; k.l,t On hAlId
.. pllhlic Italls. Sup
. 1n""tI0I1 for fOO<.! we
10 I.rlt'" llIn1C1U!1S Ii".h a-', . l't!!let np
f oTllll"Qfldlllatmns. Ff
...en _de 10 foltp,,1 . Ih,.",. .
.istin/;: uf "un,.... meals a .h,y, ""'"-
I'lo:mented .. of rice. '111"
,
.
10 .ddition Co I,idel.., ,I _ Ie<. IS 1 pel'
pIckles. The ,Il'fi..... l f' 1_ urn:. I1\tlt"hes aut\
ted 0 n-e ""r\"1
..... uced to. mUlllIllrn of' I "" to f.lllTe""11!
Ih sufl'I'tel'll m.,Ie tl..ir "".." ll)'ll h.1' ",hi.1t
11 "rtllngem."t/l for
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Oftici"ls clnime<l lI,nl 90 of the buildin!!"
'u Tokyo Il"el'tl lJ\' WIl" i"sJl",nct.
'1'1", 011 the follo\l:'i"" p""e "..IS forth
tM
settloment of cluims in Ih; TokI'o .\I"l'"1I[101il""
Dislr'el. .
e. OOlllm...,d8,_Bolh jll'il'nlp lind <;0"01'''''....'''
:,ffieiuls 'ntel"l'iew"d thollghl Ihut Ihe
'US'J11111<;e pill" h",l ll\'cll wisel.""...t "I' "_.
thlll 'tsore"llti"" hlld boo" Thr.
I
,':"
"
",. , ,
" os"p l\' II"'IS sHld 10 loll"" b..... n I H.I 0 '" I
iu" ..... '. , "'1ic,,1"Y
.. "Ullel'\l\g n,,,ong the 1't.'OI' e. "
.... 1""'.""1..., .
'I" ""''''nUl II,,, ill a', ""<\ Ttaicl r.... "'-'L '--
t I' ., r.,l$I.. "......
" "", "'lIt 1"''';(>(1 ill '''''' '0 'll,,,,,, I the
"nl""f;.' he "I."e'''"u,e} .','1,." 1.21;, ""at.
''''U''''I,o" <'I"i,,,,, wer. " ;"",,, 1 I,.,. "''''"' """
Wel'1lI"';d. 'I'h" ....'C1Jt'l"a','.,bnd "r "'''1<1,
. ,
Il"Ct ,l.,""'el'''tlle''t weI." Il'd .'. . "1"' "a" Ih. ,
' . u'." ""ellllv",. ,., .
/jQ t 'lit Ih, I,fl'e'al" we"6 bl, .." ".",".....1
r
,
,
. a ,.
V I", C"IUlt hlld 1\,,,. I " '} !'.'
:ll 0'1ollC" IljJ" I( . ""'II ,>a,,\
' .' n"I""OI'l),)' I"at II
we,,, no c"so.... Qf el"i,"" "1'
IImdl: fO! doetOfll. "'1,) ",', ,.
. " v """".,"...-\
\1"111 e'llergeney '''...d'tal ""'n-il'(, II'"", I .l"ly BIH
10 IIll: e'ld Qf the wnr, no,.. in COil"".... wi,,; ,
. . "II"
saki, "'flr" th"'I'tl auy "hOllSl:hll!d..,,. fi"" fil(lo,I''''''
cOlilpenO'>lled. Tu order IQ he \llldet
lh... W'" ,dlQw,Ulce llll\", 'l Wat tlC<. ""'.,.,_
thllt U1}(,'WIl Car,.y <.'C'1ifitllll> i$ul'll b)'lh tloi;f
Q( th,:, Tokyo .\ll>t,upolitlln Disl"'tt 1.Jt. bis lIulho,..
ized ''tl!l'''''!O:nlal iI'l! desi gnal iIlg IIi til QlIltially as "
I'llI'I in ail' A cop)' of Ihll Tokyo
n!J"siolJ of Ihis certificille is llUllth...l Il8
1-1. .-\ sumpl... upplicllt.iO" fur g'lllll in a,d 10"
sUl'vi"'OI' of Jln Jluxiliny polire "nd I,t'fl Illlit Ille,n_
I....,,. who was killed \l'hell he wns hit 0.'" "n i'll-endi_
lin bomb is nUllti'e,1 "S exhibit. 1-:2. Ollicilll.;;
,,1 t Itu t ka/l I' it II"US IlOSSi ble for :lnyone
to pl"ocur..... " him ollicinll>'
" partieipant ill "i, defen>e. he wet'fl
" melll!>e,' of the e"'elgenC.I' publie lIol'k.;; OOIl>tl"lle_
tion un't (ok.'"u doho!;u !;OS:lkll dUll), the e"'er_
g'mt.'" repai,' lin it (kinky" !;o.;;IIku IIIi). Or IJ",.
he Were simpl." II pr;,-ate '''di,i,It",!. 1'hl' 111/.
in carl'ying sitch" l'('t"tificJl'e II":lS the
terms of Ihe wll"sen'ice allow''''ce IJlI\" WHe I1)0t'll
ad"llntagl'()lls lh"n thoo;e of thl' II"JI,' COIl'_
pensmion 1"11" descl'ibed below. Thtl..., 110
possible of tlte dlnl'Iltln
of the law; lhe physici"n's <.'C"tilic"tc as to dellth
0" injul"Y was in all ellses c"nsidered finlll. The
on IJ' possilJi lit ... fOI" disuJ!"reelllenl betll"een " d
a
j",_
""t Ilud th",Go"erllmelll ll,igltllll"iol! in lite (ollu\\"_
i
ng
tllse: 1f lin injured W'>l"kN' wel"t\
II"culth.". he would 00 gi"en II fil"St.d"..., r()<lIn in
the h<;o;pitlli. Whel"""s u pOor ntHn lI'ould be gil'en
"Ihir,:l_dass 1"00111. If. b.l' lII;"t"ke. Ihe 1""'(' mlln
weI\: Pilt in th", fi,..;;jc1 a"" "'orll utilI the
"I,d ho,,;pita 1hills WI'I'e ltigl, h.,. the
p>Jril'll! Ilntho,'ities, Ih", bills llIi:,dll IlC qlle,lio","!.
In lhnl ellse ih
e
1>II.1'ing amho,'iti"$ Would ,\'im_
bUl'SEl the clllhnll
n
lllCWrdi11g to Ihe Illn011nl
I hought he \l'llS entitled 10, tl",u Ih
t
"mount

TOW ()til)
,........ ,,,1<1
I_ , 01........
"'.." :",,",...... (Y'"'I), I".tdo-
'''' i_'b... '
.11I1.S"j\O:l,"":....' ........1 I __._
1',_
T...L
. W(1r jujb';, {uk>-
'liJ,-1'he Opera! iOIl of Ihe II'",. "'.ITi<.'\!
i1.. in Toho )lctr"llQlit"" Di';;l det l'"""lled in lhe
1.000 yell fOI' Oue clllilH i,)\'ol"'''g
up io;JQ J line Il)H, 1111<1 fOlll' tia illls
>:.' to lOla) nf 4.000 yen for PCl"SlllIS 'lljlll"(.,<:l.
l\tse ,,"crt all uwdit"l ptl"SOllnel wh" 1I""r,. killed
linjul"t'Il in ooll/tcctioll witlt Ihe Dnoliul" '1lill
of.\priIIO,I:2, Betw('en Ihe d"le:;; I J"l., linl. a"d
1014. ]""llrficilll"ies of Iii 1ll"lIlllel";; of
IItIl!.1ili,u)" police ""d fi, .... unit (keibo<llIlJ) anI!
llI'orllchlllau II"il (IJl>ku k'll1shitlli) killed by IIi"
!ltIdI; Wore paid yen. Dllri"g Ihal S""'e
iIrioU, ill!I'l'r clilims l"'esenlod Illal paid f"I"
'l-.",bers of these t \"0 a i r-(le(ellse :troup;; 101" 1_
,rrll. F,lt" 1he llrxl {; tllOlllh
s
' 1l\'I'hlll, nm_
'
tl
ro-'"11 J""I11l/'\" Ill4';.11> :;O,I([IIll II)'ij. cl"illls
f"t' ;I.cal It ""Il<' Ii I$ 1" t h(! nlrs
It PQlll'l' alHI fin'IIII'" "ltd Il ir wlIieh_
'-ItI f tl"s IllJlllbt.,r. 1,00, '1""1'(' puiol 'uIII tlttl
"l. ItnOUll( ,,"liS 1,(}.I".IOO \"l'll, FOt'tlto
Olflhe",.,. r 'J, .
,rOIll u ... J!l,o, OJlII"llnl, Ihel'e
to .... ti(}l, of II,,, l""n...
b . " '''''all',.a
.. to t II 'i<w.l fit',
, . . , . ,"" I 'e
'01 e C",' >. III the Wa,' !h"t. tel'.
oompal,ies anutlgnmat". Up IInlil 1I",t tiulo
were W III'\' ",,01 mari"o i""""I"'ec l'Oll'p"n'.....
um1er the G""ermllenCs "''''l!l(e,liQlt', Il,ey
'-.ere rt'dllCl'':-'' III Ihe 11'111' ...
poIil'il'lllmt (tl'lln>.:- h"d I...> "."..
_ ... ..--. w... 00 ,he 1__"""'.."100 .... "'1<'1 l<m_.
"'b>"'" bonb .. ""lkU>' '.... 1''''''''''''- on
... '*III. bu' """"'" .."'.,"",. .. om..,,,,. to 'he "'"' or
_........"""'...
-,.,"-,," IJ '.'>,-ll''''',"be
,1<3 .. . .. _ _
"""""'-'''''"'$<, ,' .. - .. -
/,,'yu.., .. ,,",
'$<. '. "GO,,' .....'.001 0.'.18.000
........r-J""", ... """'I ,.1" ..
,'.Iy In" I
'. JII ' ... rnl'.I8.olOi- .... OOI(&Il.&M,OOI "'<S,I:7,OOO
-1l21"'...1 ..,,"I7.("" .. ,lO,'.... ..,"'"
.'XO.f,.. ,.... ",....,,,
ro, .... ""..
..........
....,......
>.nutl.
.. ""' .
... ;0', ..
".'1U ..
,"'.,"'..
""'''',,,
,,,,,,,,,," f'tm'"
- 1_000""
...
on.

,72, '"
'."1.00'
..
....
",>8,"
--
I$<' (1' ",,,,,'lui
' .."...-J.'y '1<3 (&loo"'Iu)
,,,,,-.-..... ,$<. (0""",,,,,
,..""'...,"'" ,$<, (. fllOII''''')
'.'y_ll_.."" ,$<.tO.....,1u}
, ..,,"',..)""" I (0 """,t"'"
I '"'y t. II ,..} (...on'lul,
".'''0, "'"ill 0<" I."(I mon' )
'"'
".11' "riUen upby the local OODtINtny hand';..
htNllClll' Inti pulll!d by ..
('81100 the Infelltlption lA:.tn;;;j'''''_
J'I'OflE'rt,' Damap bl8Uraltce {Ron/tli Hokt.a ttt.!-
....kRij, of .the
Milll,;teroflbe Fmancll M.nllltry (chai . ""
II", di"",lor of,'!II' BIIT'MU of the HudKet, ::-1
of the lax Hureall. lhe !)j...... hi:
,. . '. . ""or nf ..
finllt'te ry, Ill" tho
II .'
<Iif('<;ii'" Qf the
ciation. a rtl,rcsenlnll\"(' of Ihe JU"t,,,,,, n.,.
InclIi. lhc head of a lil,(> c<>mpally.
expert fTOlll the 11l.-e",'Ch bUl'<"lII l....n....m@l(l '
<lama;..'" insunlncc.. It M.I....l:
there wem practically IlQ
dllilllnlltS lind lhe COlllP"Uil.,.. of the Finane ,,"'
. . e'a
i,1 ".1' ellher on 1h,:,'" !;Il'ge d" ,m,. 01' ,n, t hr SlnllllT
"ues. 1t WaS .I>O:;..'llJle 10 IIppenl tQ Ihe l'<lUrts
no ('<lHll""lIIlSl} co.nld 00 reached, bllt Hperiel\(t
was Ihal wel'e nlwuys aelti, ...
GQ"C"lHnent ellcCllI1l\("'.<! " l'",lJlcm ill t hll IIl1min.
is(mtion of ih" law ill r"spl'<:t.lo"
l'al1 of Ihe eoml"lnie6 to pr;)l"";""
for which they wrol" IInl' 'nsurance.
d. Slatisth:al data.-Figlll''S oil ihe nll",bcrof
policies isslll'<I togcthl'1' wilh the amO'lllt Q[ """Cr-
a!i"6 (or Ihe Tokyo Mel 'upolibn District. obtai,-...d
f,-om Ihe "al i01l" I COlli rol A,;,;(lt'i" Iion f"r Iii" ",id
",,,rine i1lSlll111lce eOlllpanies an::ls follows:
>6,
, "-Crlllj!:
'r t1"'U.... "C C< d '6
h(>I1"-"', .'l'1l I" . ,'.". In
,lInllill)..'>' ,-.1",'<1 It h...;l ot f/l1,OOO J',e,;
]I,:r lho">",,,1 f",. .',':",." ",,,d.>
"r ,,'-cr. TI", TokJo """",n', ili"",)-
poi,,(, of i'I>,"lilli! thllt G, "'OC'(i"II III .... r
, ,10-' ""m"''' .. ,
I'"illllnt"t WII \. " the ,11'"_'''''''
'. \11 , .
<l"Ill"'!Il II,>'''''''''' " '", ""Y "") ".'
, "roo. u.,... '.
1I"lltl ill ,... ,"" Wfl' l$ ., . Tohi' .,.....
, ,r .
,I... ,'Olirile <' p... , ,.",o,-",Ilhl' the "nr
"
"Ili..", -,.... ,- ,"
Go...,.""",,, lII""ce 'l<) the b",,-
. _ ........ t )OOn

. , .. , flllel.lIer."" .'
1''''''1''':''
I ,,,'" ," =
,I... WlIr l alii'..'" 'fi rod\l<'('r as wen! the
"WIl' il ." II 1I!>N;,b]e l',,? P _, ill ,h,'llll\'
nal,,,,,91 ollie,.l,. , . Sud,
. forl"CIll"e, .'
",ore a matttr of l'r(ltetl1on - . T,kl'o
, $o:o<'n 111 ,.,
",luctane<.' as I .' )rall '
loword tak,n!! out WH l1lsurSIICl'!t.:
l
I f
from the f..-elillglhat Japa" would nOI be. 7J'
In !\onmber I!),H. Ihere ",ag a TIOt Itl 1
lIumber of Bl'pli"'1 i"'l> a, Ihc con,,et 1"" I l,aL
Tokm ,,",,"M be aunck...l from .the .'lI.T.
It ",:u ,I"e<.l Ihni the supeNlitiotl mel\llolle<.l III
nopOMS reg>lrdillg 'l1'''11Ine" more
,Iron!i"h' '11 tbe ts5e of Will' casually jlohCII"'llhan
'II ...."" of ll""l",rtr damag:": an<1 Ihllt Ihe
!!1"e8ter ,nt"re;;I, in war "'"S
:xpla'lIed fact thllt "wuld SJI"e the!r
by 1111111ing bui could 1101 IlIke Ih,,"'
"'ilb
b. ruwe;al;on dnt/IM Fil'lllla Jlini4Ir!/
"'ide aUlhority to Ihese
Branch WILS bsscd upon the premise lhat
because of IlI)!;Eible ill coullnllnita
liQn! lttd tT'lll1sportation, cit'essornedistanee from
Tllk.'"o ;;/muM be made rebli"cl," ,n,lel'endent of
Ihe nal,01ll1 hClldquane1'8 for the administration
of the "'ar pro!i"l'ltm. Thus Ihe funds llse<l
hJ' intlil'idual oompan,es or their branch oftiC<'B ;n
a c'I}'like Ooaka lI"el"C borrowed from local bank.
Ihe bllltlC:h office Gf Ihe control a!B<JCinl 'On Ihel'''
and 10 tI'e credit of the ... l tire 31,,1
marine i1l'luram:e companies doin!! the war dam.
Ij."e business. In almost el'ery t\l,',llCtt tillal au-
lhority 8! to sculem"ut of claims and of "1" <1i;;-.
put... Or questions of 1l01icJ which mi!i"ht- ar,se
,,u 1'('O,jed in Ihe l""al ImUlchl'" "I lh", F'n"",.o
.\llIli,ll'} and 01 the control n$l>einlion.
Olaim.l.-()nl} 'n the ellBOl <:of dai,ns of one
)'ell Or oret Ihen! nC<.1$il.l' Fot re-
femngsuch mlUe.. WTokJO:>. These lnl'gcdaims
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USSBS Report 4, Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection and Allied Subjects, Tokyo, Japan, OCR

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