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Structural Facades
The role of the structural engineer in the design of the faade varies from project to project depending on the span and complexity of the proposed system
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
What ever the size of the project the same five issues must be considered Imposed loads- laterally and vertically Support structure movements Host structure movements Temperature effects Tolerances
Structural Facades
The engineer must decide the support points and load paths for the cladding and allow for these loads and the effects of these loads on the main (host) structure
Structural Facades
Density kN/m3 Glass Aluminium Steel Stainless steel Silicone Neoprene 25-27 27 77 77 12 10
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Load path
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Make sure that in the event of a failure of one glass panel no other panels will break- and where possible the broken glass is contained
Structural Facades
Wind loads and their effects Wind tunnel testing Glass deflections Structure deflections Host structure movements
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Temperature effects
15 32 -1
Structural Facades
Ambient construction Outside maximum Outside minimum Inside maximum Inside minimum
15 30 -20 30 0
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
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Structural Facades
Sway
Structural Facades
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17.5 mm expansion
Thermal movement
12.0 mm contraction
12.0 mm contraction
17.5 mm expansion
Structural Facades
+5.0mm 25.0mm
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Decreased tension in catenery cable increased tension in back rod Increased tension in catenery cable decrease in front rod
Wind loading
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
Structural Facades
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Structural Facades
mullion
Rocker arm
+/- 25mm
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Structural Facades
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4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Vertical movement
4 4
Z X Y
5 3 3 3 3 3
44 44 5 5 5
44 44 5 5 5
44 44 6 8 44 6 44
77
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
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Structural Facades
pin
pin
Thermal movement
wishbone
Structural Facades
pin
pin
wishbone
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44
6 44 44
44 44 6 5 5
44 44
44 3
Y X Z
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
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Structural Facades
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Structural Facades
And to conclude;
What ever the size of the project the five key issues must be considered Determine the imposed loads- laterally and vertically Calculate the support structure movements Determine the host structure movements and the effects on the cladding Calculate the temperature effects Allow for the appropriate tolerances
Structural Facades
Detail the connections and junctions carefully to cope with the movements and deflections calculated, in a manner that enhances the design and does not detract from it. Test unusual designs and dont be afraid to make mock-ups Safe use of overhead glass must be a priority
Structural Facades
Structural Facades