Temperature Sensor Types

Big differences exist between different temperature sensor or temperature measurement device types. Using one perspective, they can be simply classified into two groups.
 Contact.  Non-contact.

Both contact and non-contact sensors require some assumptions and inferences in use to measure temperature.

Contact Type Temperature Sensors

Thermistors Thermal resistors
 Thermistors are special solid temperature sensors that behave like temperaturesensitive electrical resistors  There are basically two broad types.  NTC-Negative Temperature Coefficient, used mostly in temperature sensing.  A NTC thermistor is one in which the zero-power resistance decreases with an increase in temperature.  PTC-Positive Temperature Coefficient, used mostly in electric current control.  A PTC thermistor is one in which the zero-power resistance increases with an increase in temperature.  During the last 60 years or so, only ceramic materials (a mix of different metal oxides) was employed for production of NTC thermistors.  In 2003, AdSem, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) developed and started manufacturing of Si and Ge high temperature NTC thermistors with better performance than any ceramic NTC thermistors.  NTC Thermistor Probe Assemblies  NTC Surface Temperature Probes.

 NTC Air-Gas Temperature Probes.  NTC Liquid Temperature Probes.  Patient Temperature Monitoring Probes.  NTC HVAC-R Temperature Probes.  Nickel RTD SMD Sensors

 Precision NTC Thermistor Thermometers

Model 4600 High Accuracy

System Accuracy 0.115C from 0C to 50C when used with 400-series probes

Application Laboratory measurements

4600S Transfer Standard 4610 High Accuracy Interchangeable

0.025C from 0C to 50C w/ Near metrology level dedicated probe and 4-pt measurements calibration 0.05C from 20C to 50C w/ Precision measurements 4610-series probes within the biological temperature range

 NTC Resistance Temperature Characteristic Formula:

The resistance of a thermistor is solely a function of its absolute body temperature. When testing for resistance accuracy it is essential that the surrounding environmental temperature is held at a constant, and power dissipated in the thermistor is low enough to insure no "self-heating". Formula for determining resistance of RTI composition A, B, C and E NTC thermistors at any temperature within the operating limits:

Where: is the resistance at Temperature T is the resistance at 25C is 2.718 is the Temperature at which R is unknown expressed in Kelvin. (273.15 + C) is 298.15K (25C) is (a + bT + cT2) Comp. A Comp. B Comp. C Comp. E a= 2641.67 2183.03 2923.94 3197.35 b= 1.0643 6.619 4.8657 4.2865 c= -0.0001571 -0.008048 -0.005363 -0.001836 The temperature coefficient of resistance ( ) is expressed mathematically as follows:

which is approximately equal to /T2

 NTC APPLICATIONS
     

Temperature Measurement. Temperature Differential. Temperature Control. Temperature Compensation. Time Delay. Surge Suppression.

Temperature Differential:
By placing matched thermistors in two legs of a bridge circuit as seen in Figure, temperature differentials as close as .001C can be readily detected.

Temperature Control:
By placing a thermistor in series with a relay coil and potentiometer as shown in Fig, a simple temperature controller is obtained. The potentiometer will control the switching temperature. A more sensitive controller can be obtained by feeding the output of a thermistor bridge as shown in Figure into a high gain amplifier. Sensitivity of .005C can be sensed easily with this method.

Temperature Compensation:

Since all metals used for coil windings, etc., have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, NTC thermistors are especially useful for compensating resistance changes in devices subjected to temperature variations. Where a copper meter coil would change 50% in resistance over a commonly used temperature range, a thermistor shunted by a resistor in series with the unit as shown in Figure 5 allows the total impedance of a circuit to be held uniform over the entire operating range. Due to the high temperature coefficient of the thermistor as opposed to the low temperature coefficient of the copper, full compensation can be achieved by using a thermistor- resistor network. This network adds less than 15% to the total impedance of the circuit. Compensation of transistor amplifiers, crystal oscillators, etc. can be achieved by using similar methods.

Time Delay:
By placing a thermistor in series with a relay, a potentiometer, and a battery as shown in Figure 4, a simple time delay circuit is obtained. A relatively high potential is applied to the circuit. The thermistor begins to "self-heat," lowering its resistance and allowing more current to flow. The increased current further heats the thermistor, allowing still more current to flow, which in turn actuates the relay. The time required for the relay to actuate after voltage is applied can be controlled by adjusting the potentiometer.

Surge Suppression:
By placing a thermistor in series with a filament string as shown in Figure 6, current surge can be eliminated. The resistance of the thermistor is higher than the total resistance of the filaments when the circuit is turned on. As current begins flowing, the thermistor "self-heats." Its resistance is reduced to a minimum and becomes insignificant to the total resistance of a circuit. Current surges in electric motors can be held to minimum using the same concept. Figure shows a typical DC motor's turn-on surge before and after the application of a RTI thermistor to the circuit.

Thermocouples (TCs)
Thermocouples are pairs of dissimilar metal wires joined at least at one end, which generate a net thermoelectric voltage between the the open pair according to the size of the temperature difference between the ends, the relative Seebeck coefficient of the wire pair and the uniformity of the wire-pair relative Seebeck coefficient.
 They are based on the Seebeck effect that occurs in electrical conductors that experience a temperature gradient along their length.  EMF-Temperature tables can only be used when the circuit consists of only twowires, both of which are uniform in calibration, and both of which begin at TRefand end at TJct. When only small temperature differences areinvolved, the values of Aand B can be treated asconstants, and Eq. 4 gives a good approximation to the EMF.

 Thermocouple Materials
The three most common thermocouple alloys for moderate temperatures areIron-Constantan (Type J), Copper-Constantan (Type T), and ChromelAlumel (TypeK).
 The first named element of the pair is the positive element.  The negative wire is color coded red (current U.S. standards).  A circuit of single thermocouple.

 Thermocouples can be connected in series with one another as given circuit.

Measuring Differences:
The temperature difference between two point scan be directly measured by connecting the two negative wires together (at room temperature) and measuring between the two positive wires. The magnitude gives the temperature difference, and the positive wire is connected to the hotter of the two locations. This approach offers no advantage in accuracy over reading the two thermocouples separately and subtracting the temperatures.
o

One pair is used as a thermocouple to determine the temperature level, and one pair is used to determine the temperature difference between two points.

Subject Matter:
There are about three or four "classes"of thermocouples. Although no one really calls them classes, they really are. There are: 1. 2. 3. 4. The home body class (called base metal), the upper crust class (called rare metal or precious metal), the rarified class (refractory metals) and, the exotic class (standards and developmental devices).

In most countires all but the most exotic class are codified by a letter designation. The home bodies, at least in the USA, are the Types E, J, K, N and T. The upper crust are: types B, S, and R, platinum all to varying percentages .

The exotic class includes several tungsten alloy thermocouples usually designated as Type W (something).

Specifications:
Thermocouple Type J, K, or N Standard Limits of Error +/- 2.2C or 0.75% (which ever is greater) Thermocouple Type T Standard Limits of Error +/- 1.0C or 0.75% (which ever is greater) Thermocouple Type E Standard Limits of Error +/- 1.7C or 0.50% (which ever is greater) Thermocouple Type R or S Standard Limits of Error +/- 1.5C or 0.25% (which ever is greater) Thermocouple Type B Standard Limits of Error +/- 0.50%

Thermocouple Temperature Sensor Applications:

Thermocouples are used in many places with many things like indicators and controllers to do something useful, such as control a heating system to heat a product through a temperature-time profile that causes it to soften or cook or set or transform from a stressed condition to an annealed one or any number of physio-chemical changes that produce a desired end result.

Liquid In Glass Thermometers

 Liquid in glass thermometers are the sensor one visualizes most often for temperature measurement.  A glass cylinder with a bulb at one end, a capillary hole down the axis, connected to the reservoir in the bulb filled with silvery mercury or perhaps a red-colored fluid, an engraved temperature scale.  The thermometer that checked your fever when you were young was a specialized version of this oldest and most familiar temperature sensor.

Applications:
Glass thermometers are among the oldest and still the most widely type of thermometer used in laboratory work and in households

 Medical Sciences
To determine fever temperature in humans.

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

 Resistance Temperature Detectors or RTDs for short, are wire wound and thin film devices that measure temperature.  It measures temperature because of the physical principle of the positive temperature coefficient of electrical resistance of metals.  The hotter they become, the larger or higher the value of their electrical resistance.  They, in the case of Platinum known variously as PRTs and PRT100s, are the most popular RTD type.  They are among the most precise temperature sensors available with resolution and measurement uncertainties or 0.1 C.

The Advantages of RTDs

The advantages of RTDs includes:
   

Stable output for long period of time. Ease of recalibration. Accurate readings over relatively narrow temperature spans. Their disadvantages, compared to the thermocouples, are: smaller overall temperature range, higher initial cost and less rugged in high vibration environments.

 They are active devices requiring an electrical current to produce a voltage drop across the sensor that can be then measured by a calibrated readout device.

RTD Error Sources

 The lead wires used to connect the RTD to a readout can contribute to their measurement error, especially when there are long lead lengths involved.  Often the lead error can be minimized through use of a temperature transmitter mounted close to the RTD.  RTDs, as mentioned , work in a relatively small temperature domain, compared to thermocouples, typically from about -200 C to a practical maximum of about 650 to 700 C.  Insulation resistance is always a function of temperature and at relatively high temperature the shunt resistance of the insulator introduces errors into measurement.

Standard Platinum RTDs(SPRTs)

Platinum is the preferred material for precision measurement because in its pure form the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance is nearly linear; enough so that temperature measurements with precision of 0.1 C can be readily achieved. All RTDs used in precise temperature measurements are made of Platinum and they are sometimes called PRTs to distinguish them.
 According to ITS-90 (International Temperature Scale of 1990- used as a worldwide practical temperature scale in national metrology labs like NIST, NPL et al) A special set of PRTs, called SPRTs, are used to perform the interpolation in such labs over the ranges 13.8033 K (Triple point of Equilibrium Hydrogen) to the Freezing point of Silver, 971.78 C.

Platinum RTD Output Equation:

1. Platinum Resistance Thermometers specifies that the resistance-temperature relationship for such devices for the range 0 C to 650C, to within the tolerances given below, will be described by the equation: R(t) = R(0)[1 + At +Bt^2] Where: t = temperature (to ITS-90), C, R(t) = resistance at temperature t, R(0) = resistance at 0C A = 3.9083 * 10^-3(C), and, B = -5.775 * 10^-7(C^2). More details and the equation for -200 C to 0C as well as the inverse, temperature as a function of resistance are provided in the standard.

The Callendar-Van Duson equation and others are used to correct for the nonlinearity of the resistance-temperature relationship for very high accuracy measurements, such as those performed in a metrology or calibration laboratory .

Recommended Use Limits and Tolerances:

1. "Standards Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers" gives many details and specifications for them over the range from -200 C to 650C. It defines two RTD grades, A and B with a resistance-temperature relationship that has the following tolerances: Grade A Tolerance = [0.13 +0.0017 *|t|] C Grade B tolerance =[0.25 +0.0042 *|t|] C where |t| is the absolute value of the RTD's temperature in C. 1. RTD Classifications And Tolerance Limits per ASTM E1137 Grade A Temperature Degrees C C -200 0 100 400 650 Ohms C 1.1 Ohms 0.47 Limits Grade B Limits

0.47 0.20 0.13 0.05 0.30 0.11 0.81 0.28 1.24 0.40

0.25 0.10 0.67 0.25 1.9 3.0 0.66 0.94

2. The DIN Standard recognizes three different tolerance classes, they are: DIN Class A tolerance: [0.15 + 0.002*|t|] C DIN Class B tolerance: [0.30 + 0.005*|t|] C DIN Class C tolerance: [1.20 + 0.005*|t|] C.

Figures: Resistance Temperature Detectors

Filled System Thermometers

 Filled System, or just filled thermometers are those that work on pressure or volume

change of a gas or changes in vapor pressure of a liquid.

 The gas or gas and liquid are contained usually in a sealed metal tubing and bulb

system.
 The filled thermal device consists of a primary element that takes the form

of a reservoir or bulb, a flexible capillary tube, and a hollow Bourdon tube that actuates a signal-transmitting device and/or a local indicating temperature dial.
 In this system, the filling fluid, either liquid or gas, expands as temperature

increases.
 This causes the Bourdon tube to uncoil and indicate the

temperature on a calibrated dial.

 The filling or transmitting medium is a vapor, a gas, mercury, or another liquid.  The liquid-filled system is the most common because it requires a bulb with the smallest volume or permits a smaller instrument to be used.  The gas-filled system uses the perfect gas law, which states the following for an ideal gas:

T = kPV

where: T k P V = = = = temperature constant pressure volume

 If the volume of gas in the measuring instrument is kept constant, then the ratio of the gas pressure and temperature is constant, so that

 The only restrictions on above Equation are that the temperature must be expressed in degrees Kelvin and the pressure must be in absolute.

                           

Accuracy: +/- 1 % of full scale. Calibration to NIST traceable standards. Ranges: Twenty F and F & C ranges available from -320F to 1200F. Overrange: Minimum 50% of span above top of range, or 1300F, whichever is less. Ambient Error: 1/4% of span per 25F change in ambient temperature at midscale. Dial Sizes: 41/2& 6. Dials are white with black markings. Case Materials: Stainless steel, Phenolic, or Aluminum. Case Styles: Panel Mount, Surface Mount, or Direct (stem) Mount. Windows: Glass is standard. Shatterproof glass and acrylic are optional. Pointers: Slotted adjustable type to permit zero set adjustments. Bulbs: 316 Stainless Steel, 3/8 dia. x 3 active length. Other diameters and lengths are also available. Process Connections: Plain bulb; 1/2 NPT sliding union; 1/2 NPT fi xed (on All-Angle); or thermowell. Note: Thermowells should be used whenever the bulb would be exposed to pressure, fl uid velocity, or corrosive or abrasive media. Thermal Systems: Stainless steel capillary with stainless steel spring armor (up to 40ft). Over 40 feet, stainless steel interlock armor is standard. Direct mount stems, 316 SS, 4 to 48.

 The gas types were used in many industrial applications and for establishing portions of the thermodynamic temperature scale.  They can be very simple, non-powered devices with great reliability and repeatability.  The vapor pressure types have a bulb, the sensing portion, filled with a volitile liquid, instead of a gas. Since they are more sensitive to temperature changes than a gas type.  They can be physically smaller, however their relative temperature measurement span is quite a bit smaller.

Bimetallic Thermometers and Thermostats

 The simple mechanical sensor that works in most "old-fashioned" thermostats based on the fact that two metals expand at different rates as a function of temperature.  They're the coil of metal that has some electrical contacts affixed to it.  For correct temperature measurement, the stem of all models in all ranges must be immersed 2 inches in liquid, and 4 inches in gas.

Specifications - Bimetallic Thermometers

Dial Sizes: 1 1/8", 1 3/4 ", 2 3/8", 3", 4", 5". Stem Length: Between 2" and 80". Stem Diameters: 1/4 " (standard), also available 5/16", 3/8". Heads, bezels, mounting bushing, stems:All Models 300 Series SS. Operating Conditions: The temperature of the head should not be allowed to exceed 200F (150F if silicone filled). Stems should not be exposed to continuous temperatures exceeding 50% over-range, or 800F. Hermetic seal : All 3", 4", and 5" models (except DM4) are hermetically sealed per ASME B40.3. Pointed Stems: Optional on all models. Excellent for probing asphalt, compost, soil, frozen foods or other semi-solid materials. .
 Bimetallic thermometers are contact temperature sensors found in several forms, e.g. inside simple home heating system thermostats.  They are more familiar to many people in industry and commerce as miniature pocket dial thermometers that many people use to check the temperature of fat in a deep frier or a vat on a small process line.  The major uses are where a quick check of the temperature of an object is desired.

Crystals: Optically clear strong glass. Optional: Unbreakable clear plastic: all models (Not recommended for ranges over 500F). Optional: "Shatterproof" tempered glass (3", 4", and 5" models). Accuracy: All models are guaranteed accurate to within plus or minus 1% of the full scale (Grade A per ASME B40.3). Temperature readings are stabilized within 40 seconds. Immersion: For correct temperature measurement, the stem of all models in all ranges must be immersed 2 inches in liquid, and 4 inches in gas except for 0 to 100F, 25 to 125F, and 0 to 50C which require 3 1/2 inches in liquid and 5 inches in gas. Mounting Connections: 1/2" NPT (std. on 3", 4", 5" models), 1/8" NPT, 1/4 " NPT, 3/8" NPT, 3/4 " NPT, 3/8"-24" NF, Plain or Reset Bushing, 1/2 " NPT Union, 1/2 " BSPT, BSPP Adapters.

Semiconductor Thermometer Devices AKA Diodes & Integrated Circuit (IC) Temperature Sensors
Prologue:
 Semiconductor thermometers are usually produced in the form of ICs, Integrated Circuits.  Most are quite small and their fundamental design results from the fact that semiconductor diodes have voltage-current characteristics that are temperature sensitive.  Semiconductor triodes or transistors are also temperature sensitive.  there devices have temperature measurement ranges that are small compared to thermocouples and RTDs.

 They can be quite accurate and inexpensive and very easy to interface with other electronics for display and control.  Semiconductor technology enables devices to be produced efficiently and cheaply and to have properties designed to easily interface with many other types of semiconductor devices, such as amplifiers, power regulators, buffer output amplifiers and, least we forget, microcomputers.  The major uses are where the temperature range is limited to within a minimum temperature of about -25C to a maximum of about 200C. simplicity of interfacing with other circuit elements and size are factors in selecting a device to do a job and meet the both the accuracy and cost budgets.  Simplicity of interfacing with other circuit elements and size are factors in selecting a device to do a job and meet the both the accuracy and cost budgets.

Figures: Semiconductor Thermometer Devices

Non-Contact Type Temperature Sensors

Radiation Thermometers
Prologue:
 Radiation Thermometers (Pyrometers, if you will) are non-contact temperature sensors that measure temperature from the amount of thermal electromagnetic radiation received from a spot on the object of measurement.  In addition to line measuring radiation thermometers, which produce 1-D and, with known relative motion, can produce 2-D temperature distributions, and thermal imaging, or area measuring, thermometers which measure over an area from which the resulting image can be displayed as a 2-D temperature map of the region viewed.  They are used widely in many manufacturing process like metals, glass, cement, ceramics, semiconductors, plastics, paper, textiles, coatings, and more.  They enable automation and feedback control that boost productivity while improving yield and product quality.  In reliability and maintenance needs from building heating to electrical power generation and distribution, they save downtime and help optimize practices.  The physics behind that broadcasting is called Planck's Law of Thermal Radiation.

APPLICATIONS ARE WHERE THE SENSORS MEET THE "REAL WORLD"; WHERE THE RESULTS PROVE THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THEIR USE AND HAVE SELECTED WELL ENOUGH TO DO THE JOB!

 They save lives and improve safety in fire-fighting, rescues, and detection of criminal activities.  In hospitals, nursing homes and home care, they have enabled a new , quick and reliable method to monitor and measure human body temperatures with one second time response.  In reliability and maintenance needs from building heating to electrical power generation and distribution, they save downtime and help optimize practices.

Figures: Radiation Thermometer

Prologue:
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High Temperature Infrared Thermometer Automatically Corrects For Emissivity Accuracy After Emissivity Correction: 5F ( 3C) 1ms Data Acquisition Rate Standard Temperature Ranges: 1100F - 2730F (600C - 1500C) Extended Temperature Ranges: 1300F - 3600F (700C - 2000C) 1450F - 4500F (790C - 2500C) 1550F - 5400F (850C - 3000C) Internal Data Notebook & PC Interface
 Classification - temperature measurement, high temperature sensor, non contact infrared thermometer.

The Pyrometer portable infrared thermometer

The Pyrometer portable infrared thermometer uses the latest pulsed laser technology to precisely measure the true target non contact temperature measurement.
 All non contact infrared thermometer instruments measure a target radiance temperature; it dynamically determines a targets emissivity value resulting in unmatched temperature accuracy to 3 C.  The Pyrolaser incorporates an electronic microprocessor control unit, LCD digital display, membrane keypad, power supply, and temperature measurement output connections and precision glass optics.  The Pyrolaser's microprocessor control measures radiance, emissivity, and background radiance values at an extremely fast 1ms data acquisition rate.

 The Pyrolaser automatic emissivity correcting IR thermometer is used for many

industrial and laboratory applications.

 This includes temperature measurement in refractories, ovens, furnaces and

vacuum chambers. Virtually anywhere accurate portable IR temperature measurements are required.
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Petroleum Furnace Tube Temperatures Refractory Temperature Measurement Production Steel Annealing Furnaces Production Copper Furnaces Induction Heating Ceramic & Graphite Production

Selectable Readout: Standard Temperature Range: Optional Extended Temperature Ranges: See Calibration Lens & Filter Table Below) Calibration Ranges: Accuracy: Resolution: Repeatability: Effective Wavelength:

F,C 1100F - 2730F 1300F - 3600F 1450F - 4500F 1550F - 5400F (4) Ranges Available 5F (3C) 1F (1C) 1F (1C) 0.905 m 0.015 (600C - 1500C) (700C - 2000C) (790C - 2500C) (850C - 3000C)

Bandwidth: Automatic Emissivity Measuring Range: Acquisition Time: LED Display In Viewfinder: LCD Display Standard Target Distance: Optional Target Distances Available See Calibration Lens & Filter Table Below Target Size vs. Distance: Standard 2 - 10 meter Range

0.055 m 0.01 -1.0 ( Increments 0.01 ) 1ms - 2000ms Selectable 4 Digit Corrected Temperature (Tt) 40 Digit Readout of Target Distance Emissivity Value (E), Uncorrected Temperature (Tu), & Corrected Temperature (Tt) 2-10 meters

Target Size

Target Distance

(Target Size = 1/200 of Target Distance) Min Max 1.96" ( 5cm) Min 6.56' (2m) Max 32.8' (10m)

Optional Target Size/Distances Available See Calibration Lens & Filter Table Below Visual Field Of View: IR Field Of View: Sample Rate Maximum Equipment Operating Temperatures: Display Output:

0.39" (5cm) 7

0.333 (1mm @ 20cm; 0.04" @ 8") 1, 2, 4, 8, 21, 23, 37 Readings/sec Selectable 32F - 90F (0C - 32C) LCD 3.5" x 0.75" Target Emissivity Target Uncorrected Temperature Target Emissivity Corrected Temperature

Instrument Enclosure: Auxiliary Output:

Cast Aluminum Single Analog Output: 0 -5vdc or 0-20mA Single Digital Output : RS232C

Power Supply:

(3) x 9v Rechargeable Ni Cad Batteries 115v/60Hz or 230v/50Hz Charger 2 Hours Operating Time w/Batteries - Unlimited Operating Time With Charger.

Prologue:
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Optical Sensor Radiation Pyrometer Rugged Lightweight Portable Six Models Available Accuracy 0.5% of Reading Single Double & Triple Temperature Ranges 1420F - 5800F (770C - 3200C) Target Sizes to 0.055" (1.4mm), Small Target Target Distance 12" to Infinity .
 Classification - Optical sensor, non contact high temperature measurement, radiation pyrometer.

 The PYRO Optical pyrometer temperature sensor for non contact high temperature measurement operates by allowing the operator to compare the intensity of light radiated from a target at visible .655 m wavelength to the known brightness of an internal calibrated lamp.  This is achieved by utilizing a rotating optical photoscreenic wedge that functions as a variable neutral density filter.  . The PYRO Optical pyrometer can achieve temperature measurement accuracy to 0.5% of the temperature being observed.

 The PYRO Optical radiation pyrometer is used for many industrial applications
to measure non contact high temperature measurements.




The optical sensor red scales can be provided for emissivity correction of targets with a 0.4 emissivity value.

This is useful for temperature measurement of molten iron & steel.

The PYRO Optical pyrometer is calibrated at an effective wavelength of 0.655 m and is inherently less subject to most errors due to uncertain emissivity or extraneous reflected light than infrared or radiation thermometers.

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Molten Metals Forging Refractories

The schematic drawing above illustrates the PYRO Optical Pyrometer optical and electrical system. The instrument optics serve as a telescope. The PYRO Optical's lenses and prisms provide a clear, enlarged view of the target.

Model Number 81F or 81C 82F or 82C 83F or 83C 84F or 84C

Type Single Range Single Range Double Range Foundry Type w/ *Red Scale Triple Range w/ *Red Scale

85F or 85C

87F or 87C

Triple Range

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Ceramics Investment Casting Calibration Procedures

Min Target Size .090" (2.2mm) .090" (2.2mm) .055" (1.39mm) .055" (1.39mm) .055" (1.39mm)

.055" (1.39mm)

Temperature Range F Temperature Range C 1420F - 2500F 770C - 1400C 1800F - 3400F 1000C - 1900C 1420F - 2200F 770C - 1200C 1800F - 3400F 1000C - 1900C 1800F - 3400F 1000C - 1900C 2200F - 3700F 1200C - 2000C 1420F - 2200F 770C - 1200C 1800F - 3400F 1000C - 1900C 2200F - 3700F 1200C - 2000C 1420F - 2200F 770C - 1200C 1800F - 3400F 1000C - 1900C 3200F - 5800F 1800C - 3200C

*Note: Red scales feature temperature readings corrected for materials with an emissivity value of 0.4. Red scales are typically used for measuring the temperature of molten iron and steel. Optional high temperature filters are available to extend temperature ranges to 7700F or 4500C.

Prologue:
Temperature sensor probe, 4 Application Models Temperature Range: 32F - 2462F (0C - 1350C) Accuracy: 0.3% Reading Large LCD Display, Selectable F or C Records Min/Max, Hold Automatic Cold End Junction Compensation Durable Housing with Boot Lightweight Compact Design Standard 9 volt battery Low Battery Warning Display Meter Three Year Warranty
 Classification - Temperature Sensor Probe, Digital Thermometer, K type Thermocouple, manufacturer.

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Figure: thermocouple thermometer

 The Pyrometer Digital 250 Series Model SDT141S digital thermometer models are a low cost, high accuracy
flexible temperature measurement system.

 These digital thermometer pyrometers are ideal for temperature measurement using thermocouple thermometer K
type thermocouples.

 Each thermocouple thermometer has high meter accuracy of +/- 0.3% of reading.  The temperature is displayed in degrees F or C on a large 1/2" high LCD Display.  The SDT-141S meter is enclosed by a standard rubber boot for shock absorption and features a rear stand for
desktop temperature reading applications.

The PYRO Digital 250 Series thermocouple thermometer models can accommodate a wide variety of industrial, commercial, laboratory and small business applications. . Each model has a wide range of selectable extension arms, interchangeable thermocouples and tips that are suited for those specific applications.

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Foundries Castings Molten Copper Molten Tin Molten Brass

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Molten Bronze Molten Aluminum Molten Zinc Rolling Mills Heat Treating

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Rubber Processing Billets Ceramics Rotating Rolls Steam Traps

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Sheet Metal HVAC Oven / Kilns Asphalt / Paving

Selectable Readout & Resolution:

F or C , 1/10 from 0-999 and 1 over 1000 F or C Type K: 32F - 2462F (0-1350C)

Temperature Range: Type J: 32F - 1832F (0-1000C) 0.3% Of Temperature Displayed 40F to 120F (5C - 50C) 4 Digits - Characters 1/2" High Automatic 9.0 Volt Alkaline Battery, 100 Hours Continuous Operation

Accuracy: Ambient Temperature Range: Digital Display: Cold Junction Compensation: Power: