M.

Tech-II sem (DECS)

Advanced Communications Lab

List of Experiments:

1. Histogram equalization of an image

2. Fourier Transform & its Inverse Fourier Transform of an image
3. Blurring & Deblurring of an image
4. Dilation & Erosion of an image
5. Edge detection (Sobel, canny edge detector) of an image
6. Sampling of an image
7. Frequency Modulation & Demodulation of a signal.
 MATLAB PROGRAMS

1. Histogram Equalization

Aim: To perform histogram equalization of an image

Equipments:

Operating System: - Windows XP

Software: - Matlab 7.5, Image Processing Toolbox.

Theory:

Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
f=imread('coins.png');
figure, imshow(f);
title('input image');
h=imhist(f);
h1=h(1:10:256);
horz=1:10:256;
figure, bar(horz,h1);
figure, plot(horz,h1);
title('histogram equalized image');
Result:-
 2. Fourier Transform & Inverse Fourier Transform

Aim: To perform Fourier Transform & its Inverse Fourier Transform of an image

Equipments:

Operating System: - Windows XP

Software: - Matlab 7.5, Image Processing Toolbox.

Theory:

Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
A=zeros(30,30);
A(5:24,13:17)=1;
subplot(1,2,1);imshow(A);
title('original image');
F=fft2(A);
subplot(1,2,2);imshow(F);
title('fourier transformed image');
S=abs(F)
Fc=fftshift(F);
S2=log(1+abs(Fc));
figure,subplot(1,2,1);
imshow(Fc);
title('fourier transformed image');
F=ifftshift(Fc)
f1=(ifft2(F));
subplot(1,2,2);
imshow(f1);
title('inverse transform');
Result :-
 3. Blurring & Deblurring

Aim: To perform blurring & deblurring of an image

Equipments:

Operating System: - Windows XP

Software: - Matlab 7.5, Image Processing Toolbox.

Theory:

Program:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
f=imread('cameraman.tif');
subplot(1,2,1);imshow(f);title('original image');
LEN = 31;
THETA = 11;
PSF = fspecial('motion',LEN,THETA);
Blurred = imfilter(f,PSF,'circular','conv');
subplot(1,2,2);imshow(Blurred);title('Blurred Image');
% deblurring
figure,subplot(1,2,1);imshow(Blurred);title('Blurred image');
wnr1 = deconvwnr(Blurred,PSF);
subplot(1,2,2);imshow(wnr1);title('Deblurred Image');
title('Restored, True PSF');
Result:-
 4. Dilation & Erosion
Aim: To perform dilation & erosion of an image

Equipments:

Operating System: - Windows XP

Software: - Matlab 7.5, Image Processing Toolbox.

Theory:

Program:

close all;
clear all;
clc;
f=imread('cameraman.tif');
level=graythresh(f);
f1=im2bw(f,level);
s=[0 1 0; 1 1 1 ; 0 1 0];
f2=imdilate(f1,s);
subplot(1,3,1);imshow(f);title('original image');
subplot(1,3,2);imshow(f1);title('binary image');
subplot(1,3,3);imshow(f2);title('dilated image');
Result:-
 5. Edge Detection

Aim: To perform edge detection of an image

Equipments:

Operating System: - Windows XP

Software: - Matlab 7.5, Image Processing Toolbox.

Theory:

Program:

clc;0000
close all;
clear all;
f=imread('trees.tif');
subplot(1,2,1);
imshow(f);title('original image');
BW1=edge(f,'sobel');
BW2=edge(f,'canny');
subplot(1,2,2);
imshow(BW1);title('sobel edge detector image');
figure,subplot(1,2,1);imshow(f);title('original image');
subplot(1,2,2);
imshow(BW2);title('canny edge detector image');
Result:-
 6. Sampling

Aim: To perform sampling of an image

Equipments:

Operating System :- Windows XP

Software:- Matlab 7.5, Image Processing Toolbox.

Theory:

Program:

if (nargin==0)
hFig = figure( 'visible','off' );
hImage = image;
Child = get( hImage,'cdata' );
close( hFig );
out = updownsample( Child,300,300,0,1 );
figure;
colormap gray;
subplot( 1,2,1 );
imagesc( Child );
subplot( 1,2,2 );
imagesc( out );
return
elseif (nargin<5)
error( 'UpDownSample - insufficient input parameters' );
end
% get input image size, and calculate the gain
[in_y_sz,in_x_sz] = size( in_m );
gain_x = out_x_sz/in_x_sz;
gain_y = out_y_sz/in_y_sz;
% check if up/down sampling is needed at all
if (gain_x == 1) & (gain_y==1)
% same gain -> do not change sampling rate
if is_fourier_flag
switch is_real_flag
case 0, out_m = ifft2( in_m );
case 1, out_m = real( ifft2( in_m ) );
case 2, out_m = abs( ifft2( in_m ) );
end
else
out_m = in_m;
end
else
% upsample or downsample as needed
% convert to fourier domain, if input is given in the space domain
if ~is_fourier_flag
 in_m = fft2(in_m);
end
% if the input is even & output is odd-> use floor for all
% if the output is even & input is odd -> use ceil for all
% for downsampling -> the opposite
if (~mod( in_x_sz,2 ) & (out_x_sz>in_x_sz)) | (mod( in_x_sz,2 ) & (out_x_sz<in_x_sz))
x_output_space = max(floor((out_x_sz-in_x_sz)/2),0) + [1:min(in_x_sz,out_x_sz)];
x_input_space = max(floor((in_x_sz-out_x_sz)/2),0) + [1:min(in_x_sz,out_x_sz)];
else
x_output_space = max(ceil((out_x_sz-in_x_sz)/2),0) + [1:min(in_x_sz,out_x_sz)];
x_input_space = max(ceil((in_x_sz-out_x_sz)/2),0) + [1:min(in_x_sz,out_x_sz)];
end
if (~mod( in_y_sz,2 ) & (out_y_sz>in_y_sz)) | (mod( in_y_sz,2 ) & (out_y_sz<in_y_sz))
y_output_space = max(floor((out_y_sz-in_y_sz)/2),0) + [1:min(in_y_sz,out_y_sz)];
y_input_space = max(floor((in_y_sz-out_y_sz)/2),0) + [1:min(in_y_sz,out_y_sz)];
else
y_output_space = max(ceil((out_y_sz-in_y_sz)/2),0) + [1:min(in_y_sz,out_y_sz)];
y_input_space = max(ceil((in_y_sz-out_y_sz)/2),0) + [1:min(in_y_sz,out_y_sz)];
end
% perform the up/down sampling
padded_out_m = zeros( out_y_sz,out_x_sz );
in_m = fftshift(in_m);
padded_out_m( y_output_space,x_output_space ) = in_m(y_input_space,x_input_space);
out_m = (gain_x*gain_y)*ifft2(ifftshift(padded_out_m));
switch is_real_flag
case 0, % do nothing
case 1, out_m = real( out_m );
case 2, out_m = abs( out_m );
end

end
Result:-
 7. Frequency Modulation & Demodulation

Aim: To perform Frequency Modulation & Demodulation of a signal

Equipments:

Operating System: - Windows XP

Software: - Matlab 7.5, Image Processing Toolbox.

Theory:

Program:

Fs = 8000; % Sampling rate of signal

Fc = 3000; % Carrier frequency
t = [0:Fs]/Fs; % Sampling times
s1 = sin(2*pi*10*t); % Channel 1
%s2 = sin(2*pi*150*t)+2*sin(2*pi*900*t); % Channel 2
%x = [s1]; % Two-channel signal
dev = 50; % Frequency deviation in modulated signal
y = fmmod(s1,Fc,Fs,dev); % Modulate both channels.
z = fmdemod(y,Fc,Fs,dev); % Demodulate both channels.
subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,y); title('frequency modulated image');% Plot x on top.
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,z);title('demodulated image');% Plot y below.
Result:-