Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Railton 1935
An Introduction to Automobiles
Jaguar 1955
Pictures taken fr rom Smith (2002)
Czech Tatra 1937 Lincoln continental 1960s Ford S Sierra 1980s Lotus Eclat
Aim ms
Introduce the wide range of skills required for I d h id f kill i df vehicle design and manu ufacture. Briefly set the historical scene and development of l vehicles and their design gn. Introduce the vast range of possibilities for vehicle e design. design Demonstrate the interactivity of processes within the d i th design and manufact d f t ture of vehicles f hi l
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Toyota's contribution:
Production P d ti was flexibl fl xible Quality paramount, getting right first time - LEAN Shorter production runs, wide variants
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1920s 1930 1920 -1930s : small coa h b ild co-exist with ll ach builders i ih large companies By end of second world war only few specialized d manufacturers remain Rolls Royce y Large conglomerates lik British Motor ke Corporation (BMC) , Br ritish Leyland (BL) faced problem of large stock Americans and J A i d Japanese moved parts of operations e d t f ti around the world
Because of export restric ctions and to use facilities all over the world
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Construction Developmen C i D l nt: Till 1930s wooden fram with fabric or wood skin me used to build coaches Late 1930s onwards pre onwards, essed steel plates for skin Multiple curvature adde more strength and body ed panels shared the load l h d th l d Recent cars have shell structure with aerodynamic y structures
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Wooden S l h i frame was done away and W d / Steel chassis f d d replaced by stiff floor pan by spot welding By 1950s, unitary con nstruction was universally followed for mass produ p uced cars Composite body for less weight and corrosion ser free body started after WWII ( Lotus) r Wheels progressed from wooden spokes to metal m spokes t metal hub con t ti to metal spokes ( k to t l h b nstruction t t l k Alloy)
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Construction Early car evolved from carriage , electric powered Bersley 1897
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Styling D l S li Development: Powered versions of hor carriages rse g Engine was placed below vehicle by Daimler w hard maintenence 1890s, Panhard-Levasso created the concept of or having h i engine in front with clutch and gear box i i f t with l t h d b systme Panhard Windscreen was invente in 1920s with increasing ed speed of vehicle
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By h 1930 B the 1930s, excessivel elongated engine covers i ely l d i had become de rigeur for powerful cars with sporting aspirations. ti i ti Luggage was strapped in rear of vehicle and it gg g pp n became integral in europ pean cars. It grew in '50s,'60s and '70s to larg volume ger Till '50s open top was preferred as inspired from s horse carriages
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Stream mlining
In 1890 Amde Boll h I 1890s, A d B ll the younger produced e d d first torpedo shaped designs with raked windscreen Americans did not like t air-streamlined design the
Chevrolet Air-flow
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Stream mlining
Aerodynamics was cons sidered impediment to styles due to angles Box type was more cheap and easier to p yp aper produce Became more popular on after the 70s when oil nly prices went up & fuel ec conomy was considered important
Ford Sierra 1980
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Commercia Vehicles al
End f E d of 19th century, fi t l first lorry and trucks were d k steam powered challen nged by petrol vehicles Threats of world wars le to increase in roads, ed commerical vehicle sale and haulage in Europe es g p IC engine led to the dev velopment of motor bus. Autobahns i 1930 G rmany l d to development A t b h in 1930s Ger led t d l t of good road transport a along with railways. Buses replaced electric t trams, challeged railways in USA, Britain.
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*Not same as petrol-elec petrol elec ctric vehicle in past with pure electric operation f step-less operation for
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Clutches have evolved f from belts and settled pre predominantly with plate cl lutch. Gear box G b evolved from shifting gears to constant l df hif i mesh with moving dog c clutches crash gear box.
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F.W. Lanchester and Bri i h Daimler created FW L h d British D i l d epicyclic gear box with bands and planetary rings Epicyclic gears used in f ford model T , used in buses for ease of operati p ion In 1940's, preselector gearbox was developed with fluid torque conver becoming a Constant rter Variable Transmission s system (automatic) Earlier t E li automatics had p ti h d poor efficiency ffi i
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanchester_epicyclic_gearbox.jpg
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Ferdinand F di d porsche had f h h d fi patent in 1908 f a first i for electric transmission sys stem (890299) first step towards CVT t d Semi-stepless was achie p eved using fluid-torque g q converters in 1940's DAF variomatic type CV were used in dutch VT DAF cars (1959-63)
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Double pulleys
http://www.philseed.com/daf-600.html
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Stee ering
Earlier E li cars borrowed axl similar to horse b d xles i il h carriages with unstable p pivoting axles as horse is not present to stabilize t vehicle t t t t bili th the hi l Ackerman's arrangemen of pivoting wheels about g nt p g individual axes allowed rotation at varied angles / speed during turn Tiller was replaced with steering and linkages and h major development cam after power steering. me Four wheel steering is n available but restricted now to a few models
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Ackerman Linkage nn
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Tille ers
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Suspe ension
Elliptic i Elli i springs adopted f d d from carts problems bl during braking and start ting -need to be restricted Springing developed by torsion bars and further by y p pneumatic variable heig suspensions ght g p Independent wheel susp pensions developed Simple il i Si l coil springs were used f f t suspension e d for front i alone and then used in rear also Active suspensions have vehicle lifted by power e jacks controlled electron nically
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Elliptic S Springs
Mounting to function as anti-roll bar Axle guidance interferes with stee ering
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
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Torsion bar on o
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Pneumatic S Suspension
Flat, non-driven air-suspended semi-trailing-arm rear axle of the Mercedes-B Benz V class
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Suspe ension
Independently moving wheels improved road-grip I d d l i h l i d d i Independent suspensio became popular by 90s. p p ons p p y
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Suspe ension
Wheels d Ti Wh l and Tires: Wooden spoked wheel w metal outer was p with unsuitable for higher spe eed 1895, 1895 Michelin brothers fitted Dunlop tires on s peugeot cars for racing a it started and Pneumatic tires had prob P ti ti h d blems of puncture bl b f t Large tires were good fo poth-rudded roads, with g g or p roads improving size is reached to standard size.
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Suspe ension
Smaller i i S ll tires improved rid and suspension d ride d i dynamics Wider tires had better ro grip oad Tubeless tires were intro oduced after WWII Radial ply was introduced Low profile tires rat of outer to inner tio diameter increased
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Tubeles tires ss
Introduced i 1947 by I d d in b Goodridge An air-tight layer to inner layer of carcass Soft inner layer of highly viscous material to fill in punctures Retain air-pressure longer than others vehicles can be controlled longer
http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/tlt_const.htm
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Tires res r
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Radial Tires l
Since there is no cross ply, Si h i l lesser heat generated hence more life 4 to 6 bracing plies of metal /rayon provides better contact grip and stability against deformation in higher g g speeds g Stiffer in resisting lateral loading hence reduces under/over steer.
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
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Pictu ures taken from 65 series off road tire manual of Goodyear
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Brakes
Horse carriages were essentially stopped by horses H i i ll db h Drum brakes with pair o internal shoes emerged as p of g dominant Until 1920s brakes only in rear wheels y With drum brake proble of fading due to em overheat, emerged disc b k i 1952. h t d di brakes in 1952 Disc brakes were used in front wheels and not in n rear brakes as they requi ired mounting of parking drum brakes
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Brakes
Brakes B k operated b mech i l rods and cables d by chanical d d bl required skilled adjustm or cars would swing ment 1930s hydraulic power a assisted brakes introduced 1960s, 1960s Dual hydraulic c circuit introduced to overcome leaks Heavy vehicles required servo arrangement H hi l i d t Vacuum assist Anti Lock Braking intro oduced from aircrafts. British Jensen FF,1960 w first passenger car to was have it.
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Bendix Hydrovac
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Interior Design
Modern f il cars not superior to high M d family i hi h performance cars of 193 30s. Essential dynamic analy and design to improve ysis q quieteness
Direct belt between en ngine and cooling fan replaced by intermediate electr y rical Vibration isolation Mathematical analysis of the design s
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Safety Design
Invention of motor cars produced more deaths than I i f d d d h h any other invention.
No. of civilian deaths per month in USA during WWII greater than de eaths due to war
1930s unitary Chevrolet airflow body construction was more r resistant to impact with another car. No significant work till 1950s and 60s as it was not a selling point
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Safety Design
Pre-war cars h d steerin columns like spears to P had ing l lik the heart of drivers in ca of frontal impact ase Collapsible steering intr roduced by 1960s Seat belts appeared arou 1950s for front seat und occupants and slowly sp pread to rear Airbags came later Ai b l t Vehicle is now designed with energy absorbers in g d gy front, rear and sides.
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Further R Reading
Julian-Happian Smith (2002), An I t d ti t M d J li H i S ith (2002), A Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design,Butterworth-H Heinmann (ISBN 0-7506-5044-3) Newton, K., Steeds, W. d Garrett, T.K. (1983), Th M t N t K St d W and G tt T K (1983) The Motor Vehicle (10th edn). Butterwor (ISBN 0-408-01118-1 (hard rths cover) and 0-408-01157-2 (so cover)). ) ( oft )) Jrnsen Reimpell et al (2001) The Automotive chassis ), (Second edition), Butterworth Heinman (ISBN 0-7506-5054-0) h
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes_V6_D TM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blumfield_Vtwin_motorcycle_engine.jpg
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Plate c clutch
http://gtmotorsports.com http://www.novakadapt.com/knowledge/clutches_etc.htm
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Plate C Clutch
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Gear box r
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Gearbox - Sy ynchromesh
Synchromesh S h h have synchronizers synchronizers for smoother gear shifting