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Assignment Specification
version:MW2011/1
The first graph below shows the input signals - the AC voltage and the pulses synchronized with it.
Note the way that the thyristor is turned on and off. Refer to the technical literature to explain this.
v _ s rc
v _ lo a d
S in e W a v e
g a te
P LE C S C irc u it
i_ s r c
S cope
P u lse G e n e ra to r
C irc u it
Now build this circuit in Simulink To start you need a copy of the PLECS library on your system (a USB drive will do) but Matlab must be looking at the directory where it is held by setting a path to the directory. You must build the circuit using the PLECS library in the PLECS circuit window. Click on the Components window to get access to the necessary components. This circuit can now be saved (.mdl) and dragged into a Simulink window where you can add the necessary interfacing. Write a detailed explanation of this circuits operation and indicate applications. Note: You need to design in the PLECS window separately, you cannot mix and match Simulink and PLECS libraries. See Appendix 2. for instructions how to start the PLECS library features.
Triacs
Replace the thyristor(SCR) with a Triac. Observe and record the results. What is the effect of increasing the resistor (changing voltage/current phase displacement). Identify applications of triacs. What is a Diac? Check on the "All About Circuits" web site for Triacs and Diacs.
Buck Converter
This is a basic Buck power converter that can be built using the PLECS library. It should be saved as a .mdl file and included as macro in a Simulink simulation see below.
This simulation also uses the PLECSprobe facility to monitor the inductor and capacitor current and voltage. The buck topology shown is one of the most basic. It is a non-isolated down converter operating in the direct mode. Load current is conducted directly by the single switch element during the on-time and through the output diode during the off-time. Advantages of the buck are simplicity and low cost. Disadvantages include a limited power range and a DC path from input to output in the event of a shorted switch element, which can make secondary circuit protection more difficult.
P LE CS P ro b e P ro b e i_ d c , v _ l
p u ls e
P LE CS O u t1 C i rc u i t D isp la y C i rc u i t
P u ls e G e n e ra t o r
S cope1
The result of the simulation can be seen on the voltage display and on the PLECSprobe output. ->
Run this model and demonstrate that by changing the pulse timing, the average power in the system is altered. Now modify the circuit to convert 240vDC to 3vDC and document your results, tests and final design.
Alternative Designs
Identify alternative designs of buck power converter, include isolated and indirect technologies. Explain why isolation is desirable. Refer to "Principles of Power Conversion" - Artesyn.
Switches
Compare the operation and application of MOSFETs and IGBTs as switching devices. Use the search facility on the "All About Circuits" website. Try different switches in your designs and observe any differences.
Boost Converter
A boost converter can be similarly constructed using the circuit below:
Build this circuit and document its output and the signals at key points. Describe how it works.
The boost topology shown is the most fundamental form of a non-isolated up converter. It is classified as an indirect converter since the energy transfer to the output occurs when the switch element is in the off state. During the on-time of the switch element, energy is accumulated in the input inductor as it is connected across the input voltage source by the switch. During this time, the load current is drawn from the output capacitor, which is isolated from the reverse biased diode. When the switch turns off, the energy stored in the inductor is released into the output through the diode adding to the input voltage source and setting the output voltage to the desired value as a function of the converters duty cycle.
Now modify the circuit to convert 12vDC to 110vDC and document your results, tests and final design. Feedback Control in Buck and Boost Converter All designs must include feedback to maintain a stable output. Examine the PLECS demos and find out how they have achieved this. Consider this option with a Buck Converter, and try it out:-
Alternative Designs
Identify alternative designs of boost power converter, include isolated and indirect technologies. Comment on the efficiency of rectifiers using alternative designs. Refer to "Principles of Power Conversion" - Artesyn.
Flyback Converter
A flyback converter can be similarly constructed using the circuit below:
Modify the input voltage to 110V DC and observe the results. Modify the pulse width and observe the results. This is a transformer-isolated topology operating in the indirect conversion mode. When the power switch is turned on, primary current ramps up and energy is stored in the core of transformer. During this time interval, diode is reverse biased and energy to the load is supplied by the charge
in capacitor. When the switch turns off, the negative current transition on the primary is reflected to the secondary so that becomes forward biased and current is conducted to the load and also to recharge.
Build this Resonant Reset Forward circuit and use the PLECS probe to examine the internal operation. Record and comment on your results.
H-Bridge Inverter
This model shows a voltage source inverter (VSI) realized with generic switches. The constant DC link voltage is programmed from Simulink. The three available output voltage levels are cyclically applied to an RL load. Apply instrumentation (scopes) to the H-Bridge so that you understand the mechanism. Modify the system so that it outputs 24volts at 60Hz. Record your test data. Suggest applications for this type of design. Explain the operation - in detail. (Use the model in the PLECS examples.)
Marking Scheme
Thyristor/Triac Circuits Buck Converters, switching devices Boost Converters, rectifiers Flyback Converter Resonant Reset Forward H-Bridge Inverter 10 Marks 10 Marks 10 Marks 10 Marks 10 Marks 10 Marks
Each design should be explained in detail. - 5 marks Relevant results should be included and commented on.(see below) - 5 marks
Part B - Control
Each section here has 10 marks.
PID -2
This assignment is based around a PID model implemented as a Simulink block (available on Moodle). Read the tutorial papers on PID controllers and then attempt the changes to the simulation below and note the results. Finally write a brief description of a PID controller, describing its features, application and how it works. This model represents a third order process, consisting three chemical reactors.
Set the gains Ki and Kd to zero and adjust Kp until the system oscillates at a regular rate.
Measure the period of a single oscillation and the relevant value of Kp. Calculate the new values for Kp, Ki and Kd.
Build this circuit and examine the effects of noise on the output.
Note: The White Noise produces a large spike at 1. This clipped by the Wrap To Zero function, as a zener diode would in real life. Set Kp = 1.02, Ki = 0.288 and Kd = 3.57. Try different values of Kd and Ki, and note the results. Try different levels of noise by altering the level of noise by changing the gain in the noise generation circuit. What are your conclusions? Comment why some controllers are PI only. (search the internet)
Marking Scheme
Documented results and commentary 40 marks
Decrease Increase Small change Decrease Increase Increase Indefinite (small decrease or increase) Decrease Decrease [1]
ZieglerNichols method
Another tuning method is formally known as the ZieglerNichols method, introduced by John G. Ziegler and Nathaniel B. Nichols. As in the method above, the Ki and Kd gains are first set to zero. The P gain is increased until it reaches the critical gain, Kc, at which the output of the loop starts to oscillate. Kc and the oscillation period Pc are used to set the gains as shown: ZieglerNichols method Control Type Kp Ki Kd P 0.50Kc PI 0.45Kc 1.2Kp / Pc PID 0.60Kc 2Kp / Pc KpPc / 8
Steps:Place controller into automatic with low gain, no reset or derivative. Gradually increase gain, making small changes in the setpoint, until oscillations start. Adjust gain to make the oscillations continue with a constant amplitude. Note the gain (Ultimate Gain, Gu,) and Period (Ultimate Period, Pu.) The Ultimate Gain, Gu, is the gain at which the oscillations continue with a constant amplitude. The gain, reset, and Derivative are calculated using: Gain P PI PID 0.5 GU 0.45 GU 0.6 GU Reset
Derivative
1.2/Pu 2/Pu
Pu/8
Note that the library is locked. 6. Unlock it using the Edit function - in the PLECS library window.