2. Vocabulary Building One Word Substitutes The most important characteristic of any language is it word power.

All the three processes-thinking, speaking and writing require the use of words, hence we need to develop our vocabulary or word power. Developing a wide vocabulary or word power is another important aspect of language study. In any language. In order to convey finer shades of meaning with accuracy and precision, it is necessary to increase your vocabulary or word power. The English language has nearly half a million words, and there is no cut and dry method of improving ones vocabulary. One should read extensively and be in constant touch with the dictionary to clarify the meanings of the words, thus one can update ones word power. Apart from this, the student may consult Rogets International thesaurus or a dictionary of synonyms, to increase his / her word power. Learning one - word substitutes are an important form of expanding ones vocabulary. Single words for phrases and sentences One Word Substitutes Denoting Numbers 1 Flock : A number of sheep. 2 Catch : A number of fish taken in a net. 3 Herd : A number of cattle or swine feeding or driven together. 4 Pack : A number of wolves, hounds or submarines. etc. 5 Leap : A number of leopards. 6 Swarm : A Number of bees, locusts, ants etc. 7 Troop : A number of lions, monkeys or cavalry soldiers. 8 Litter : A number of pigs, dogs, cats brought forth at a time. 9 Poultry : A collection of fowls, ducks, etc. 10 Zoo : A collection of wild animals.

11 Audience : A number of people listening to a concert or lecture. 12 Crowd : A number of people gathered together. 13 Troupe : A number of artistes, dancers or acrobats. 14 Choir : A number of singers in a church. 15 Army, troop, battalion, regiment : A number of soldiers. 16 Crew : A number of sailors manning a ship. 17 Gang : A number of workmen, prisoners, thieves etc. 18 Posse : A group of constables called to enforce the law. 19 Jury, panel : A number of jurymen engaged on a case. 20 Anthology : A collection of poems. 21 Bouquet : A collection of flowers. 22 Chest : A number of drawers. 23 Fleet : A number of ships. 24 Herbarium : A collection of dried plants. 25 Hamlet : A cluster of houses in a village. 26 Constellation : A number of stars grouped together. 27 Suite : A set of furniture rooms etc. WITH THESE MAY BE ADDED A bale of cotton, a bale of wool, a tuft of grass, a sheaf of corn, a sheaf of arrows, a hand of bananas, a group of Islands, a crate of fruit, a crate of crockery, a field of athletes, a nest of machine- guns, a nest of shelves. Words Denoting Places 29 Aquarium : A place where fishes are kept. 30 Sty : A place where pigs are kept. 31 Kennel : A house or shelter for a dog. 32 Stable : A house of shelter for horses. 33 Pen : A house or shelter for cows 33 Den : The house or home of a lion. 35 Monastery : A residence for monks or priests. 36 Convent : A Residence for nuns. 37 Laundry : A place where clothes are washed and ironed. 38 Garage : A place for housing cars. 39 Hanger : A place for housing aeroplanes. 40 Hotel, an : A place where travellers obtain lodging and refreshment 41 Archives : A place where government records are kept.

42 Gymnasium : A place where athletic exercises are performed. 43 Cache : A place where treasures, stores, ammunition are hidden. 44 Barracks : A building for the lodging and accommodation of soldiers 45 Cantonment : A place where soldiers are quartered. 46 Mint : A place where money is coined. 47 Observatory : A place where astronomical observations are taken. 48 Orphanage : A place where orphans are housed. 49 Crche : A nursery where children of parents are cared for while their parents are at work. 50 Dormitory : The sleeping rooms in a college or public institution. Words Denoting Professions or Trades 51 Oculist : One who attends to the diseases of the eye. 52 Optician : One who tests eyesight and sells spectacles. 53 Cardiologist : A doctor who cures heart diseases. 54 Physician : One who attends to sick people and prescribes medicines. 55 Surgeon : One who treats diseases by performing operations. 56 Dentist : One who attends to teeth. 57 Masseur : One who treats diseases by rubbing muscles. 55 Neurologist : One who specialises in the treatment of nervous disorders. 59 Dermatologist : One who treats skin diseases. 60 Orthopedist : One who treats the fracture of bones. 61 Paediatrician : A doctor who treats the diseases of babies and children. 62 Psychiatrist : One who studies the human brain 63 Gynaecologist : One who specializes in the treatment and care of women. 64 Sculptor : One who carves in stone. 65 Admiral : The commander of a fleet. 66 Captain : One who is in command of a ship. 67 Journalist : One who writes for the newspapers. 68 Architect : One who plans and draws the design of buildings and executes

their construction. 69 Draughts man : One who draws plans. 70 Florist : One who sells or deals in flowers. 71 Plumber : One who works in lead, and mending water pipes. 72 Geologist : One who studies rocks and soils 73 Archaeologist : One who studies the past through objects left behind. 74 Astronomer : One who studies the stars 75 Astrologer : One who foretells things by the stars. 76 Pilot : One who flies an aeroplane. 77 Cashier : One who pays out money, at the bank. 78 Upholsterer : One who makes and sells cushions and covers of chairs, motor-car seats etc. 79 Philatelist : One who collects postage stamps. 80 Conjuror : One who performs tricks by sleight of hand. 81 Acrobat : One who performs daring gymnastic feats. 82 Hawker : One who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous things. 83 Tinker : One who goes from place to place mending pots, pans etc. 84 Auctioneer : One who sales articles at public sales. 85 Veterinarian : One who is skilled in the treatment of diseases of animals. 86 Lexicographer : One who compiles a dictionary 87 Ethnologist : One well-versed in the science of human races, their varieties and origin. 88 Anthropologist : One who studies the evolution of mankind. 89 Psychologist : One who studies the working of human mind. 90 Cannibal : One who eats human flesh. 91 Vegetarian : One who eats no animal flesh. 92 Demagogue : A leader of the people who can sway his followers by his speech. 93 Sophist : One whose reasoning is clever yet false. 94 Pedant : One who makes a display of his learning 95 Connoisseur : One who has special skill in judging art, music, tastes e. 96 Eavesdropper : One who listens to the conversation of others.

97 Epicure : One devoted to the pleasures of eating and drinking. 98 Charlatan, Quack : One who pretends to know a great deal about everything. 99 Linguist : One well-versed in many languages. 100 Ambidexter : One who can use both hands. Names by which Persons with Certain Characteristics are known 101 Optimist : One who looks on the bright side of things. 102 Pessimist : One who looks on the dark side o things. 103 Philanthropist : One who devotes his service o wealth for the love of mankind. 104 Misanthropist : A hater of mankind. 105 Cynic : One who sneers at the aims and beliefs of his fellow men. 106 Somnambulist : One who walks in his sleep. 107 Somniloquist : One who talks in his sleep 108 Ventriloquist : An entertainer who can produce voice sound so that they seen to come from a puppet. 109 Altruist : One who devotes his life to the welfare and interests of other people. 110 Egotist : One who delights to speak about himself or thinks only of his own welfare. 111 Martyr : One who dies for a noble cause. 112 Hermit : One who retires from society to live a solitary life. 113 Zoophilist : A lover of animals. 114 Misogamist : A hater of marriage. 115 Misogynist : A hater of women. 116 Alcoholic : One who has an irresistible desire for alcoholic drinks. 117 Teetotaler : One who abstains from alcoholic drinks. 118 Antiquary : A person who collects things belonging to ancient times. Pertaining to Government 119 Democracy : Government of the people, for the people and by the people.

120 Autocracy : Government by a sovereign with uncontrolled authority. 121 Aristocracy : Government by the nobility. 122 Bureaucracy : Government by departments of state. 123 Oligarchy : Government by a few. 124 Plutocracy : Government by the wealthy. 125 Hagiocracy : Government by priests or ecclesiastics. 126 Theocracy : Government by divine guidance. Pertaining to Marriage 127 Monogamist : One who has only one wife or husband at a time. 128 Bigamist : One who marries a second wife or husband while the legal spouse is alive. 129 Polygynist : Man who has more than one wile at a time. 130 Polyandrist : Woman who has acre than one husband at a time. 131 Celibate : One vowed to a single or unmarried life. 132 Widower : A Man whose wife is dead. 133 Widow : A woman whose husband is dead. 134 Fiance : One engaged to be married. Science and Arts 135 Agriculture : The art of tilling the soil. 136 Horticulture : The art of cultivating and managing gardens. 137 Agronomics : The science of land management. 138 Genealogy : The science of family descent. 139 Archeology : The study of ancient buildings and prehistoric remains. 140 Paleography : The study of ancient writings. 141 Calligraphy : The art of beautiful writing 142 Cartography : The art of making maps and charts. 143 Numismatics : The study of coins. 144 Menstruation : The art of using mathematical rules for measuring 145 Trigonometry : The science of riafl9 146 Elocution : The art of effective speaking or oral reading. 147 Ethnology : The science which deals with the Varieties of the human race. 148 Anatomy : The science of the structure of the human body.

149 Technology : The scientific study of industrial arts. 150 Ornithology : The study of birds. 151 Otology : The study of eggs. 152 Urology : The study of mountains. 153 Philology : The study of languages. 154 Etymology : The study of the origin and history of words. Medical 154 Epidemic : A disease affecting many persons at the same place and time. 155 Pandemic : Disease widely epidemic. 156 Endemic : A disease confined to particular district or place. 157 Sporadic : A disease affecting widely scattered groups of people. 158 Antiseptic : A substance which destroys or weakens germs. 159 Anaesthetic : Any medicine which produces insensibility 160 Antidote : A medicine to counteract poison. 161 Narcotic : A medicine for producing sleep. 162 Emetic : A medicine to cause vomitting. 163 Quarantine : Confinement to one place to avoid spread of infection 164 Anaemia : Want or poorness of blood. 165 Deodorant : A substance to keep down evil smells. 166 Fumigate : To disinfect by smoke. 167 Pathology : The science of diseases of the human body. Death 168 Asphyxia : Fainting or death due to being deprived of air. 169 Corpse : The dead body of a human being. 170 Carcass : The dead body of an animal. 171 Mortuary : A place where the bodies of persons found dead are placed for identification. 172 Cremation : Disposal of a dead body by burning. 13 Embalm : To preserve a dead body from putrefaction. 174 Pyre : A pile of wood on which a dead body is burned. 175 Autopsy, post-mortem : An examination of a dead body. 176 Obituary : An account in the newspaper of the funeral of one deceased. 177 Suicide : The act of killing ones self. 178 Homicide : The act of killing a human being.

179 Infanticide : Murder of a new-born child. 180 Fratricide : Murder of a brother. 180 Sorocide : Murder of a sister. 181 Matricide : Murder of a mother. 182 Patricide : Murder of a father. 183 Regicide : Murder of a king. Scientific Instruments 184 Thermometer : An instrument used for measuring heat or cold. 185 Barometer : An instrument used for measuring the pressure of air. 186 Periscope : An instrument for enabling persons inside a submarine to see objects above the surface of the water. 187 Seismograph : An instrument for detecting earth quakes. 188 Micrometer : An instrument for measuring minute distances. 189 Manometer : An instrument for measuring gases. 190 Lithoscope : An instrument for distinguishing precious stones. 191 Speedometer : An instrument for measuring the speed of motor cars. Literary 192 Directory : Book of names and addresses. 193 Encyclopedia : A book containing information on branches of knowledge. 194 Axiom : A statement which is accepted as true without proof. 195 Glossary : A list of explanations of rare, technical or obsolete words 196 Jargon : Language which is highly technical and is confusing and unintelligible. 197 Facsimile, fax : An exact copy of handwriting, printing or of a picture. 193 Extempore : A speech delivered without any previous preparation. 199 Plagiarism : Passing off another authors work as ones own. ***** IMPORTANT IDIOMS IN ENGLISH 1. Crocodile tears = tears of sorrow that are insincere Sita is shedding Crocodile tears; he is not really sorry at all.

2. A White elephant = a usually big object that causes its a lot of trouble or expense and is therefore useless The huge wardrobe your aunt gave us has been nothing but a white elephant. 3. A Dark horse = a person whose abilities are hidden or unknown Gopi is a dark horse; someday he will surprise people by his artistic talent. 4. The Lions share = the larger and largest part The eldest son had the lions share of the property. 5. Smell a rat = have a feeling that something wrong is happening I smell a rat. I dont think he is telling the truth. 6. Keep somebody at arms length = not become too friendly with somebody; avoid meeting somebody Sumanth is quarrelsome, so I try to keep him at arms length 7. A Bone of contention = a cause of quarrelling It has been a bone of contention for sometime now. 8. Lose face = be made to look foolish; lose the respect of others Mr Patel lost face at the office when he broke his promise to the staff. 9. Split hairs = argue over unimportant details or matters I have been speaking to him suddenly he splits hairs. 10. Live from hand to mouth = live very poorly After Krishna Raos death, the family had to live from hand to mouth. 11. Lose heart= lose hope; become discouraged Every time Srinivas sat the examination but he failed; sothat he lost heart and gave up his studies. 12. Pay through the nose = pay more money for something than it is worth. Kiran paid through the nose for his bread. 13. Give someone the cold shoulder = ignore someone / treat someone in an unfriendly way All the neighbours gave Kishore the cold shoulder because he illtreated his wife.

14. Beat about the bush = talk about something in a way that avoids saying what ought to be said Mamatha asked Santhosh stop beating about the bush and tell her exactly what has happened. 15. Turn over a new leaf = make a new and better start Manoj used to drink and gamble, but recently he has turned over a new leaf. 16 In a nutshell= very briefly Ramesh used to tell the story in a nutshell. 17 Black and white = in writing with proof Murthy would like the agreement in black and white. 18. A red- letter day = a very important day: a special happy day that will always be remembered It was a red letter for Dhoni when he was chosen captain of the cricket team. 19. Blow hot and cold = Continually change ones mind about something interested in it, then uninterested I dont know whether Pavan will join us in the picnic or not; he is bowling hot and cold about it. 20. Break the ice = try to be friendly with people one did not know before Let us break the ice by inviting our new neighbours to tea. 21. At someones beck and call = always ready to obey someones orders. The students of AMRITASAI are always at the Principals beck and call. 22. A bed of roses = a happy comfortable situation Life is not always a bed of roses. 23. By hook or crook= by any means possible Ramesh wants to get the job by hook or crook. 24. By leaps and bounds = very quickly; at a great rate The buildings of the shopping centre is going ahead leaps and bounds 26. move heaven and earth = make every possible effort

He moved heaven and earth to get license for his new business 27. Tooth and nail= very violently with all ones strength They fought tooth and nail for their countrys freedom 28. A wet blanket= a person who discourage others or prevent them enjoying what they do Dont invite him to the party: hes a Wet blanket 29. At ones wits end = puzzled; not knowing what to do or say When the landlord called for the rent I was at my wits end ***** PHRASAL VERBS Ask after : enquire about the health of (someone) Mr Gokak asked after you. And I told him you were better. Ask out : Invite (someone) to a show, meal, etc. I asked her out for the evening. Back Up : give support to I will put these ideas before the committee, if you will back me up. Break into : (a) Interrupt The children broke into our conversation Bring about : cause The new manager has brought about many changes. Bring up : rear or educate (children) They have brought their children up very well. Call on / upon: Invite (someone to do something) I call on Gopal to address the meeting. Call off : cancel The strike was called off. Carry off : win (the prize, honour, etc.) Ramesh carried off most of the prizes at the sports. Carry out : perform; fulfil The plan was carried out. Come by : obtain I hope you came by the money honestly. Come off : (a) take place When does the cricket match come off? Cut in : (of a person) interrupt Dont cut in when somebody else is talking. Cut off : disconnect; interrupt (something)

The telephone conversation was cut off. Do up : repair or put in better condition Let us do up this house before the guests arrive. Drop off : fall asleep I was so tired I dropped off while reading the magazine. Fall in with : meet by chance While staying in Bombay we fell in with a party of French tourists. Fall out : quarrel She often falls out with her husband. Fall through : fail to be completed The scheme to build a chemical factory has fallen through. Get at : reach I have placed the medicine on a high shelf, so the children cant get at it. Get through : pass (an examination) All the girls have got through the examination. Give in : hand or bring (something) (to someone, often in authority) Please give to your exercise book in to the teacher at the end of the lesson. Give up : stop doing or having (something) You must give up smoking. Go through : examine (something) You must go through the accounts and see where the mistake is. Look after : take care of Will you look after my children till I return? Look forward to: expect with pleasure (always followed by a noun or gerund.) Im looking forwarded to your arrival. Make up for : repay with something good; compensate This payment will make up for the loss of his job. Pull through: recover from illness Mr Nair was seriously ill, but he finally pulled through. Put off : move to a later date; post pone We have to put off the picnic till next week. Put on : dress oneself in What suit are you going to put on? Run into : meet by chance I ran into an old friend of mine yesterday.

See off : go to the station, airport, etc. with a person starting on a journey We saw him off at the station. Set in : (of a period, usually unpleasant) begin Winter sets in early in the north. Set off / set out: begin a journey We set off at 6.30 and reached Ooty at 8.15. Stand by : support, be loyal to No matter what happens, I will stand by you. Take after : resemble; look or behave like (an older relative, esp. apparent) Ramesh takes after his mother. Take in : understand I didnt take in what she was saying. Turn off : stop a flow of (water, gas, electricity, etc.); switch off/ turn off the water Turn up : appear; arrive Forty people were expected, but only thirty-two turned up. ******** Synonyms Anxiety = worry Asunder = apart Resolve = decision Promptly = readily View = attitude, vision, opinion Accomplished= performed, finished Abnormal = queer, strange Baffled = puzzled Abhor = to hate Acclaim = praise Actuate = motivate Affront = insult Animosity = enmity Audacious = daring Averse = disinclined Bias = prejudice Captivate = to charm Castigate = to rebuke Calumny = slander

Chastise = to punish Condone = to excuse Coy = shy Contrite = to repent Compunction = regret Consummate = to perfect Dereliction = neglect Detrimental = harmful Derogatory = insulting Disdain = hatred Edifice = structure Elevate = to make nobler Eulogy = praise Exuberance = enthusiasm Felicity = happiness Healthy = hygienic Fiasco = disorder Incite = to inflame Incessant = continuous Instigate = incite Insidious = cunning Impetus = incentive Impasse = deadlock Jeopardize = endanger Latent = hidden Laudable = praise worthy Lethargy = laziness Loquacious = talkative Medley = mixture of Mingle = mix Morbid = diseased Nurture = training Opulent = prosperous Penury = poverty Pompous = showy Predilection = liking Ransack = search Ravage = plunder Repudiate = to deny

Squalor = misery Subjugate = to subdue Sycophant = flatterer Tenacity = persistence Throes = pangs Travesty = misrepresentation Turbulence = violent Trenchant = vigorous Twine = wind, twist Uncanny = un-natural Veracity = truth Vindictive = revengeful Vitiate = Spoil Verdict = decision Verge = border Welcome = agreeable Waste = ravage Wax = increase Yield = Submit Silent = reticent Sincere = frank Skilful = clever Stupid = dull Withhold = retain Poverty = penury Pure = chaste Rare = unique Recover = restore Regular = typical Result = consequence, outcome Royal = kingly Absorb = assimilate Accuse = charge Anger = fury Bad = unfair Liberal = generous Mad = insane Mysterious = unknown Nice = subtle

New = novel Palatable = delicious Peaceful = calm Defend = protect Deny = contradict Enemy = foe Generous = noble Glad = happy Irregular = disorderly Important = significant ******** Antonyms Affirm X deny Accelerate X retard Affluence X poverty Attract X repel Carnal X spiritual Cursory X thorough Covert X overt Abstract X concrete Advance X retreat Allow X forbid Aristocrat X commoner Admire X denigrate Attractive X repulsive Base X noble Boom X slump Centrifugal X centripetal Clergy X laity Convex X concave Defendant X plaintiff Deficit X surplus Deliberate X accidental Dwarf X giant Dawn X dusk Deflate X inflate Dwindle X grow Ebb X retard Egoism X altruism

Emigrant X immigrant Extravagant X frugal Elevation X depression Enrich X impoverish Exult X grieve Famous X obscure Fictious X real Fabulous X actual Folly X wisdom Fierce X mild Glut X scarcity Grave X gay Honour X shame Hurt X heal Intrinsic X extrinsic Industrious X indolent Jovial X gloomy Justify X condemn Kernel X shell Languid X active Loquacious X taciturn Liberate X enslave Lascivious X moral Lewd X virtuous Let X hire Mad X sane Marriage X celibacy Monotheism X polytheism Memory X oblivion Monogamy X polygamy Monotony X variety Notorious X famous Neutral X partial Niggard X spendthrift Optimistic X accidental Orthodox X heterodox Observe X reverse Omission X commission Ostensible X actual

Pleasure X pain Pride X humility Pragmatic X idealistic Queer X normal Relative X absolute Reserved X sociable Recede X advance Remittent X receiver Resist X submit Sacred X profane Savage X civilized Smile X frown Sober X drunk Sympathy X antipathy Transparent X opaque Trivial X important Upright X dishonest Verbal X written Vague X definite Voluntary X compulsory Zenith X nadir Zeal X apathy Hereditary X acquired Illumine X darken Adore X abhore Ample X scaly Appreciation X denigration Vanity X modesty Rigorous X lenient Woeful X cheerful Ominous X auspicious Optimistic X pessimistic Often X seldom Tense X relaxed ******* Words often confused 1). Advice : I asked the doctor for his advice Advise : I advise you to apply for the job 2). Affect : to influence or act upon smoking affects ones health

Effect : (a) to make happen or produce The new government effected many changes. (b) a result His medicine has good effect on me. 3). Altar : a raised place on which things are offered to a god; table at the end of a church The bride and the groom stood before the attar Alter : to change The town has altered a lot in the five years. 4). Beside : at the side of I next to Walk beside me Besides : (a) in addition to I have three other coats besides this (b) Moreover I dont want to go; besides I am tired. 5) Canvas : a coarse cloth The tent is made of canvas Canvass : to go round asking for votes He is canvassing for the congress candidate. 6) Cease : to stop They have something forcibly or suddenly Seize : to take something forcibly or suddenly She seized the pistol from him. 7) Cite : to quote or refer to He often cites the bible in his speeches. Sight : Power of seeing; some thing seen His sight is poor, so he is wearing spectacles The scenery makes a beautiful right. 8) Coarse : rough This cloth is coarse. He made a coarse remark. Course : a series; direction, etc. I am taking a course of French lessons. Our course is directly south. 9) Dairy : a place where milk, butter and cheese are kept or made for sold She went to the dairy to, by some butter. Diary : a book containing a daily record of events in a persons life

He wants to read my diary. 10) Die : to perish He died in the accident Dye : to colour by a chemical process; the colouring matter used He dyed his hair black. 11) Fair : light-coloured (adjective) She is a fair girl. Fair (noun) market with entertainments I met him at the fair. Fare (Verb) to do, to get on I didnt fare well in the exam. 12) Foul : dirty; unpleasant The medicine has a foul taste. Fowl : hens, geese, etc. He keeps fowls. 13) Later : more late; after some time. Come later / at a later date. Latter : The second (of two people or things) I like both coffee and tea but prefer the latter. 14) Loose : not light; not strong This short is too loose. Lose : to suffer the loss of; to be unable find did you lose your watch? 15) Principal : (a) main or chief Rich is the principal food of Andhras. (b) Head of a school or college Mr. V.N. Joshi is the principal of the college Principle : general truth or law Do you know the principal of gravity? 16) Quiet : calm Be quiet, boys. Quite : completely. You are quite right. 17) Raise : to lift some thing. Raise your hands. Rise : to get higher Prices rise during war. 18) Root : Part of rise during war. The boy has pulled up the plant by the roots

Route : Way planned from one place to another This is the shortest route to the aerodrome 19) Stationary : not moving; standing still Dont get off the train till it is stationary. Stationery : writing materials like paper, ink, pencils etc. I must by some stationery. 20) Troop : a company of persons / animals A troop of visitors arrived. Troupe : Company of actors, singers, dancers, etc. A circus troupe arrived. 21) Weather : day-to-day climate In may , the whether is hot. Whether : if I asked whether he would come. 22) Adapt : to make suitable for new needs or different conditions. He adapted the play for television. He adapted himself easily to his new job. Adopt : (a) to take something and use as ones own The club adopted a new set of rules. (b) to take a child of other parents as ones own They are adopting a child. 23) Ascent : act of going up or climbing The ascent of the mountain would be extremely difficult. Assent : agreement; to agree The President gave his assent to the bill. They assented to the Proposal to widen the road. 24) Collision : Violent clash There was a collision between a truck and a lorry. Collusion : a secret agreement The watchman acted in collusion with the 25) Complement : (a) that which completes An ice cream is a complement to a good mea (b) a complete number or amount The ship has a complement of 120 passengers. Compliment : (a) to express admiration for another. I Compliment you on your success. (b) an expression of admiration She was pleased with my compliment about her dress. 26) Council : an assembly, an advisory body

The municipal council meets on July 5 Counsel : advice ; a legal adviser; to advise He wont listen to our counsel His guardian counseled him well. 27) Descent : act of descending or going down The descent of the hill wad not so difficult Dissent : to disagree; disagreement I express strong dissent in this matter. I dissent from what you have said. 28) Dual : double; divided in two My brother and I have dual ownership of the rice-mail. Duel : fight between two persons Harry killed Jack in a duel. 29) Heal (verb) : cure This ointment will heal your wounds. Heel (noun) : back part of the foot or part of a sock covering it. The shoe hurt my heel. 30) Human : of man or mankind; having the qualities of man. That is his human nature. Humane : Kind-hearted He is a humane officer. 31) Morning : The first part of the day I saw him this morning. Mourning : Grief The people were in mourning when their leader died. 32) Precede : to go in advance of; to come first A precedes B in the alphabet. Proceed : to go on; to continue They proceeded with their work. 33) Precedent : That which Precedes; a past instance which may serve as an example Is there a precedent for what you want me to do? President : One who presides over a meeting; the head of a board, council, etc. He was elected President of the Lions club. 34) Soar : to go up Prices soar during war. Sore : Painful

I have a sore knee. 35) Vacation : holiday What do you intend to do in the summer vacation? Vocation : a feeling that one is called to do a certain Kind of work (esp. of a worthy kind); The work done, profession entered, etc. (as a result of such feeling) He is a good doctor; he has a vocation for looking after the sick. Many people regard teaching as a vocation. ********