Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

CASE STUDY #1 Three Storey Office Building Vancouver, B.C. Canada

SOFTEK Services Ltd.

#275 13500 Maycrest Way Richmond, BC, Canada V6V 2N8 Tel: (604) 273-7737 Web: www.s-frame.com

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Softek Services Ltd. cannot be held responsible for the material presented in this document. This document is intended for the use of professional personnel competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations, and who will accept the responsibility for its application. Softek Services Ltd. disclaims any and all responsibility for the application of the contents presented in this document and for the accuracy of any of the material contained in this document including computer software referenced herein.

CASE STUDY #1
In this project, we will design various shear walls in a three storey office building located in a high risk seismic zone using SOFTEKs products: S-FRAME and S-CONCRETETM. Key results generated by S-FRAME and S-CONCRETETM will also be verified using hand calculations. Building Description

Design Data (NBCC 2005) Location: Loads: Commercial Building in Vancouver, BC, Canada (Granville & 41st Ave), Site Soil = Class C Retail on Ground Floor, Live Load = 4.8 kPa Offices on Upper Levels, Live Load = 2.4 kPa Partition Allowance = 1.0 kPa Front Curtain Wall Weight = 1.0 kPa Ground Snow, Ss = 1.9 kPa and Sr = 0.3 kPa Sa(0.2) = 0.95, Sa(0.5) = 0.65, Sa(1.0) = 0.34, Sa(2.0) = 0.17, PGA = 0.47 Importance Factor IE = 1.0 Force Modification Factors Rd = 2.0, R0 = 1.4 (moderately ductile SFRS)

Seismic:

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Materials:

' ' fc = 25 MPa, fy = 400 MPa, Ec = 4500 fc = 22,500 MPa

Wc = 2400 kg/m3 = 23.5 kN/m3

Gc = Ec 22,500 = = 9221 MPa 2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0.22)

Snow Load for Roof Level, NBCC 2005 Clause 4.1.6.2

S = Is Ss ( Cb Cw Cs Ca ) + Sr = 1 1.9 ( 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 ) + 0.3 = 1.82 kPa

Building Seismic Weight Estimation

Building Seismic Weight Estimation at Roof Level Item 1 2 3 4 5 Description Snow Load = 0.25 x 1.82 kN/m2 x 12m x 24m (no hole) Slab = 23.5 kN/m x 0.2m x 12m x 24m (no hole) Front Curtain Wall = 1.0 kN/m x 1.5m x 12m Columns = 23.5 kN/m x (3 x 0.3m x 0.3m + 0.2m x 0.4m) x 1.5m Walls = 23.5 kN/m x [1.5mx(0.2mx64m + 0.25mx2.4mx3) 2x0.2mx1.2mx0.75m] Sub-Total W4 = Building Seismic Weight Estimation at 3rd Floor Item Description Area of Holes = 4.8m x 2.4m + 2.4m x 2.4m = 17.28 m Net Area = 12m x 24m 17.28 m2 = 270.7 m2 1 2 3 4 5 Partition Load = 0.5 kN/m2 x 270.7 m2 (max 0.5 kPa) Slab = 23.5 kN/m x 0.2m x 270.7 m
2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3

Weight (kN) 131 1354 18 12 506 2,021

Weight (kN)

135 1272 36 25 1012 2,480 Sub-Total W3 =

Front Curtain Wall = 1.0 kN/m x 3m x 12m Columns = 23.5 kN/m x (3 x 0.3m x 0.3m + 0.2m x 0.4m) x 3m Walls = 23.5 kN/m x [3mx(0.2mx64m + 0.25mx2.4mx3) - 2x0.2x1.2mx1.5m]
3

Building Seismic Weight Estimation at 2nd Floor Item Description Area of Holes = 4.8m x 2.4m + 2.4m x 2.4m = 17.28 m Net Area = 12m x 24m 17.28 m2 = 270.7 m2 1 2 3 4 5 Partition Load = 0.5 kN/m2 x 270.7 m2 (max 0.5 kPa) Slab = 23.5 kN/m x 0.2m x 270.7 m
2 3 3 2 2

Weight (kN)

135 1272 39 27 1098 2,571

Front Curtain Wall = 1.0 kN/m x 3.25m x 12m Columns = 23.5 kN/m x (3 x 0.3m x 0.3m + 0.2m x 0.4m) x 3.25m Walls = 23.5 kN/m x [3.25mx(0.2mx64m + 0.25mx2.4mx3) 2x0.2x1.2mx1.5m] Sub-Total W2 =
3

Total Weight = W = Wx = Wy = W2 + W3 + W4 = 2021 + 2480 + 2571 = 7072 kN

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Building Period, NBCC 2005 Clause 4.1.8.11(3) 3 0.75 Ta = 0.05 ( hn ) 4 = 0.05 ( 9.5 ) = 0.27 sec same for each direction According to Article 4.1.8.7(2), Equivalent Static Force Procedure as described in Article 4.1.8.11 may be used for structures that meet the following criteria: regular structures that are less than 60m in height and have a fundamental lateral period, Ta, less than 2sec in each of the orthogonal directions. For this building, it meets this criteria. Seismic Base Shear Calculation
For For S a ( 0. 2 ) = 5.6 < 8 and Ta < 1.0, S a ( 2. 0 ) S a ( 0. 2 ) = 5.6 < 8 and Ta < 0.5, S a ( 2. 0 ) M v = 1 .0 J = 1 .0 Table 4.1.8.11 Table 4.1.8.11

No reduction in overturning moment

For Site C Class and S a (0.2) = 0.95, For Site C Class and S a (1.0) = 0.34, Fa = 1.0 Fv = 1.0 Table 4.1.8.4.B Table 4.1.8.4.C

Minimum Lateral Earthquake Force

V= V S(Ta )M v IE W R dR 0 S(2.0)M v IE W R dR 0 Article 4.1.8.11 For R d 1.5, V
2 3

S(0.2)IE W R dR 0

S(T = 0.2s) = FaSa(0.2) = 1.0x0.95 = 0.95 S(T = 0.5s) = FvSa(0.5) or FaSa(0.2), whichever is smaller = 0.65 S(T = 2.0s) = FvSa(2.0) = 0.17 Using linear interpolation: S(T = 0.27s) = 0.88
0.88 x1.0 x1.0 x7072 kN = 2223 kN 2.0 x1.4 2 x0.95 x1.0 x7072 kN = 1600 kN V 3 2.0 x1.4 V= 0.17 x1.0 x1.0 x7072 = 429 kN 2.0 x1.4

Seismic Base Shear = V = 1600 kN

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Centre of Mass Calculation Since most of the weight is distributed uniformly around the building, we will place the axes at the centre of the slab (see figure below). The only weights that will influence the location of the centre of mass will be Walls #2, #4, #5, #6 and the holes in the slab for the 2nd and 3rd floor. We will assume there are no holes at the roof level. For the roof level:

WiUi = 23.5kN / m 3 x1.5mx0.2mx3.7mx3.6m + 23.5kN / m 3 x1.5mx0.25mx 2.4mx 4.8x3 = 94 + 305 = 399kNm WiUi = 399 = 0.2m U= Wi 2021
WiVi = 23.5kN / m3 x1.5mx0.2mx3.7mx( 3.05)m
+23.5kN / m3 x1.5mx 0.25mx 2.4mx( 1.2 6 8.4m) = 80 330 = 410kNm WiVi = 410 = 0.2m V= Wi 2021

For practical purposes, the centre of mass equals to the centre of the slab ( U = V = 0 ). The influence of Wall #2, #4, #5, #6 and the holes in the slab is minimal because the weight of the slab and the other walls (#1, #3, and #7) dominate the centre of mass for this building.

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Centre of Rigidity Calculation This hand calculation is based on the assumption that walls are strong in bending in one direction and very weak or negligible in bending in the other direction. Lateral stiffness (k) of each wall element must also be estimated assuming some form of flexural behaviour. Special attention is given to Wall #2 and Wall #6. The two walls will likely be reinforced in such a manner that they will deflect and behave as a single unit an L-Shaped wall. This will be reflected in the computations below. For the purpose of this calculation, the following reference axes will be used.

Walls #1 and #3 (use h = 3m for calculations) Ag = 24m x 0.2m = 4.8 m2 Ig = 0.2m x (24m)3 / 12 = 230.4 m4 If we apply a 100kN force at the top, the lateral deflection will be approximately:
= Vh 3 1.2Vh 100,000 x3000 3 1.2x100,000 x3000 + = + = 0.00017 + 0.0081 = 0.0083 mm 12 3E c Ig Gc A g 3 x22,500 x230.4 x10 9221x 4.8 x10 6
100 kN = 12,087 kN/mm 0.0083 mm and k x = 0 (no stiffness in weak direction)

(assuming a pin-fixed end condition)

ky =

Walls #4 and #5 (use h = 3m for calculations) Ag = 2.4m x 0.25m = 0.6 m2 Ig = 0.25m x (2.4m)3 / 12 = 0.288 m4 If we apply a 100kN force at the top, the lateral deflection will be approximately:
= Vh 3 1.2Vh 100,000 x3000 3 1.2x100,000 x3000 + = + = 0.1389 + 0.0651 = 0.204 mm 3E c Ig G c A g 3 x 22,500 x0.288 x1012 9221x0.6 x10 6
100 kN = 490 kN/mm 0.204 mm and k y = 0 (no stiffness in weak direction)

(assuming a pin-fixed end condition)

kx =

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Wall #2 and Wall #6 as an L-Shape (use h = 3m for calculations)

S-CONCRETE L-Shape Results

If we apply a 100kN force at the top in the X-direction, the lateral deflection will be approximately:
Igy = 678.6 x10 9 mm 4 , A g = 1290 x10 3 mm 2
x = Vh 3 1.2Vh 100,000 x3000 3 1.2x100,000 x3000 + = + 3E c Igy G c A g 3 x 22,500 x 678.6 x10 9 9221x1.29 x10 6
100 kN = 1120 kN / mm 0.089 mm

x = 0.0589 + 0.0303 = 0.089 mm

kx =

If we apply a 100kN force at the top in the Y-direction, the lateral deflection will be approximately:
Igx = 1785.9 x10 9 mm 4 , A g = 1290 x10 3 mm 2 y = Vh 3 1.2Vh 100,000 x3000 3 1.2x100,000 x3000 + = + 3E c Igy G c A g 3 x22,500 x1785.9x10 9 9221x1.29 x10 6
100 kN = 1898 kN / mm 0.0527 mm

y = 0.0224 + 0.0303 = 0.0527 mm

ky =

Wall #7 (use h = 3m for calculations) This was modelled in S-FRAME using quadrilateral elements and a rigid diaphragm on the roof (see figure below). A force of 100kN was applied at the roof and a lateral deflection of 0.0213mm was obtained.
kx = F 100 kN = = 4700 kN/mm 0.0213 mm and k y = 0 (no stiffness in weak direction)

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Element

Xi (m) 0 10.2 12 N/A N/A N/A

Yi (m) --9.8 --3.6 6.0 24 Totals

Kxi (kN/m) (x 103) --1,120 --490 490 4,700 6,800

Kyi (kN/m) (x 103) 12,087 1,898 12,087 ------26,072

Xi Kyi (kN x 103) 0 19,360 145,044 ------164,404

Yi Kxi (kN x 103) --10,976 --1,764 2,940 112,800 128,480

1 2&6 3 4 5 7

Xi Kyi = 164,404 = 6.30 m 26,072 Kyi Small difference between centre of mass and centre of rigidity (ex = 0.3m)
Distance to Centre of Rigidity = X cr =

Yi Kxi = 128,480 = 18.9 m 6,800 Kxi Significant difference between centre of mass and centre of rigidity (ey = 6.89m)
Distance to Centre of Rigidity = Ycr =

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Distribution of Base Shear, NBCC Clause 4.1.8.11(6) Ft = 0 because Ta < 0.7sec

Fx = ( V Ft ) Wx h x

Wi h i
1

where

V = 1600 kN

Level Roof 3 2

Height hx (m) 9.5 6.5 3.5

Storey Weight Wx (kN) 2,021 2,480 2,571 = 7,072

Wx hx (kNm) 19,199.5 16,120 8,998.5 = 44,318

Lateral Force Fx (kN) 693 582 325 = 1600

Storey Shear Vx (kN) 693 1275 1600

Design Eccentricities, NBCC Clause 4.1.8.11(10) Tx = Fx (ex 0.10 Dnx) = Fx (0.3 0.1 x 12) = Fx (0.3 1.2) kNm Tx = Fx (ey 0.10 Dny) = Fx (6.9 0.1 x 24) = Fx (6.9 2.4) kNm Hand Calculations Versus 3D Modelling in S-FRAME For this project and for one load case, hand calculations will be used to compute the distribution of lateral forces and torsional moments to all the lateral force resisting elements in this building for the upper most level only. A 3D model using S-FRAME will also be created and the results will be compared to hand computed values. The 3D model in S-FRAME can also give us an estimate of the torsional sensitivity, B, for this building, NBCC Clause 4.1.8.11(9). Numerous other load cases and load combinations will also be generated using S-FRAME. 3D Beam Model in S-FRAME In this 3D model, the walls are modelled as beam elements with a computed moment of inertia for strong axis bending and zero for weak axis bending. This approach should produce similar results as hand calculations because the same assumption is applied weak or non-existent in one direction and strong in the other direction. Shear areas are also provided to give more accurate deflections for evaluation purposes. Rigid members are provided to model the behavior at the ends of each wall. Rigid means a relatively high moment of inertia. According to Clause 4.1.8.3 of NBCC 2005, structural modelling shall be representative of the magnitude and spatial distribution of the mass of the building and of the stiffness of all elements of the SFRS. The model shall account for the effect of cracked sections in reinforced concrete and sway effects arising from the interaction of gravity loads with the displaced configuration of the structure (P-Delta). S-FRAME can perform geometric non-linear analysis (P-Delta). Furthermore, according to Clause 21.2.5.2.1 of CSA-A23.3-04, for the purpose of determining forces in and deflections of the structure, reduced section properties shall be used. The effective property to be used as a fraction of the gross section property shall be as specified below:

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Coupling Beams Column Wall

Ave = 0.15 Ag; Ie = 0.4 Ig Ie = c Ig ; c = 0.5 + 0.6

Ps ' fc A g

without diagonal reinforcement

1 .0 Ps ' fc A g 1.0

Axe = w Ag; Ie = w Ig ; w = 0.6 +

For walls, Ps shall be determined at the base of the wall. Preliminary calculations indicate an w value in the range of 0.62 and c value in the range of 0.65 which will be confirmed later.
Element Gross Properties
Ig = 200 x24,000 = 2.304 x1014 mm 4 12 A g = 200 x24,000 = 4,800,000 mm 2
Av = 5 x 200 x 24,000 = 4,000,000 mm 2 6
3

Effective Section Properties Ie = 0.62 x 2.304 x 1014 = 1.428 x 1014 mm4 Ae = 0.62 x 4,800,000 = 2,976,000 mm2 Aev = 0.62 x 4,000,000 = 2,480,000 mm2

Wall #1 & #3

Igy = 678.6 x10 9 mm 4 Igx = 1785.9 x10 9 mm 4 Walls #2 & #6 A g = 1290 x10 3 mm 2
Av = Ig = 5 x1290 x10 3 = 1075 x10 3 mm 2 6

Iey = 0.62 x 678.6 x 109 = 4.21 x 1011 mm4 Iex = 0.62 x 1785.9 x 109 = 11.07 x 1011 mm4 Ae = 0.62 x 1290 x 103 = 799,800 mm2 Aev = 0.62 x 1075 x 103 = 666,500 mm2

Walls #4 & #5

250 x 2400 3 = 2.88 x1011 mm 4 12 A g = 250 x2400 = 600,000 mm 2 5 x 250 x 2400 = 500,000 mm 2 6

Av =

Ie = 0.62 x 2.88 x 1011 = 1.786 x 1011 mm4 Ae = 0.62 x 600,000 = 372,000 mm2 Aev = 0.62 x 500,000 = 310,000 mm2

Column 300x300

Igx = Igy =

300 4 = 6.75 x10 8 mm 4 12 A g = 300 x300 = 90,000 mm 2

Ie = 0.65 x 6.75 x 108 = 4.387 x 108 mm4 Ae = Ag = 90,000 mm2

Column 200x400

200 x 400 3 = 1.066 x10 9 mm 4 12 400 x 200 3 Igy = = 2.67 x10 8 mm 4 12 A g = 200 x 400 = 80,000 mm 2 Igx =

Iex = 0.65 x 1.066 x 109 = 6.929 x 108 mm4 Iey = 0.65 x 2.67 x 108 = 1.735 x 108 mm4 Ae = Ag = 80,000 mm2

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Wall #7 is modelled as a frame with rigid members that connect the end faces of each pier to the ends of coupling beams. The coupling beams represent the segments at the openings. This is illustrated below in elevation.

Element

Gross Properties
Ig = 200 x 2400 3 = 2.304 x1011 mm 4 12 A g = 200 x2400 = 480,000 mm 2 Av = Ig = 5 x200 x2400 = 400,000 mm 2 6

Effective Section Properties Ie = 0.62 x 2.304 x 1011 = 1.428 x 1011 mm4 Ae = 0.62 x 480,000 = 297,600 mm2 Aev = 0.62 x 400,000 = 248,000 mm2

Wall #7a

Wall #7b

200 x 4800 3 = 1.8432 x1012 mm 4 12 A g = 200 x 4800 = 960,000 mm 2 Av = 5 x200 x 4800 = 800,000 mm 2 6

Ie = 0.62 x 1.8432 x 1012 = 1.1428x 1012 mm4 Ae = 0.62 x 960,000 = 595,200 mm2 Aev = 0.62 x 800,000 = 496,000 mm2

Coupling Beam B1

Ig =

200 x700 3 = 5.717 x10 9 mm 4 12 A g = 200 x700 = 140,000 mm 2

Ie = 0.4 x 5.717 x 109 = 2.287x 109 mm4 Ae = 0.15 x 140,000 = 21,000 mm2 Ie = 0.4 x 5.625 x 1010 = 2.25x 1010 mm4 Ae = 0.15 x 300,000 = 45,000 mm2 Ie = 0.4 x 13.333 x 1010 = 5.333x 1010 mm4 Ae = 0.15 x 400,000 = 60,000 mm2

Coupling Beam B2

Ig =

200 x1500 3 = 5.625 x1010 mm 4 12 A g = 200 x1500 = 300,000 mm 2 200 x 2000 3 = 13.333 x1010 mm 4 12 A g = 200 x2000 = 400,000 mm 2

Coupling Beam B3

Ig =

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S-FRAME Model using Beam Type Members Only and Rigid Diaphragms

The S-FRAME 3D model of the office building shown here consists only of beam type members with rigid diaphragms specified for each floor level. Only the 2nd floor diaphragm is displayed above.

Special attention is given to Walls #2 and #6. Walls #2 and #6 is modelled as one column which will be subjected to biaxial bending. The properties of this column is given the section properties of the L-Shape (i.e. Ix and Iy). Note that to minimize the amount of torsion that will be attracted to each wall, the torsional constants, J, for each wall were assigned negligible values. www.s-frame.com 12 2007 Softek Services Ltd.

S-FRAME Model Center of Rigidity Evaluation To assess the accuracy of C of R calculation, we will apply 1000 kN force at each level in the X-direction at the computed C of R. In theory, loading the building at the C of R will generate deflections without rotation pure translation. The results are displayed below (Xdeflections in mm).

As you can see above, the building is rotating in a clockwise direction. This most likely means that we have underestimated the stiffness of the L-Shape (Walls #2 & #6). Using a trial-anderror approach in S-FRAME, we discovered the true center of rigidity near ey = 5.5m for this building (as indicated below).

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Torsional Sensitivity Evaluation The next step is to use this 3D model in S-FRAME to give us an estimate of the torsional sensitivity, B, for this building. Here, the primary concern would be loading in the X-direction creating a twist in the building. According to NBCC Clause 4.1.8.11(9), the equivalent static forces, Fx, shall be applied at distances of 0.10Dny = 2.4m from the center of mass at each floor level. The critical load case for this evaluation would be applying the forces at a distance of +2.4m away from the C of M. This is implemented in S-FRAME by applying the equivalent static forces, Fx, at the center of mass at each level plus a torsional moment of Fx x 2.4m in the appropriate direction.

Torsional Sensitivity:

Bx =

max avg

Level Roof 3rd 2nd

Corner Deflections Total (mm) 2x2.85 + 2x2.13 = 9.96 2x1.83 + 2x1.27 = 6.20 2x0.794+2x0.475 = 2.54

# of Corners 4 4 4

max

avg

(mm) 2.85 1.83 0.794

(mm) 2.49 1.55 0.634

Bx 1.14 1.18 1.25

Base on the results above, B = 1.25 for this building. According to NBCC Clause 4.1.8.11(10), for a building with B 1.7, torsional effects can be accounted for by applying equivalent static forces, Fx, to the building located at 0.10Dnx and 0.10Dny from the C of M for each principle direction. Technically, we should also evaluate the torsional sensitivity for loading in the y-direction (N-S direction). Since large walls (Wall #1 and #3) dominate the rigidity in the y-direction, it is unlikely that the torsional sensitivity parameter, B, for loading in this direction will be greater than that computed above.

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Distribution of Lateral Force to Walls For hand calculations in tabular form, we will consider only one load case (E-W direction) and applied to the roof only. The results of these hand calculations will then be compared to the results generated by S-FRAME for the walls in the top floor. To complete the design of this building, other load cases will be generated in S-FRAME including loading in the N-S direction, dead loads, and factored load combinations. Vx = Fx = 693 kN, Vy = 0 kN T = Vx (ey + 0.10Dny) = 693 x (6.9 + 0.10 x 24) = 6445 kNm Note: T = Vx (ey - 0.10Dny) = 693 x (6.9 - 0.10 x 24) = 3119 kNm done in S-FRAME only

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Distribution of E-W Lateral Force and Torsional Moment to Walls Vx = Fx = 693 kN, Vy = 0 kN T = -Vx (ey + 0.10Dny) = -693 x (6.9 + 0.10 x 24) = -6445 kNm Force and Torsional Moment Applied at Roof Level
Xi (m) -6.3 3.9 5.7 ------Yi (m) ---9.1 ---15.3 -12.9 5.1 Kxi (kN/m) (x 103) 0 1,120 0 490 490 4700 6800 Kyi (kN/m) (x 103) 12,087 1,898 12,087 0 0 0 26,072 K xi Vx K xi (kN) 0 114 0 50 50 479 693 y i k xi T Jr (kN) 0 50 0 37 31 -118 0 Vxi (kN) 0 164 0 87 81 361 693 K yi Vy x i k yi Jr (kN) -374 36 338 0 0 0 0 T Vyi (kN) -374 36 338 0 0 0 0

Wall #1 #2/6 #3 #4 #5 #7

K yi
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(kN)

Jr = X i2 K yi + Yi2 K xi

Jr = 6.3 2 12,087 + 3.9 2 1,898 + 9.12 1120 + 5.7 2 12,087 + (15.3 2 + 12.9 2 ) 490 + 5.12 4700 x10 3 kNm Jr = 1.313 x10 kNm
9

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Comparison of Hand Calculations Versus S-FRAME 3D Results Wall #1 #2 & #6 #3 #4 #5 #7 * Hand Calculations -374 kN 36 kN / 164 kN* 338 kN 87 kN 81 kN 361 kN S-FRAME -347 kN 28 kN / 233 kN* 319 kN 66 kN 68 kN 68 + 187 + 71 = 326 kN Comments less stiff in S-FRAME more stiff in S-FRAME less stiff in S-FRAME less stiff in S-FRAME less stiff in S-FRAME less stiff in S-FRAME

Shear in the weak direction (Vy = 233 kN) for the L-Shape (Walls #2 & #6) is not displayed in the above plot but can be obtained easily in a plot for y Shear.

Overall, hand calculated results give similar values to S-FRAME. Reasonable numbers were obtained using simple assumptions on flexural behaviour which otherwise would be considered rather complex in the 3D world. The key to structural design is to develop a complete load path, determine the sectional forces from this load path, and reinforce the members appropriately. This has been accomplished using both hand calculations and in S-FRAME. To complete the design of this building, other load cases and load combinations will be generated using S-FRAME including earthquake loading E-W (-0.10Dny), earthquake loading NS (0.10Dnx), and dead load.

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Dead Load Estimation (at base of the wall) Wall #1 Tributary Area 0.375 x 6m x 24m = 54.0 m2 Slab = 0.2m x 54.0 m2 x 23.5 kN/m3 = 253.8 kN at each level Partitions = 54.0 m2 x 1 kN/m2 = 54.0 kN at each level (except roof) Self Weight = 9.5m x 0.2m x 24m x 23.5 kN/m3 = 1,071.6 kN Total at base = 3 x 253.8 + 2 x 54.0 + 1071.6 = 1,941 kN Tributary Area 5m x 5m = 25 m2 Slab = 0.2m x 25 m2 x 23.5 kN/m3 = 117.5 kN at each level Partitions = 25 m2 x 1 kN/m2 = 25 kN at each level (except roof) Self Weight = 9.5m x 0.25m x 2.4m x 23.5 kN/m3 = 134 kN Total at base = 3 x 117.5 + 2 x 25 + 134 = 537 kN Tributary Area 0.8 x 3m x 4.8m = 11.5 m2 Slab = 0.2m x 11.5 m2 x 23.5 kN/m3 = 54.0 kN at each level Partitions = 11.5 m2 x 1 kN/m2 = 11.5 kN at each level (except roof) Self Weight = 9.5m x 0.2m x 4.8m x 23.5 kN/m3 = 214 kN Total at base = 3 x 54.0 + 2 x 11.5 + 214 = 399 kN

Walls #2 & #6

Wall #7b

Hand calculations for dead load at the base of each wall are similar to the results generated by SFRAME. Since S-FRAME is relatively more accurate than the hand computed values, we will use S-FRAME results to evaluate the effective section properties as outlined in Clause 21.2.5.2.1 of CSA-A23.3-04.

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Wall #1 Effective Section Properties Ps = 1919 kN, fc' = 25 MPa, Ag = 200 x 24,000 = 4,800,000 mm2
w = 0.6 + Ps ' fc A g = 0 .6 + 1,919,000 0.62 25 x 4,800,000

Axe = 0.62 x Ag = 2,976,000 mm2 (effective cross-sectional area) Ave = 0.62 x 5/6 x Ag = 2,480,000 mm2 (effective shear area) Ie = 0.62 x Ig = 0.62 x 2.304x1014 = 1.428x1014 mm4 Walls #2 & #6 Effective Section Properties Ps = 490 kN, fc' = 25 MPa, Ag = 1,290,000 mm2
w = 0 .6 + Ps ' fc A g = 0.6 + 490,000 0.62 25 x1,290,000

Axe = 0.62 x Ag = 799,800 mm2 (effective cross-sectional area) Ave = 0.62 x 5/6 x Ag = 666,500 mm2 (effective shear area) Iey = 0.62 x Igy = 0.62 x 678.6 x109 = 4.21x1011 mm4 Iex = 0.62 x Igx = 0.62 x 1785.9 x109 = 11.1x1011 mm4 Wall #7b Effective Section Properties Ps = 440 kN, fc' = 25 MPa, Ag = 200 x 4,800 = 960,000 mm2
w = 0 .6 + Ps ' fc A g = 0. 6 + 440,000 0.62 25 x960,000

Axe = 0.62 x Ag = 595,200 mm2 (effective cross-sectional area) Ave = 0.62 x 5/6 x Ag = 496,000 mm2 (effective shear area) Ie = 0.62 x Ig = 0.62 x 1.84x1012 = 1.14x1012 mm4 For practical purposes, all the walls in this building appear to have an effective moment of inertia of 0.62 x Ig and effective cross-sectional area of 0.62 x Ag. This was used in the S-FRAME model to compute the factored lateral deflections (f) and the factored sectional forces (Nf, Vf, and Mf) used for analysis and design of these walls.

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Design Load Combinations S-FRAME will be used to generate the load cases and load combinations for design purposes. The following load combinations will be created for the design of Wall #1, #2 & #6, and #7b which is based on 1.0 x Earthquake + 1.0 x Dead load factors. Load Combination #1: Load Combination #2: Load Combination #3: Load Combination #4: 1.0 x E-W (+0.10Dny) + 1.0 x D 1.0 x E-W (-0.10Dny) + 1.0 x D 1.0 x N-S (+0.10Dnx) + 1.0 x D 1.0 x N-S (-0.10Dnx) + 1.0 x D

Lateral Load in Opposite Direction (primarily used to design the L-Shape) Load Combination #5: -1.0 x E-W (+0.10Dny) + 1.0 x D Load Combination #6: -1.0 x E-W (-0.10Dny) + 1.0 x D Load Combination #7: -1.0 x N-S (+0.10Dnx) + 1.0 x D Load Combination #8: -1.0 x N-S (-0.10Dnx) + 1.0 x D Companion loads associated with Live and Snow Loads may easily be added to the above load combinations but, in this case, they will not likely govern the design of this building. The primary purpose here is to illustrate the use and application of S-FRAME and S-CONCRETE in the analysis and design of this office building. Design Sectional Forces at base for Wall #7b (generated by S-FRAME) Load Combination #1: Load Combination #2: Load Combination #5: Load Combination #6: Note: Nf = -424 kN, Vf = 413 kN, Mf = 2118 kNm, f = 1.5 mm Nf = -437 kN, Vf = 472 kN, Mf = 2341 kNm, f = 1.6 mm Nf = -443 kN, Vf = 463 kN, Mf = 2478 kNm, f = 1.8 mm Nf = -425 kN, Vf = 522 kN, Mf = 2700 kNm, f = 1.9 mm

The shear forces displayed here must be magnified for design purposes. According to Clause 21.7.3.4.1 of CSA-A23.3-04, the design shear force or resistance must not be less than the smaller of: (1) the shear force corresponding to the development of the nominal moment capacity of the wall at its plastic hinge location and (2) shear force at RdRo = 1.0. S-CONCRETE can make this estimation.

Design Sectional Forces at base for Walls #2 & #6 (generated by S-FRAME)

LC #1: LC #2: LC #5: LC #6: Nf = +477 kN, Nf = +482 kN, Nf = -1458 kN, Nf = -1395 kN, Vfy = 411 kN, Mfz = +1134 kNm, fy = 2.2 mm Vfz = 53 kN, Mfy = +84 kNm, fz = 0.1 mm Vfy = 388 kN, Mfz = +1062 kNm, fy = 2.0 mm Vfz = 30 kN, Mfy = -65 kNm, fz = 0.03 mm Vfy = 373 kN, Mfz = -1209 kNm, fy = 2.6 mm Vfz = 64 kN, Mfy = +122 kNm, fz = 0.1 mm Vfy = 350 kN, Mfz = -1137 kNm, fy = 2.5 mm Vfz = 41 kN, Mfy = +85 kNm, fz = 0.1 mm

Note:

This wall may experience small tension forces according to S-FRAME results. This is reasonable because Wall #3 will be carrying a significant amount of shear force due to the torsional moment which, in term, will tend to lift Walls #6 and #2.

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Design Sectional Forces at base for Wall #1 (generated by S-FRAME) Load Combination #1: Load Combination #2: Load Combination #3: Load Combination #4: Load Combination #5: Load Combination #6: Load Combination #7: Load Combination #8: Note: Nf = -1641 kN, Vf = 676 kN, Mf = 9380 kNm, f = 0.19 mm Nf = -1580 kN, Vf = 195 kN, Mf = 6448 kNm, f = 0.08 mm Nf = -1882 kN, Vf = 712 kN, Mf = 3963 kNm, f = 0.16 mm Nf = -1851 kN, Vf = 953 kN, Mf = 5429 kNm, f = 0.22 mm Nf = -2196 kN, Vf = 803 kN, Mf = 8855 kNm, f = 0.23 mm Nf = -2257 kN, Vf = 322 kN, Mf = 5923 kNm, f = 0.11 mm Nf = -1955 kN, Vf = 585 kN, Mf = 4488 kNm, f = 0.13 mm Nf = -1986 kN, Vf = 826 kN, Mf = 5953 kNm, f = 0.19 mm

Here, the largest moment is generated from a load combination with a significant torsional moment (#1) which is interesting. The largest shear force is generated from a load combination that applies the lateral loads in the strong direction for this wall (#4) which is as expected.

S-FRAME results (i.e. axial force, shear force, and moment diagrams) can be directly exported to S-CONCRETE to complete the design. This is illustrated below for Wall #7b, Wall #2 & #6, and Wall #1. Hand calculations will also be performed to verify the results of S-CONCRETE.

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Wall #7b Design and Detailing

S-FRAME will export sectional forces and moments evaluated at various stations along the member. In this case, it has evaluated sectional forces at three stations per member segment per load combination. For this member in the 3D model, it has been subdivided into two segments on the first floor.

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Lets assume that minimum distributed reinforcing and zone reinforcing will be sufficient to meet all the requirements of CSA-A23.3-04. We will design the base of the wall (i.e. plastic hinge region). Wall Dimensions: Lw = 4800mm, bw = 200mm, hw = 9500mm
h w 9500 = = 1.98 2.0 L w 4800 Squat Wall (technically)

However, for practical design purposes, we will treat it as a normal wall. To force S-CONCRETE to not apply the squat wall provisions, we assigned a value of 9601mm to hw. Panel Reinforcing: Vertical Bars - 10M @ 400 Each Face (2 curtains) Horz Bars 10M @ 400 Each Face (2 curtains)
v = h = 2A b 2x100 = = 0.0025 0.0025 b w S 200 x 400 Clause 21.7.3.3.1

Zone Reinforcing:

4 15M bars at each end of the wall (minimum requirement) 10M Ties @ 95mm (Clause 21.7.3.3.2 and 21.6.6.9)
S 6db = 6 x16 = 96 mm Governs 24d tie = 24 x11.3 = 271 mm 0.5b w = 0.5 x 200 = 100 mm

Axial Load and Moment Capacity:

Utilization = M f 2700 = = 0.74 1.0 Mr 3643 OK

S-CONCRETE results and interaction diagram shown below:

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Overstrength Factor:

Mn = 4198 kNm (nominal moment capacity from S-CONCRETE) Mf = 2700 kNm (from S-FRAME)
w = Mn 4198 = = 1.555 Mf 2700

(same as S-CONCRETEs estimate)

Dimensional Limitations:

Clause 21.7.3.1, Lu = 3500 200 = 3300 mm

b w = 200 mm Lu 3300 = = 235 mm Not Good 14 14 Lu 3300 = = 165 mm OK 20 20

However, according to Clause 21.6.3.4, the Lu/14 requirement may be waived if the neutral axis depth does not exceed 4bw or 0.3Lw (i.e. C 800 mm) which is the case here. S-CONCRETE will compute the neutral axis depths for load combination where flexure is dominant and determine if the wall meets these requirements for dimensions and ductility. This is displayed below in the Results Report window of S-CONCRETE.

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Ductility Evaluation: Clause 21.7.3.2, Rd = 2.0, R0 = 1.4 Check #1 C = 456 mm < 0.15Lw = 0.15x4800 = 720 mm OK Alternative Check #2
C < 0.33L w = 1584 mm and f = 1.9 mm < hw 9500 = = 27 mm 350 350 OK

Alternative Check #3 (Clause 21.6.7)

f R dR 0 f w 1.9 x2.0 x1.4 1.9 x1.55 = = 0.0003 0.003 id = 0.003 L 4800 9500 hw w 2 2 0.0035 x 4800 L 0.002 = 0.0164 0.025 ic = cu w 0.002 = 2x 456 2C id =

id < ic OK All ductility checks indicate that special concrete confinement requirements will not be required. S-CONCRETE has the capability to evaluate special concrete confinement requirements as outlined in Clause 21.6.7.4 for zone reinforcing. Design Shear Force: According to Clause 21.7.3.4.1 of CSA-A23.3-04, the design shear force or resistance must not be less than the smaller of: (1) the shear force corresponding to the development of the nominal moment capacity of the wall at its plastic hinge location and (2) shear force at RdRo = 1.0.
M Vf (design) n Vf ( SFRAME) = w Vf ( SFRAME) = 1.555 x 522 = 812 kN M f Vf (design) R dR 0 Vf ( SFRAME) = 2.0 x 1.4 x 522 = 1462 kN

S-CONCRETE has the option to perform Shear Force Magnification in the manner described above to determine the design shear forces. Shear Resistance: Shear Design is based on Clauses 21.6.9.2 to 21.6.9.7 (simplified method) Panel Reinforcing 10M @ 400 H.E.F.
Vf = 812 kN
; Vr = Vc + Vs Vr max = 0.15 c fc'b w d v ' Vc = c f c b w d v

for id 0.005

and

Vs =

s A v fy dv S tan

= 45 Clause 21.7.3.4.2 (c), d v = 0.8L w = 3840 mm

' If A v = 200mm 2 > 0.06 f c

bwS = 60mm 2 , then = 0.18 Clause 11.3.6.3(a) f yv

0.18 for id 0.005 Clause 21.6.9.6(b )

' Vc = c f c b w d v = 1 x 0.18 x 0.65 x 25 x 200 x3840 N = 449.3 kN

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N = 652.8 kN 400 x tan 45 o Vr = Vc + Vs = 449.3 + 652.8 = 1102 kN S tan Utilization = Vf 812 = = 0.737 Vr 1102 < 1.0 OK

Vs =

s A v fy dv

0.85 x 200 x 400 x3840

S-FRAME Results

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Walls #2 & #6 Design and Detailing

Lets assume that minimum distributed reinforcing and zone reinforcing will be sufficient to meet all the requirements of CSA-A23.3-04. We will design the base of the wall (i.e. plastic hinge region). Wall Dimensions: Lw = 3700mm, bw = 250mm, hw = 9500mm
h w 9500 = = 3.96 > 2.0 L w 3700 Not a Squat Wall

Panel 1 Reinforcing: Vertical Bars - 10M @ 300 Each Face (2 curtains) Horz Bars 10M @ 300 Each Face (2 curtains)
v = h = 2A b 2x100 = = 0.00267 0.0025 b w S 250 x300 Clause 21.7.3.3.1

Panel 2 Reinforcing: Vertical Bars - 10M @ 400 Each Face (2 curtains) Horz Bars 10M @ 400 Each Face (2 curtains)
v = h = 2A b 2x100 = = 0.0025 0.0025 b w S 200 x 400 Clause 21.7.3.3.1

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Zone A Reinforcing: 4 10M bars at each end of the wall (minimum requirement) 10M Ties @ 65mm (Clause 21.7.3.3.2 and 21.6.6.9)
S 6db = 6 x11.3 = 68 mm Governs 24d tie = 24 x11.3 = 271 mm 0.5b w = 0.5 x 200 = 100 mm

Zone B Reinforcing: 4 15M bars at each end of the wall (minimum requirement) 10M Ties @ 95mm (Clause 21.7.3.3.2 and 21.6.6.9)
S 6db = 6 x16 = 96 mm Governs 24d tie = 24 x11.3 = 271 mm 0.5b w = 0.5 x 200 = 100 mm

Zone C Reinforcing: 4 10M bars at each end of the wall (minimum requirement) 10M Ties @ 65mm (Clause 21.7.3.3.2 and 21.6.6.9)
S 6db = 6 x11.3 = 68 mm Governs 24d tie = 24 x11.3 = 271 mm 0.5b w = 0.5 x 200 = 100 mm

Note: Emphasis was placed on minimizing the amount of vertical bars in the section including both zone steel and distributed reinforcing. This will reduce the axial load and moment capacity which increases the N vs M utilization. This, in turn, will reduce the design or magnified shear forces because it will generate a smaller overstrength factor. Axial Load and Moment Interaction Diagram (Biaxial Bending, Theta = 94):

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Utilization =

M f 1137.1 = = 1.025 1.0 Mr 1109.4

Borderline

Overstrength Factor for bending about z-z axis (Theta = 90): S-CONCRETE has determined the governing load combination for pure unixaxial bending about the z-z axis is LC #1 which is 1.0xE-W (+0.10Dny) + 1.0xD. Nf = +477 kN, Mf = 1134 kNm Mn = 1365 kNm (nominal moment capacity from S-CONCRETE)
w = Mn 1365 = = 1.20 M f 1134

(same as S-CONCRETEs estimate) Clause 21.7.3.1, Lu = 3500 200 = 3300 mm

L u 3300 = = 165 mm OK 20 20 L = 2400mm 0.25h w + t 2 = 0.25 x9500 + 200 = 2575mm b w = 250 mm

Panel 1 Dimensions:

OK

Panel 2 Dimensions:

Clause 21.7.3.1, Lu = 3500 200 = 3300 mm

L u 3300 = = 165 mm OK 20 20 L = 3700mm > 0.25h w + t 2 = 0.25 x9500 + 250 = 2625mm b w = 200 mm NG

According to Clause 21.7.3.1, the flange width of Panel 2 is too long. This means that part of Panel 2 is ineffective in the overall axial load and moment capacity of the section for bending about the z-z axis. Technically, we should shorten the length of the panel which is unlikely. Evaluating the nominal moment capacity in this direction using the full length will give a conservative estimate on the required design shear force (i.e. higher overstrength factor). The Warning can be ignored in this case.

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Ductility Evaluation: Clause 21.7.3.2, Rd = 2.0, R0 = 1.4, C = 310 mm from S-CONCRETE Check #1 C = 310 mm < 0.15Lw = 0.15x2400 = 380 mm Not OK Alternative Check #2
C < 0.33L w = 792 mm and f = 2.6 mm < hw 9500 = = 27 mm 350 350 OK

Alternative Check #3 (Clause 21.6.7)

f R dR 0 f w 2.6 x 2.0 x1.4 2.6 x1.20 = = 0.0005 0.003 id = 0.003 L 2400 9500 hw w 2 2 L 0.0035 x2400 ic = cu w 0.002 = 0.002 = 0.0115 0.025 2x310 2C id =

id < ic OK Design Shear Force: Vf (design)

Vf (SFRAME) = w Vf (SFRAME) = 1.203 x 411 = 494 kN Vf (design) R dR 0 Vf (SFRAME) = 2.0 x 1.4 x 411 = 1151 kN Mn Mf

S-CONCRETE has the option to perform Shear Force Magnification in the manner described above to determine the design shear forces. Shear Resistance: S-CONCRETE results

For this wall, the section may be subjected to tension forces. Here, the General Method of Shear Design must be used to evaluate the shear resistance.

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Wall #1 Design and Detailing (Sq uat Wall)

Lets assume that minimum distributed reinforcing and zone reinforcing will be sufficient to meet all the requirements of CSA-A23.3-04. We will design the base of the wall. Wall Dimensions: Lw = 24,000mm, bw = 200mm, hw = 9500mm
hw 9500 = = 0.396 Lw 24,000 < 2 .0 Squat Wall (Clause 21.7.4)

Panel Reinforcing:

Vertical Bars - 10M @ 300 Each Face (2 curtains) Horz Bars 10M @ 300 Each Face (2 curtains)
v = h = 2A b 2x100 = = 0.00333 0.003 b w S 200 x300 Clause 21.7.4.5(a)

Maximum Bar Spacing = 300mm Clause 21.7.4.5(a) Zone Reinforcing: According to Clause 21.7.4.6, tied vertical reinforcement shall be provided at each end of the wall. The minimum reinforcement ratio of 0.005 shall be provided over a minimum wall length of 300mm. A minimum of four bars shall be provided and tied as a column in accordance with Clause 7.6. The ties shall be detailed as hoops. 6 15M bars at each end of the wall (spaced at 150 mm apart)
= 2A b 2x 200 = = 0.0133 0.005 b w S 200 x150 Clause 21.7.4.5(a)

10M Ties @ 200 mm (Clause 7.6.5.2)

S 16db = 16 x16 = 256 mm 48d tie = 48 x11.3 = 542 mm b w = 200 mm Governs

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Axial Load and Moment Capacity: (S-CONCRETE Results)

Utilization = Mf 9379 = = 0.11 < 1.0 Mr 83860 OK

According to Clause 21.7.4.7, the vertical tension force required to resist overturning at the base of the wall shall be provided by zone reinforcing and panel reinforcing in addition to the amount required by Clause 21.7.4.8 to resist the shear corresponding to the applied bending moment.
Let m = Estimated Vertical Steel Ratio Required for Moment v Mf = 0.00333 x 0.112 = 0.00037 Mr

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Design Shear Force: w =

Mn 97757 = = 10.4 Mf 9379

>

R dR 0 = 2.0 x 1.4 = 2.8

w = 2.8 Overstrength Factor Vf (design) = w Vf (sframe) = 2.8 x 953 = 2,668 kN (Load Combination #4)
Shear Design: Clause 21.7.4.8 dv = 0.8 Lw = 0.8 x 24,000 = 19,200 mm Vf 0.15 c fc' bw dv = 0.15 x 1 x 0.65 x 25 x 200 x 19,200 N = 9360 kN = 0 Vc = 0
Vs = s A v fy dv S tan = s fy dv tan hb w where Av = hb w S

Vf Vr = Vc + Vs = Vs assume = 45
0.85 x 400 x19,200 hb w = x0.00333 x200 N = 4352 kN tan tan 45 o 2668 Utilization = = 0.61 < 1 OK 4352 Vr = Vs = s fy dv

Let vs = vertical steel ratio required to resist shear Ag = 200 x 24,000 = 4,800,000 mm2 For load combination #4, Vf = 2668 kN, Ps = Nf = 1851 kN
h = 0.00333 hs = h (req' d) = vs = hs tan
2

Vf tan 2,668,000 x tan 45 o = = 0.00204 OK s f y d v b w 0.85 x 400 x19,200 x 200

Ps 0.00204 1,851,000 = = 0.00113 2 o s f y A g tan 45 0.85 x 400 x 4,800,000

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For another load combination, Vf = 2668 kN, Ps = Nf = 1448 kN

h = 0.00333 hs = h (req' d) = vs = hs tan
2

Vf tan 2,668,000 x tan 45 o = = 0.00204 OK s f y d v b w 0.85 x 400 x19,200 x 200

Ps 0.00204 1,448,000 = = 0.00115 s f y A g tan 2 45 o 0.85 x 400 x 4,800,000

Total Vertical Steel Ratio Required:

v = 0.00333 v (required) = m + vs = 0.00037 + 0.00115 = 0.00152 OK

According to Clause 21.7.4.7, all vertical reinforcement required at the base of the wall shall be extended the full height of the wall. S-FRAME Results (Panel and Zone Reinforcing):

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Conclusions When designing walls that intersect with other walls (Wall #6), we have neglected the influence of Wall #3 on Wall #6. A portion of Wall #3 should be included in the calculation for moment capacity which, in turn, will likely increase the design shear force. Overall, neglecting the intersection of Wall #6 with Wall #3 will not change the reinforcing configuration very much if at all. However, as always, careful consideration of all the parameters should be given nevertheless. Some engineers may have considered a different approach to the design of Wall #7. In our model, we have assumed a coupled wall system which may be inappropriate for such a short wall. In fact, a finite element model of the same building appears to contradict the sectional forces produced by this beam model version. For more information on the finite element model, refer to Case Study #2. The finite element model suggests that beam theory of plane sections remaining plane does not apply to Wall #7 and Wall #1. In Case Study #2, you will find significant differences in the sectional forces generated for each wall. This suggests that Wall #7 should be designed as a squat wall and view the window openings as having little influence on the overall behaviour of the wall. Hand calculations may give you reasonable design values for the lateral load resisting elements in a given building but 3D modelling will give you a better representation of the overall performance of the building provided the model truly represents its behaviour in an earthquake. The key to any design is to ensure that a load path has been defined and carried through to all the lateral load and gravity load resisting elements in the building. Minimizing the twist in the building and detailing the members carefully will help ensure that the loads reach the beams, columns and walls as designed.

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