NANOTECHNOLOGY

K.Vijayaragavan,K.Sivashanmugam Dept of ECE, Indra Ganesan College of Engg, Trichy.

ABSTRACT: This paper begins by discussing nanotechnology which has potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications such as in medical, electronics etc. The fundamental concept of nanotechnology, current research in nanomaterials, biomaterials, tools and techniques used for fabrication of nanowires, those used for fabrication of nanowires, those used in semiconductors fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, focus ion beam machining, atomic layer deposition and further including molecular self- assembly techniques such as those employing di-block copolymers, their applications and implications. The papers focus then change to nanorobotics which encompasses the design, fabrication and programming of robots with overall dimensions in the submicron range, and the manipulation fo nanoscale objects with micro or microscopic robots and its applications in cancer therapy. To illustrate the proposal approach, we applied advanced 3D simulation techniques as a practical choice on methodology for medical nanorobotics integrated system analyses and instrumentation prototyping. In addition to a precise explanation of surgeons of tomorrow i.e. the miniature robots that go inside human body is also discussed.

INTRODUCTION: Nanotechnology, shortened to "nanotech", is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.

Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanophotonics have evolved during the last few decades to provide a basic scientific foundation of actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator.
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nanoparticles to be used in the next generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging; see quantum dots. Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are related to microelectromechanical systems or MEMS. Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography. This fits into the larger subfield of nanolithography. Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable pre-cursor gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in Transmission electron microscopy.

Current research

Graphical representation of a rotaxane, useful as a molecular switch.

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Nanomaterials This includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.[13]
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Interface and colloid science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and nanorods. Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor. Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications; see Nanomedicine. Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells which combats the cost of traditional Silicon solar cells Development of applications incorporating semiconductor

Tools and techniques

Typical AFM setup. A microfabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is deflected by

features on a sample surface, much like in a phonograph but on a much smaller scale. A laser beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of photodetectors, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface. Various techniques of nanolithography such as optical lithography ,X-ray lithography dip pen nanolithography, electron beam lithography or nanoimprint lithography were also developed. Lithography is a top-down fabrication technique where a bulk material is reduced in size to nanoscale pattern. NANOROBOTICS: Nanorobots are expected to provide advances in medicine through the miniaturization from microelectronics to nanoelectronics. This work presents a nanorobot architecture based on nanobioelectronics for the gradual development and future use of nanorobots to combat cancer Cancer can be successfully treated with current stages of medical technologies and therapy tools.

The ability to manufacture nanorobots may result from current trends and new methodologies in fabrication, computation, transducers and manipulation. Depending on the case, different gradients on temperature, concentration of chemicals in the bloodstream, and electromagnetic signature are some of relevant parameters for diagnostic purposes CMOS VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Systems design using deep ultraviolet lithography provides high precision and a commercial way for manufacturing early nanodevices and nanoelectronics systems.

B. Chemical Sensor
Manufacturing silicon-based chemical- and motion-sensor arrays using a two-level system architecture hierarchy has been successfully conducted in the last 15 years. Applications range from autmotive and chemical industry with detection of air to water element pattern recognition through embedded software programming, and biomedical uses. Through the use of nanowires, existing significant costs of energy demand for data transfer and circuit operation can be decreased by up to 60% CMOS-based biosensors using nanowires as material for circuit assembly can achieve maximal efficiency for applications regarding chemical changes, enabling new medical treatments Chemical nanosensors can be

II. MEDICAL NANOROBOT ARCHITECTURE The main parameters used for the medical nanorobot architecture and its control activation, as well as the required technology background that may lead to manufacturing hardware for molecular machines, are described next.

A. Manufacturing Technology

embedded in the nanorobot to monitor Ecadherin gradients. Thus, nanorobots programmed for such task can make a detailed screening of the patient whole body. In our medical nanorobotic architecture, the mobile phone is applied to retrieve information about the patient conditions. For that, it uses electromagnetic waves to command and detect the current status of nanorobots inside the patient. New materials such as strained channel with relaxed SiGe layer can reduce self-heating and improve performance Recent developments in 3D circuits and FinFETs double-gates have achieved astonishing results and according to the semiconductor roadmap should improve even more. To further advance manufacturing techniques, SiliconOn-Insulator (SOI) technology has been used to assemble highperformance logic sub 90nm circuits. Circuit design approaches to solve problems with bipolar effect and hysteretic variations based on SOI structures has been demonstrated successfully. Thus, already-feasible 90nm and 45nm CMOS devices represent breakthrough technology devices that are already being utilized in products.

human body to transmit data about the health of patients can provide great advantages in continuous medical monitoring .

The surgeons of tomorrow:Miniaturized robots that go inside you. 8 Before the advent of laparoscopic or keyhole surgery in the 70s, operations such as a stomach bypass or gall bladder removal required large incisions and long periods for recovery. The next chapter further minimizes the invasiveness of surgical procedures via robots that are millimeters in size that infiltrate our bodies through the ears, eyes and lungs, to take tissue samples, deliver drugs, or install medical devices. Brad Nelson, a roboticist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EHT) in Zurich, recently told New Scientist; Its not impossible to think of this happening in five years. Im convinced its going to get there. Hurdles to overcome include the development of new mechanisms for propulsion and power supply on a miniature scale, which are also prerequisites to the loftier idea of nanoscale medical robots swimming in our bloodstream.

C. Data Transmission
The application of devices and sensors implanted inside the

A capsule camera driven by tiny propellors used to explore the digestive system (Credit: The Royal College of Surgeons / Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna)

The ophthalmic robot is designed to treat blocked veins in the eye (Credit: ETH Zurich)

Health and environmental concerns Main articles: Health implications of nanotechnology and Environmental implications of nanotechnology Some of the recently developed nanoparticle products may have unintended consequences. Researchers have discovered that silver nanoparticles used in socks only to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash with possible negative consequences.[52] Silver nanoparticles, which are bacteriostatic, may then destroy beneficial bacteria which are important for breaking down organic matter in waste treatment plants or farms.[53] A study at the University of Rochester found that when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the particles settled in the brain and lungs, which led to significant increases in biomarkers for inflammation and stress response.[54] A major study published more recently in Nature Nanotechnology suggests some forms of carbon nanotubes a poster child for the nanotechnology revolution could be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in sufficient quantities. Anthony Seaton of the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Edinburgh, Scotland, who contributed to the article on carbon nanotubes said "We know that some of them probably have the potential to cause mesothelioma. So those sorts of materials need to be handled very carefully.".[55] In the absence of specific nano-regulation forthcoming from governments, Paull and Lyons (2008) have called for an exclusion of engineered nanoparticles from organic food.[56] A newspaper article reports that workers in a paint factory developed serious lung disease and nanoparticles were found in their lungs CONCLUSION: In our study Nanotechnology is definitely a medical boon for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer disease. It will radically change the way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer to help meet the goal of eliminating suffering and death from cancer. The integration of nanotechnology into cancer diagnostics and therapeutics is a rapidly advancing field, and there is a need for wide understanding of these emerging concepts. The development of new nanoscale platforms offers great potential for improvements in the care of cancer patients in the near future.

REFERENCES: www.google.com. www.crnano.org www.taebcnetbase.com Nanotechnology by -John mongillo.