PROPOSED REHABILITATION EXPANSION DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRINCE MOHAMMED BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH,

KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA SECTION G LANDSIDE FACILITIES LANDSCAPING TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. DESIGN CONCEPT 2. IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM AND SCOPE OF WORKS 3. PLANTING PROCEDURES 4. MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND SCOPE OF WORKS 5. IRRIGATION

SECTION G PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING

6. SECTIONS IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY CONTRACT MANAGEMENT,

JOB SPECIFICATION AND RESPONSIBILITY 7. LANDSCAPE WORKS PROPOSAL

PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL APRIL 2011

PROPOSED REHABILITATION EXPANSION DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRINCE MOHAMMED BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA 1.0 LANDSCAPE DESIGN CONCEPT

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As such, the sites are prone dust pollution. In order to overcome this, screen planting, greening and buffer planting along the main road are crucial to minimise the pollution. Other issue that is being considered is to allow more soft landscape to be planted at plaza area.

The overall concept selected is pattern of sand dunes, oasis & arid desert a fusion of :-

Sand dunes called ergs and stony surfaces called hamada surfaces compose a minority of desert surfaces. Sand dune formation is controlled by a combination of wind strength and direction, and sediment supply. In detail, however, the formation of dune patterns is complex and remains poorly understood. Within a given area the dune pattern may be quite regular, but also very intricate. Physical features are typically created on several different scales: giant sand ridges on a scale of hundreds of metres to a few kilometres, sand dunes measured in metres to tens of metres, and ripples on a scale of centimetres to a metre or more. This hierarchy can be readily observed in the deserts. Oasis called a fertile or green spot in a desert or wasteland, made so by the presence of water. Arid desert when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or even preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. As a result, environments subject to arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic.

1.1

GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

In parallel to the proposed concept, the design is to fulfill certain goals and objectives as follows: a. b. c. The overall landscape proposal to the development is to portray the uniqueness and importance of the complex. The landscape design take the opportunity of turning the development into more leisure and artistic environment rather than the formality of an institution. The landscape design also takes into consideration of blending with the surrounding existing landscape. 2.0 IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM AND SCOPE OF WORKS

2.1

Site Preparation

1.2

DESIGN ISSUES AND CONSIDERATIONS

Site preparation should be carried out to obtain good results in landscape works. Areas with poor/hard soil structure with only traces of organic matter must be improved to increase the soil fertility. Soil amendments which is aimed at improving the soil structure and texture and PH of the soil to pH 5.5 - 6.5 can be carried out by adding the following :-

The main design issues related to the development is that the site are surrounded by desert.

a b.

Magnesium carbonate (limestone) Manure / organic fertilizer such as chicken waste and sludge

PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL APRIL 2011

PROPOSED REHABILITATION EXPANSION DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRINCE MOHAMMED BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA c. Soil conditioners such as humus, compost and peat moss

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2.2

Site Clearing and Cleaning

The planting areas must be free of construction- materials and debris, weeds, roots, stones (exceeding 100mm), asphalts or any materials that can be hazardous to the operation and maintenance of the landscape works.

2.4

Hole Excavation

2.5

Planter boxes.

The hole for planting shall be- excavated as follows: * Trees/Palms * Big shrubs * Shrubs * Ground cover 1 m x 1 m x 1 m or 1/3 bigger than the root ball 500 mm x 500 mm x 500mm 300 mm x 300 mm x 300 mm 50 mm x 300 mm x 300 mm 2.7

2 parts top soil: 1 part soil conditioner/organic matter

In case where planting areas are reinforced concrete based (minimum 1 m deep) 12 mm - 20 mm size gravel / aggregate to be laid up to 100 mm thick and thereafter covered with a layer of geotextile /terrain filter cloth. All excavated soil and debris to be immediately carted away before backfilling the planting holes with approved soil mixture.

Pending test to be carried out before back filling especially on compacted grounds and back filled slope. Excavated holes to be back filled with soil mixture thoroughly mixed with basal fertilizers as follows:

Selection and Inspection of Plant Materials

1m x 1m x 1m or bigger planting hole

All plant materials (plant/trees, shrubs, groundcovers and aquatic plants) supplied by the landscape contractor to be approved by the consultant. They should be of correct origin, species, variety, healthy with well formed branches and vigorous roots and free of pest, disease discoloration and damage, meeting the minimum specification requirement.

3 parts top soil: 1 part soil conditioner/organic matter 1 kg fertilizer

All plant materials shall be delivered and unloaded preferably nearest to the planting areas so as to reduce multiple handing. However, in cases where the site is not ready, they are to be unloaded at the designated transit nursery. Ideally, they must be planted within 24 hours of delivery.

500m x 500m x 500m planting hole

parts top soil: 1 part soil conditioner/organic matter: 100 gm fertilizer

3.0

Planting Procedures

150m x 300m x 300m trench/bed

3.1

Plants

3 parts top soil: 1 part soil conditioner/organic matter: 50.gm fertilizer

Most plants suffer transplanting stress / shock. The degree of stress will determine their survival or rate of recovery. Therefore it is crucial that the plants be handled with care during planting. Prune all broken and unsightly branches right to the base and apply wound dress if necessary. All dead/dried

PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL APRIL 2011

PROPOSED REHABILITATION EXPANSION DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRINCE MOHAMMED BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA leaves to be removed. Measure the height of the rootball. Fill up the planting hole with soil mix to a level when the plant is placed in the hole, the top level of the root ball is the same as the finish grade/ground level.

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In close turfing, lay turf with close butt joint in spot turfing the distance between sods is 150 mm. When turf arrives on site, it must be planted within 24 hours. Top dress the turf area with a mixture of top soil and sand

Remove the bottom of the polybags (if plants comes in polybag). Set the plant vertical in the middle and aesthetically acceptable before removing the remaining polybag. Try as far as possible to leave the rootball intact. Spread some basal fertilizer

4.0

MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND SCOPE OF WORKS

4.1 For palms, trees and big shrubs, staking wood to be firmly placed beside the root ball in a proper position so as to ensure that it will provide support to the plant and not otherwise. The soil mix to be added into the hole until the rootball is totally covered. Press the soil around the rootball so as to hold the plant firmly in its position.

Watering

Watering is essential to the plant survival. Ideally, watering should be carried out twice daily, once in the morning preferably before 11: 00 am and in the evening after 4:30 pm, except when it rains. The frequency should be increased during severe drought conditions.

Water the plant thoroughly immediately after planting.

Watering must be carried out gently so as to ensure maximum absorption by the soil up to a minimum of 200 mm deep and to avoid surface run off.

Planting holes will have to be excavated manually. Allow backfilling of soil mix to rootball for final gradients and level to match the existing slope. Spread the outer lining of the planting hole edge at slope area with approximately 50 mm thick soil mixture to as a barrier and a water container. 4.2 Upon establishment of the tree, supply and spread sandy soil mixture and trimming the ground shape in accordance to the land profile at side. Plants need nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) besides the micronutrients for balance and good growth. The soil in which is sustaining the plant growth should have all these necessary nutrients in the form of fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are often found to be more suitable. Fertiliser Application

For the first year, fertilizer application should be carried out once a month and thereafter quarterly for the subsequent years. The fertilizer type and dosage is as follows:

a. 3.2 Turf

Trees/Bamboos: NPK (15: 15: 15) at 200 gms per plant per month and be replaced with NPK (12: 12: 17 +TE) during the flowering month

Planting of turf will be carried out using cow grass (Axonopuss compressus) for total area of approximately 55,500 m2. Turf should be laid on prepared soil bed andfirmed into position in consecutive rows with broken joints, closely butted and to thecorrect levels. Fine turf shall only be accepted as complete when new growth has caused turf to knit together and adhere by rooting to the soil bed.

b.

Palms: NPK (15:15:15) at 500 gms per palm per month

c.

Shrubs: NPK (8:8:8) and NPK (12: 12: 17 + TE) at 25 gms per shrub per month

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PROPOSED REHABILITATION EXPANSION DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRINCE MOHAMMED BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA alternately

SECTION G PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING

The inner ends of the stakes should extend beyond the tree stem by not more than 150 mm and should not be higher than 300 mm below the lowest branches. The stakes should be neatly and firmly fastened using rubber hose or cord.

d.

Turf: NPK (15:15:15) at 100 gms per m2 quarterly. Single staking can be used for trees and palms that have a small and a medium size trunk. A single stake with a cross section 500 mm x 500 mm. Should driven vertically into ground 150 - 250 mm away from tree.

Besides the use of the chemical fertilizers above, organic fertilizer like compost and humus be applied generously on a quarterly basis as a supplement and also soil improvement.

Other than fertilizers, plants also require trace elements like Magnesium (Mg) and Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn). The deficiencies can be easily detected from the symptoms shown by the plants.

4.3 Mulching

Mulching is usually applied to minimise evaporation of moisture from the soil surface thus keeping the roots cool especially during the hot season. It helps retard weed growth and gives a neat finishing to all landscaped areas. In time, as the mulch material decomposes, it will also helps to enrich the soil. Mulching should be carried out within two (2) days of planting using approved friable composted organic material such as shredded oil palm fibres, coco peat, organic compost, treated wood chips and coco peat ; shall have a pH between 5.5 - 7.0. They must reapply every three months. For the shrub beds, mulching with coco fibre of 50 mm thickness shall cover over the entire surface of planting holes and shrub beds

4.4

Staking

Staking is installed immediately after planting meant to hold the plant firmly to the ground, thus helps to reduce planting stress. Any slight movement especially by wind can retard the growth of new roots/root hairs and will stress the transplanted plants.

The size of the stakes and the method of staking are very much dependent on the size, type of plants, planting position and surrounding environment.

Stakes should be of saw timber at height according to the size of the plants. Here, 50 ffi1Jl x 50 mm x 2.5 mm timber stake painted in green will be use for stake the plants.

4.5

Weed Control

PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL APRIL 2011

PROPOSED REHABILITATION EXPANSION DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRINCE MOHAMMED BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA All unwanted growth aliens to the type of plants installed on site are considered weeds. Being hardy in nature, they will thrive and compete for water, nutrients and space thus depriving especially the newly planted plants of the necessary elements that promote good growth. Its uncontrolled growth can also create an eye sore to the landscaped areas.

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The removal of weeds can be done either manually or with the use of weedicides. Manual removal can be time consuming. However in opting for the latter, the selection of weedicide is very crucial as some of the active ingredient in the weedicide can be harmful to the plants. In addition, one has to be very conversant with its dosage as well as application.

Environmentally friendly method of weed control such as mulching, dense planting and well maintained turf should be encouraged.

Weeding operation should be carried out at least once a month or when deemed necessary. Initially tree base and shrub beds are to be manually hand picked. Weeded once in every 2 weeks while ground cover are require once every 10 days. The routine is then adjusted to meet the requirement.

The major weeds must be control here is Mimosa pudica, Mimosa indica Imperata cylindrical, broad leave and love grass.

The most suitable and commonly used weedicide is glyphosate based such as Roundup at a rate of 100 ml per 18 litres sprayer pump mainly to eradicate lalang.

4.5

Disease and Pest Control

To ensure healthy growing plants, they must be free from diseases and pest. Diseases in plants are brought about by fungi, parasites, bacteria and virus while pest not only feed on the plants; also transmit infection to other plants.

It is crucial that any disease or pest infested plants be treated immediately as they will not only effect that particular plant, but also the habitat of the surroundings and may even cause an epidemic. Therefore treatment will have to be carried out not only on the infected plant but also the surrounding areas. Identification of the type of diseases and pest is crucial before curative action can be taken.

The affected plants will exhibit systemic symptoms peculiar to the infestation or attack. Disease and pest control can be carried out manually or using of chemical. Manual control can be carried out by pruning the effected parts and to be removed from site immediately or burned. In using chemicals to arrest infestation, sufficient knowledge of the disease and pest is necessary hence the choice of the right chemical, its dosage and application.

For an effective control of pest, an integrated pest management will have to be devised and implemented as pest do become resistant towards a particular pesticides if used frequently. Too much

PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL APRIL 2011

PROPOSED REHABILITATION EXPANSION DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRINCE MOHAMMED BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA use of chemicals may also destroy the predators thus creating an imbalance to the pest kingdom. Therefore, biological,physical and cultural methods be considered and adopted:

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Trees with properly thinned and balanced crown resists wind damage better than unpruned trees. Shrubs are thinned to control size while maintaining natural appearance.

i)

Spraying water to trees which have been attacked by mites. As for palms, all dead or badly damaged or diseased fronds are to be removed by cutting them from the underside to avoid tearing the fibers of the palm's stem.

ii)

Keeping the area where pest are most sensitive, clean and neat.

iii)

Trim and remove branches which have been attacked by worms / insects. 4.7 Soil Analysis

iv)

Use light traps to trap pest which are active at night. Soil is the medium in which plants grow. A good soil mixture with all the necessary nutrients will enhance plant growth. Soil improvement is the most important element in any maintenance routine.

v)

Scouring the earth to expose lava and pupa which are buried be easily picked by predators, bird and exposure to the sun. Soil analysis must be conducted when the plants arte not growing well and periodically to ensure that its nutrients are not depleted and have the right pH preference of the particular plant, usually around 6.0 - 6.5 pH.

vi)

Removal of pest such as lady bird and caterpillar manually (hand picked) to reduce its population.

4.6

Pruning

Soil with pH value below than 6.0 will generally have decreasing availability of nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium, Magnesium and Molydenum. Other nutrients like Manganese, Aluminum and Boron, become increasingly available and cause phytotoxity. This situation can be amended by the addition of lime.

The main objective of pruning is to maintain or develop a desired size and form of plants. The selective removal of shoots and branches can also can improve health, control growth and enhance fruiting, flowering or appearance.

4.8

Grass

Pruning should be a part of horticultural routine and not delayed until the landscape overgrown. Frequent light pruning several times a year encourages faster growth and prevent undesirable sprouting. Light pruning helps to maintain annual flowering and fruiting of fruit trees. After pruning, wound dressing need to be applied.

It is imperative that all newly turfed areas be watered and soaked to prevent the turf from browning and ensure immediate survival and good growth. Immediately roll and top dressing to be carried out thereafter to give an even and levelled finishing.

Trees and shrub are pruned either by heading back or thinning. Heading back is the selective cutting of the end of twigs or young branches back to bud or node. Heading back involves using the thumbs and forefinger to remove the tips of branches inferred as pinching. This method is applied to shrub to create and maintain a pleasing form.

Roll the turf using a 3 cwt roller pressing the roots firmly into the soil and to produce a close well knitted turfing at keys areas for public use.

During the initial growing stages, weeding must be carried out at least once a month to remove love grasses, broad leaves weed, Mimosa sp. and lalang.

Thinning is the complete removal of branches back to lateral branch or to the main trunk or for shrubs to the ground. Trees are thinned to Increase penetration of light and encourage turf growth beneath trees.

Grass cutting needs to be done at least once per month during the main growing period. Brush cutters or motor driven cutters with sharp and well adjusted blade to be used so that the turf shall be

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PROPOSED REHABILITATION EXPANSION DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRINCE MOHAMMED BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA cleanly cut and no tearing takes place and not to damage the stolon or rhizomes of the spreading grass when mowing No cutting shall be carried out when the grass is wet or when it is raining. Top dressing should be carried out at least once a year or when necessary.

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vitamin C and the quality of the greenery and fruits. Amongst the systems of irrigation evaluated, the laser perforated hose, drip and subsuperficial drip where those which produced the best results. Using one jet for two plants was not adequate for the crop. Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation or microirrigation, is an irrigation method which saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. 5.2 Water requirements

The water requirements for the acerola shrub vary according to the climate, the size of the plants (leaf area and height), the frequency of irrigation and thepercentage of soil surface wetted by irrigation. Water consumption tends to be greater in conditions of high evapo-transpiration demand, frequent irrigation and wetting of more than 60% of the soil surface. In the climatic conditions of Kindom of Saudi Arabia. 4.9 Housekeeping / Clearing Up Observed values of evapo-transpiration of the turf and others landscape plants varying from 4.4 to 8.0 mm/d, with an average of 5.1 mm/d and an average crop coefficient (Kc) of 0.98. Volume of water recommended for irrigation 1700L/per day..

All landscaped areas must look presentable and pleasing at all times. Therefore it is important that the areas be always free from litter and other debris. 6.0 All landscape wastes such as turf clippings, dead branches/leaves are put in bags and to be removed from site immediately. Straighten all stakes and rectify ties. For such a development, implementation strategy is crucial and this includes Contract Administration, Work Specifications and Scope Of Works. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY CONTRACT MANAGEMENT, JOB SPECIFICATION AND RESPONSIBILITY

It is also important to give attention to the maintenance of all the tools, implements areas. 5.0 IRRIGATION

6.1

Contract Management

Irrigation permits an increase in greenery and productivity of the date palm, increases the period of harvest and increases the size of the fruit. In regions where the average temperature remains above 20C. 5.1 Methods of irrigation

The Contract Administration is proposed to be headed by qualified personnel with relevant qualification in the field of landscape. Good management practices ensure smooth works at the construction site and minimising potential problems.

Turf and palms adapts well to the following methods of irrigation: conventional and sprinkling, jet, drip, sub-superficial drip, laser perforated hose and ditches. The choice of system of irrigation should take into account the availability of water, land topography, climate, soil and the financial resources of the producer.Irrigation by ditches may be used in locations with level topography, with limitations of water resources, and clay based soils. In medium to sandy soils, where there is a limitation of water resources, localized systems of irrigations (drip or jet) are best because water is used more efficiently. When using jet it is recommended to use one unit per plant and in dripping it is recommended to use four drippers per plant. In using laser perforated hoses one hose could be used for every two rows of plants, depending on row spacing. Comparing different systems of irrigation for the landscape. Concluded that there was no difference between the systems of irrigation concerning the composition of

Some of the works that are within the Contract Administration includes the followings: -

i.

To determine objective/goals

A manager should be able to determine and set the objective/goals of the given

PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL APRIL 2011

PROPOSED REHABILITATION EXPANSION DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRINCE MOHAMMED BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA project. He should be able to comprehend and make survey on matters pertaining to the relevant trades for e.g. goods/items and services that are required for the project, suppliers/manufacturers and the pricing of building materials.

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ii.

Planning

To be able to plan the construction works ahead systematically and to adhere to the implementation programme/schedule to avoid any potential delay.

6.2

Job Specification

The work and responsibility of each staff/worker is closely related to their job specifications assigned to them. As such each staff/worker must be able to understand their work specifications and scopes so that implementation of the project is smoother and with less hassle. ii. Monitoring And Co-ordination 6.3 Controlling and monitoring is necessary to ensure every procedures, rules and regulations and also the objective of the project is fully understood and adhere to by every staff and workers. Co-ordination is important to ensure smooth flow of the work and interaction between the office/site staff is of utmost importance. - To ensure smooth implementation of the project in accordance to the Work Programme. Some of the responsibilities involves in the implementation include but not limited to the followings: Responsibility

- To ensure target dates and milestones are met and potential delays are arrested from the beginning.

- Any construction problems are to be resolved soonest possible to avoid delay and idling of resources.

- To achieve the desired result, construction works are to follow the Consultants drawings and specifications.

6.4

PLANTING STRATEGY VISUAL IMPACT OF SURROUNDING

The initial step to gain the visual impact is by introducing local plants and palms date palm along the main road. The scattered of date palms which will provide the visual screen and soften the impact of the man-made structures.

PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL APRIL 2011

PROPOSED REHABILITATION EXPANSION DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRINCE MOHAMMED BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA As for the Plaza there is will be planted with date palms to ensure the green continuum is intact. Other than the shade palms other hierarchy of planting category includes the shrubs, ground covers and lawn. By carefully positioning these categories of plants at the correct location, it will turn the development into a more balance environment of natural and man-made structures.

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