Electrical Basic Course: Lesson 1 Definition of Electrical Quantities

Electrical Basics Course
Prof. Aldo Canova
Electrical Basic Course

Lesson 1 Definition of electrical quantities
Prof. Aldo Canova
Items
Boundaries of the Electrical Basic Course Two-terminal and N-terminal component Basic electrical quantities Electrical Current Electrical Voltage Electrical Power: Two-terminal component convention Electrical Circuit: Topological definitions Node Edge Graph Loop Cut set
Prof. Aldo Canova
Boundaries of the Electrical Basic Course

All the electromagnetic phenomena are subjected to Maxwell equations. The aim of the proposed Electrical Basic Course is the study of the relations among elementary components which exchange electric energy among them only by they terminals and no energy comes from the surrounding air (no propagation). The Electrical Basic Course will be based on a simplification set of Maxwell equations called Kirchhoffs Laws Terminals
a) 2-terminal components, b) 3-terminal components, c) 4-terminal component
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N-terminal components
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N-terminal components
The terminal are ideal and so can have arbitrary shape and length
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Electrical Current
Lets assume that is known the existence of Electric Charge: q [C] Lets suppose of having a tube (electrical conductors) where the charges can flow and to consider the charge q which flows through the cross section of the tube in the time interval t, we define the current i as:
Or better:
Prof. Aldo Canova
Electrical Current
The terminals of the component are conductors and when the charge enter in one terminal of the component exit from the other terminal:
Possible current representation
Current SI unit is Ampere [A] (1 A = 1 Coloumb/second)
Prof. Aldo Canova
Electrical Current
The instrument which measures current is called Ammeter The Ammeter is characterized by a pointed terminal
If the measured value is positive, it means that a positive current enter in the pointed terminal of the ammeter 0 i=10A
Prof. Aldo Canova
Electrical Voltage
The electrical voltage is the difference of the voltage potential between two points The voltage potential of a point is the work has to be done in order to move a unitary charge from the infinite to the considered point
Q=1 C A
The electrical voltage between a point A and a point B is the work has to be done in order to move a unitary charge from the point A and a the point B
vA
A Voltage SI unit is Volt [V]
vB
Q=1 C B
VAB=VA-VB
vA
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Electrical Voltage
From electrical voltage definition:
VAB=VA-VB VBA=VB-VA
VAB= - VBA
An electrical voltage occurs across the terminals of a component: v
Other possible representation: v
Prof. Aldo Canova
Electrical Voltage
The instrument which measures current is called Voltmeter The voltmeter is characterized by a pointed terminal
If the measured value is positive, it means that a positive voltage point versus the pointed terminal of the voltmeter 0
*
v=+5V
Prof. Aldo Canova
Electrical Power
Is defined as the product between voltage and current of two-terminal component:
p=v i
Power SI unit is Watt [W] The power can be absorbed or generated depending from the direction choice of voltage and current: Load Convention: voltage and current point the same terminal (a and b) Source Convention: voltage and current point different terminal (c and d)
Prof. Aldo Canova
Electrical Power
In the Load Convention the calculated power is absorbed In the Source Convention the calculated power is generated The calculated power can be positive or negative, this means that: Load Convention and positive power = Load Load Convention and negative power = Source Source Convention and positive power = Source Source Convention and negative power = Load The instrument which measures electrical power is called Wattmeter
Prof. Aldo Canova
Electrical Power
The wattmeter is characterized by four terminals: Two voltage terminals Two current terminals One voltage and one current terminals are pointed
* *
W
Voltage terminals Current terminals
Connection: i
* *
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Electrical Circuit
Given a set of elementary component and Electrical Circuit is obtained by a possible connection of the set of component Many connections are possible and so many circuit can be created
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Electrical Circuit
What are important are the connections and not their length
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Basic Topological definition

Node: namely the points of connection of 2 or more terminal Branch: namely the part of the circuit connecting 2 nodes
Branch
Branch
Node
Node
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Basic Topological definition

Graph: describe the topology of a circuit by a diagrams in which are drawn only the nodes and the branches without reporting the components
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Derived Topological definition: Loop

Loop: is as a subset of branches of a graph that satisfies the following properties: 1) each branch of the loop is connected with the other ones 2) two and only two branches are connected to the nodes belonging to the loop
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3, 4 and 5 is a Loop 3, 4, 5 and 6 is not a Loop
3 branches are connected to the node D
1 branch is connected to the node A
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All the loops are: 1,5,6 1,3,2 3,4,5 2,4,6 1,3,4,6 1,5,4,2 3,5,6,2
Prof. Aldo Canova
Derived Topological definition: Cut set

Cut set is a subset of branches of a graph which satisfies the following properties: 1) by removing all the branches of the cut set, we obtain two separated graphs from the original one 2) by removing all the branches of the cut except one, whatever it is, we get only one graph
E 1
2 11 4
5 12
G 7
H 10 1
E 11
5 12
G 7
H 10
13 9
4 B
13 9
Prof. Aldo Canova

E 2 11 F G 7 8 H
5,12,6 is a cut set?

1 4 13 9 10
2 separated graph
1 connected graph
E 1 A 2 11 3 4 B 6 F G 7 8 13 9 H 10 D 1 E 11 3 2 4 B F 12 G 7
1 connected graph
8 13 9 H 10
1 connected graph E 1 A
2 11 3
F 4 B
G 7 C
13 10 9 D
Prof. Aldo Canova

8,13,10 is a cut set?
1 E 11 3 2 4 B F 5 12 G 7 H
2 separated graph
1 connected graph
E 1 2 11 3 4 B F 5 12 G 7 9 E 11 2 8 H 1 A F 5 12 G 7 E 11 3 2 4 B H F 5 12 6 G 7
1 connected graph
H 10 9 D
1 connected graph
1
4 3
13 9 D
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In general, the branches composing a cut set will be those cutting a closed curve drawn around the graph
2 11
5 X 12 X X 6
13 9
10
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The surface can contains at least 1 node of the circuit (which represents a graph in any case since is a topological element) E F G H 2 5 8 X 1 11 12 4 6 7
X
13 9
10
Each node is associated to a cut set. All the subset of branches that converge to a node are cut sets Node A: cut set 1,3,11 Node B: cut set 3,4,6 Node C: cut set 6,12,7,9 Node D: cut set 9,10 Node E: cut set 1,2 Node F: cut set 2,11,4,5 Node G: cut set 5,7,8 Node H: cut set 8,13,10
The cut set which is not associate to a physical node is called generalized node
Prof. Aldo Canova
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of the voltages across the branches of a loop is equal to 0 at any instant.
Implementing decree: 3 steps 1) Definition of the voltage orientation 2) Definition of loop orientations 3) Correlation rule between voltage and loop orientations
Prof. Aldo Canova

1) Definition of the voltage orientation: the orientation implies the name of the voltage
vBA
A 1 B
vDA
vBC
or
vCB
vDC
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2) Definition of the loop orientation
C
or
A
4 2
A
D 3 C
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3) Correlation rule between voltage and loop orientation: we have to define if the voltage orientated according the loop orientation should be considered positive or negative in the algebraic sum and alternative if the voltage not orientated according the loop orientation should be considered negative or positive. vBA
vBA-vBC+vDC-vDA=0
or vDA
-vBA+vBC-vDC+vDA=0
D 3 vDC
vBC
Prof. Aldo Canova
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of the currents which flow in the branches of a cut set is equal to 0 at any instant.
Implementing decree: 3 steps 1) Definition of the current orientations 2) Definition of cut set crossing orientation 3) Correlation rule between current and cut set crossing orientations
Prof. Aldo Canova

1) Definition of the current orientations
i4
i3
3 1
i1
or
2
i2
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2) Definition of cut set crossing orientation
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3) Correlation rule between current and cut set crossing orientations: we have to define if the current orientated according the cut set crossing orientation should be considered positive or negative in the algebraic sum and alternative if the current not orientated according the cut set crossing i3 orientation should be considered negative or positive.
i4
i1
3 1
-i1-i2+i3-i4=0
2
or
i1+i2-i3+i4=0
i2
Prof. Aldo Canova
Generalised KVL
The KVL can be also written on a path which is not composed by physical components: what is important is that the path should be a closed path. In this case the path is called: generalised loop
vFD
vDA
vFB
vAB
Prof. Aldo Canova
Generalised KCL
The KCL can be also written on a cut set which is not associated to a physical node. In this case the cut set is called: generalised node
E 1
2 11 4
5 12
G 7
H 10
13 9
Prof. Aldo Canova
KVL and KCL

KVL (or KCL) will be adopted for: 1) Calculating a voltage (or a current) knowing all the other of a loop (or of the cut set) 2) Writing constraint equations (in order to write a set of linear circuit equation will be adopted in the solution of electrical circuit) All the following roles and theorems of the course derive from KVL and KCL.
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Exercise on KVL
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Exercises on KVL
Solving the system:
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Exercise on KCL
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Exercise on KVL
Node C
Node A
Node F
Solution

Electrical Basic Course: Lesson 1 Definition of Electrical Quantities

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Electrical Basics Course

Prof. Aldo Canova