MULTIPURPOSE SOLAR WATER HEATER CUM ORGANIC RANKINE POWER PLANT

The Model

Aim
To produce hot water to cater to the needs of a five storey apartment building housing ten families. To provide for the energy required for all common electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and pump) and a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 families with a 1kw limit per family.

The Idea
To produce to use a Wetcater to the needsCycle to The idea is hot water to Organic Rankine of a five absorb the solar building housing ten to useful storey apartmentenergy and convert it families. energy. To provideideal process for low temperature heat This is an for the energy required for all common recovery. electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and pump) and a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 families with a 1kw limit per family.

Specifications
To produce hot hot water to cater to the needs of a five To produce water to cater to the needs of a five 1 1.Cost: INR 5.78 lakhs storey apartment building housing ten families. 2. Power generation capacity: 10 kW all common To provide for the energy required for electrical equipment of the : 1000litres 3. Water Heating capacity apartment (lighting and pump) 54 a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 4. Area: and m2 (flat bed collectors of 2 m2 (each)-27 nos.) families with a 1kw limit per family. 5. Working Fluid is R123 6. Lifecycle: 20 yrs (same as a solar water heater) 7. Payback Period: 5.03 years storey apartment building housing ten families. electrical

Design
To produce hot water to cater to the needs of a five storey apartment building housing ten families. To provide for the energy required for all common electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and pump) and a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 families with a 1kw limit per family.

Flat Plate Collector

An array of 27 collectors of 2m 2 area are connected in series. They are made of Copper fin and 10 pipes of 18mm outer dia and 16mm inner diameter.(=0.98,=0.12) The Collector is single glazed with a distance of 4mm between the glass and the absorber plate. It is insulated on all its sides with Rockwool and Aluminum Foil for a 4cm thickness. Similarly it is also insulated at the bottom for an 8cm thickness. Thermal Conductivity of Copper is 385 W/m-0C and that of the insulating material is 0.05W/m-0C. The working fluid in the tubes is R-123(Triflouro-dichloro-ethane). Boiling Point of the refrigerant is 27.60C

 To produce hot water to cater to the needs of a five storey apartment building housing ten families. To provide for the energy required for all common electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and pump) and a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 families with a 1kw limit per family.

 Incident Solar radiation: It = rb*Ib + rd*Id+ rg*Id Where, rb,rd,rr are the solar flux incident on collectors viz. 0.9384,0.9741,0.0052

Flux Absorbed by Absorber plate, S= Ib*()b*rb + Id*()d*rd +Ig*rr*()d Where ()b, ()d are 0.727 and 0.642 respectively. Net Useful Heat gain, qu=FRAP[S-Ul(Tfi-Ta)] Here FR is collector heat removal factor and it equals 0.866 Ul is Overall loss coefficient and it equals 4.5 W/m2-oC S is the flux absorbed y the Absorber plate Ta is the ambient temperature, 25oC Tfl is working fluid inlet temperature, 30oC
Now the Efficiency of the Organic Rankine Cycle to be used is assumed to be 30% (considering the work done by the pump also).Hence to generate 5kW at the generator, 11.7 kW has to be the useful heat gain to be obtained from the collector.

Screw Expander

 To produce hot water to cater to the needs of a five storey apartment building housing ten families. To provide for the energy required for all common electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and pump) and a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 families with a 1kw limit per family.

Screw Expander Working Principle

Special Features of Screw Expanders Rotor tip speeds are hot water to cater magnitude less thanathose in turbo To produce roughly one order of to the needs of five machines . Hence, screw expanders can usually be directly coupled to normal 2 and storey apartment building housing ten families. 4 pole generators. Because ofprovidefluid velocities, the presence of for allin the working chamber To the low for the energy required liquid common does not damage the rotors and can improve performance by sealing the gaps and electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and acting as a lubricant.

pump) and a p

Advantages: Reduced cost expander converted compressor in mass production Increased efficiency Single pass boiler No lubrication system Direct coupling

 To produce hot water to cater to the needs of a five storey apartment building housing ten families. To provide for the energy required for all common electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and pump) and a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 families with a 1kw limit per family.

Screw Expander Driven ORC Demonstration Unit

eHeat Exchanger
As mentioned earlier, water heating takes place at this stage. This is essentially a 500 liter (1x1x0.5m) tank which has a helical pipe (Spiral Heat Exchanger) passing through it containing the hot vapor of R-123 flowing through it at a constant mass flow rate of 0.41 Kg/s. The tube is made of copper which has high thermal conductivity.

.
Spiral heat exchangers The main advantage of the SHE is its highly efficient use of space. This attribute is often leveraged and partially reallocated to gain other improvements in performance, according to well known tradeoffs in heat exchanger design. (A notable tradeoff is capital cost vs. operating cost.) A compact SHE may be used to have a smaller footprint and thus lower allaround capital costs, or an over-sized SHE may be used to have less pressure drop, less pumping energy, higher thermal efficiency, and lower energy costs.

Scroll Compressor
To produce hot water to cater to the needs of a five storey apartment building housing ten families. To provide for the energy required for all common electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and pump) and a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 families with a 1kw limit per family.

Oil Free Compressor

A 1.2kW scroll compressor is used to compress the fluid and send it to the expander. A scroll is used instead of a Screw in this case as Screw is more efficient for larger capacities while Scroll suits the smaller ones. The scroll machine has been selected among all the displacement type machines for its reduced number of moving parts, reliability, wide output power range, and good availability. These devices are known for operating more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than conventional compressors in some applications. Unlike pistons, the orbiting scrolls mass can be perfectly counterbalanced, with simple masses, to minimize vibration. The scroll compression process is nearly one hundred percent volumetrically efficient in pumping the trapped fluid.

Estimated Cost
1.Working fluid 2.Collectors R123 20kgs Flat Bed Collectors 2m2 each Rs30,150 /100 lb Reqd 20kgs Rs17,000/collector Reqd 27 no's Rs 15,075 Rs 4,59,000

3.Screw Expander & Generator Set 4.Tank

5.Scroll Compressor

11kw
20000 liters 1.2kW

Rs41,300
Rs50,000 Rs3200

Rs 41,300
Rs 50,000 Rs 3200

6.Estimated Installation cost (Heat Exchanger, Piping , etc.,) Total

RS 10000
Rs5,78,575

Storage
The power when generated in the solar thermal unit is supplied to the pump in the basement to pump water to the terrace in order to convert the electrical energy to potential energy . A slight modification is made to the pump .The pumps shaft is extended and a turbine is fixed to it. This enables it to act like a generator when the water in the overhead tank is allowed to flow down to the basement. The advantages of this system are: Cost effective(parts required already exist with the customer) Efficient as motors have an efficiency of 90%

Economic Analysis
Power generation rtment building housing ten families. Maximum power capacity = 10kW To provide for the energy hours=40kwh all common Total power = 10kWx4equivalent required for Cost of electricity saved per year = 40*30*(10 months) * Rs4.25 =Rs51,000 electrical equipment of the apartment Hot water produced Hot water produced= 1000 liters Energy consumed per day for heating 1000 liters of water is 50 kWh Cost of electricity consumed per day to heat 1000 liters of water Rs.213 (1 unit = RS 4.25) Cost of electricity consumed per month 213 x 30 = RS. 6390 Savings per year = Rs. 63,900 (10 month in a year)

Payback
Payback Period = Rs. 5,78,575/ (Rs.51,000 + Rs.63, 900) = 5.03 Yearsstorey To produce hot water to cater to the needs of a five storey apartment building housing ten families. To provide for the energy required for all common electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and pump) and a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 families with a 1kw limit per family.

Calculations
To produce hot water to cater to the needs of a five storey apartment building housing ten families. To provide for the energy required for all common electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and pump) and a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 families with a 1kw limit per family.

 To produce hot water to cater to the needs of a five storey apartment building housing ten families. To provide for the energy required for all common electrical equipment of the apartment (lighting and pump) and a power back up of up to 1 hour for all 10 families with a 1kw limit per family.

Anticipated Challenges
Storage system requires enormous amounts of water.
Areas affected by fog will have less power generation capability.

Areas affected by water shortage hamper the functioning of the system.

Bibliography
[1] Modeling , Simulation and Optimization of a Solar Thermal Power plant,Shantanu Bandhyopadhyay, Energy Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay. [2] Thermodynamic Properties of HCFC-123,Technical Information Manual, DuPont Suva Refrigerants. [3] Cost Effective Small Scale ORC Systems for Recovery From Low Enthalpy Geothermal Resources, I K Smith, N Stosic, A Kovacevic, City University London, England ;R Langson, Electratherm, Carson City NV,Global Geothermal Summit-2007.

[4] 20kW Solar Thermal Power Plant Manufacturer, http://www.tinytechindia.com/solar20kwtp.htm [5] Flat Plate Collector Catalogues, www.maharshisolar.com, www.photonsolar.com
[6] Experimental Study and Modeling of a Low Temperature Rankine Cycle for Small Scale Cogeneration, Sylvain Quoilin ,Thesis for the Degree of ElectroMechanical Engineer, UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE.

Bibliography
[7] AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRYs(AIRAH) Refrigeration Selection Guide,2003.

[8] Solar Thermal System in Buildings, Mitsuhiro Udagawa, udagawa@cc.kogakuin.ac.jp, Asian Workshop on Energy and Environmental Technologies, February 13, 2008
[9] CodePro Tutorials, University of Wisconsin, Madison

In The Future
Simulate the performance of this design on TRNSYS 16 and ComboSys Softwares and study the different key parameters. Improve Collector Efficiency to reduce the system area and to optimize the overall performance of the system.

Thank You

Avinash Juzer VITU