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+ = )
1
( 1 )
2 1
exp( ) ( 1
2
1
2
b
ab
erf
b
ab
a erf F
u
Where:
2
0
=
o
r
P x
a
,
2
log 10
10
=
o
e n
b
,
u
F is cell coverage probability,
r
P is the received signal mean at cell edge, n is the
propagation constant,
0
x is the average signal strength threshold, o is the slow fading
standard deviation and erf is the error function.
Coverage Probability:
P
COVERAGE
(x) = P [F(x) > F
threshold
]
Probability Density
SFM required Without SFM
With SFM
F
threshold
Received Signal Level [dBm]
WCDMA Radio Link Budget Principle and Case Study
2007-12-10 Page 9 , Total15
STD (Slow Fading Standard Deviation)
The standard deviation is a measured value that is obtained from various clutter types. It
basically represents the variance (log-normally distributed around the mean value) of the
measured RF signal strengths at a certain distance from the site.
Therefore, the standard deviation would vary by clutter type. Depending on the propagation
environment, the log-normal standard deviation can easily vary between 6 and 8 dB or even
greater. Assuming flat terrain, rural or open clutter types would typically have lower standard
deviation levels than the suburban or urban clutter types. This is due to the highly obstructive
properties encountered in an urban environment that in turn will produce higher standard
deviation to mean signal strengths than that experienced in a rural area.
A composite standard deviation can be obtained by the following formula:
2 2
2
2
1 n c
o o o o + + + =
where
n
o is the log normal standard deviation for environment n. This composite standard
deviation may sometimes be used if there are two or more environments (for instance,
outdoors and in-building) which have their own standard deviation. For example, if the
standard deviation is 8 dB for outdoors and 10 dB for in-building, the composite standard
deviation to use in Jakes equation would be ~ 12 dB.
SHO gain over slow fading
SHO gain over slow fading is also known as the Multi-Cell gain because in soft handover
more than 1 branch exists and hence the coverage probability increases which would result
in the decreasing of required slow fading margin.
Suppose that soft handover has 2 branches, and the orthogonality of the two radio link
branches on slow fading is 50%. We can calculate the slow fading margin required with soft
handovers based on the former assumptions, and compare it with the slow fading margin
required without soft handover to get the SHO gain over slow fading.
It should be noted that in a real network more than 2 branches may be involved in a soft
handover, though this probability is rather slow, the corresponding SHO gain is slightly higher
than that of a 2 branch soft handover. Therefore, the SHO gain derived from the above
supposition on 2-brance handovers is relatively conservative.
SHO gain over slow fading is dependent on the required area coverage probability, the
propagation path loss slope and the STD. The following table gives the calculated SHO gain
over slow fading and the propagation path loss slope equals to 3.59.
Table2 SHO gain over slow fading
Standard
Deviation(Indoor)
Coverage
Probability
Slow Fading
Margin(Non SHO)
SHO Gain over
Slow Fading
Slow Fading
Margin(With SHO)
11 (Dense Urban) 0.95 13.1dB 5.6dB 7.5dB
9 (Urban) 0.95 10.2dB 4.6dB 5.6dB
WCDMA Radio Link Budget Principle and Case Study
2007-12-10 Page 10 , Total15
8 (Suburban) 0.95 8.7dB 4dB 4.7dB
2.3 Case Study
Assumption:
Cable Loss: 0.5 dB (Distribution system)
Cell Load: 50% for uplink and 90% for downlink (considering HSPA services)
Antenna Gain: 18 dBi
Penetration Loss: 20 dB (Dense urban)
Maximum UE transmitting power: 21 dB
Propagation Model: SPM (Standard propagation model)
BS average antenna height: 30 meters
Procedures of uplink and downlink link budget are provided in the following table:
Table3 Uplink and Downlink Link Budget Procedures
Link Budget
AMR12.2k CS64k
Calculation Formula
Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink
Transmitting Power(dBm) 21 30 21 36 a
BS Antenna Gain (dBi) 18 18 18 18 b
Cable Loss(dB) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 c
Body Loss(dB) 3 3 0 0 d
Load Factor 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.9
Interference Margin(dB) 3.01 5.44 3.01 5.44 e
Fast Fading Margin(dB) 0.8 0 1.8 0 f
Area coverage probability 95% 95%
Slow fading standard deviation (dB) 11 11
Slow Fading Margin(dB) 7.54 7.54 7.54 7.54 g
Penetration Loss(dB) 20 20 20 20 h
Thermal Noise (dBm/3.84MHz) -108.13 -108.13 -108.13 -108.13 j
Receiver Noise Figure(dB) 1.6 7 1.6 7 k
Required Eb/NO(dB) 5.4 7.8 2.8 6.3 l
Processing Gain(dB) 24.98 24.98 17.78 17.78 m=W/R
Receiver Sensitivity(dB) -126.11 -118.31 -121.51 -112.61 i=j+k+l-m
Maximum Path Loss 130.26 129.83 127.66 133.13 PL=a+b-c-d-e-f-g-h-i
According to the maximum path loss, BS antenna high and propagation model, the cell
radius can be obtained.
Coverage Service
AMR12.2k CS64k
Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink
Cell Radius (Km) 0.47 0.45 0.39 0.57
WCDMA Radio Link Budget Principle and Case Study
2007-12-10 Page 11 , Total15
3 HSDPA Link Budget
3.1 HSDPA Link Budget Procedure
The HSDPA link budget is usually base on the R99 link budge to get the cell edge throughput
in downlink. The link budget for HSDPA is more complex than R99, and the cell edge
throughput need to be calculated depend on simulation result, which is closed related with
cell edge Ec/No.
For HSDPA, soft handover gain and fast fading margin should not be considered in link
budget, since neither fast power control nor soft handover is adopted in HS-PDSCH channel.
The figure below shows the procedure of HSDPA link budget:
The main step of HSDPA link budget is present below:
1. According to the cell radius comes from R99 dimensioning, the downlink coupling loss
can be calculated.
2. Cell edge Ec/No will be carry out base on the formula below:
( )
)
10
log( * 10
10
_
max
Nt NF CoupleLoss DL
DL
DSCH HS
P f
P
No
Ec
+ +
=
n o
Where:
DSCH HS
P
: Total power of HS-DSCH channel
o
: Non-orthogonality Factor
f
: Neighbor cell interference factor
CoupleLoss DL_
Downlink coupling loss
Cell Radius
Cell Edge Ec/No
HSDPA Power Allocation
Simulation
Ec/No => Throughput
UE Category,
Receiver Type
Cell Edge Throughput
Downlink Coupling Loss
WCDMA Radio Link Budget Principle and Case Study
2007-12-10 Page 12 , Total15
DL
n
: Downlink target load, including R99 and HSDPA service
max
P
: Max transmitter power of downlink
Nt
: Thermal noise power spectral density, typical value is -108.16dBm
f
N
: Receiver noise Figure, typical value is 7dB
3. Cell edge throughput can be calculated base on the simulation result, while more
factors have been considered, such as UE Category and HSDPA codes allocation.
3.2 Case Study
Assumption:
Channel type: TU3
Non-orthogonality factor: 0.5
Neighbor cell interference factor: 1.78
HSDPA code resource: 5
Cell radius: 0.36 Km
UE Category: 8
Max transmitter power of downlink: 20000 mw
Total power of HSDPA: 6000 mw (30% downlink power allocation)
According to the assumption above, the DL_CoupleLoss for HSDPA is calculated below:
144.66 20 13.1 0 18 - 0.5 1.37) (127.69
_ _ _ _
= + + + + + =
+ + + + = Lp SFM Lb antenna Ga BS Lf DL PL CoupleLoss DL
NSHO
Where:
DL PL _
: Downlink maximum path loss
BS Lf _
: Cable loss
antenna Ga_
: BS antenna gain
Lp: Building penetration loss (required in indoor coverage)
Lb
: Human body loss
NSHO
SFM : Slow fading margin or Log-Normal Fading (without soft handover gain against SFM)
WCDMA Radio Link Budget Principle and Case Study
2007-12-10 Page 13 , Total15
( )
dB
P f
P
No
Ec
Nt NF CoupleLoss DL
DL
DSCH HS
2 . 10 )
10 20000 * 9 . 0 * ) 78 . 1 5 . 0 (
6000
log( * 10
)
10
log( * 10
10
7 16 . 108 66 . 144
10
_
max
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
+
n o
Base on the simulation result, the cell edge throughput for HSDPA can be obtained as
173.80 Kbit/S.
4 HSUPA Link Budget
4.1 HSUPA Link Budget Procedure
The procedure of HSUPA link budget is almost the same with HSDPA. The cell edge
throughput is also depended on the simulation result. The main difference between HSUPA
and HSDPA is that power control, soft handover gain and UE power back off are needed to
be considered in the cell edge Ec/No evaluation.
For HSUPA, the UE power PAR (Peak to average rate) is increase due to the multi-code
transmission of uplink users, and power back off is needed to protect UEs PA (Power
amplifier).
The figure below shows the procedure of HSUPA link budget.
The main step of HSUPA link budget is present below:
1. Cell edge Ec/No for HSUPA can be calculated base on the formula below:
antenna Ga FFM IM SFM Lp UL PL P UE Pout signal R
backoff
_ _ _ _ + =
) _ ( _ BS Lf Nf Nt signal R
No
Ec
+ + =
Cell Radius
Cell Edge Ec/No
UE Maximum Power
Simulation
Ec/No => Throughput
Cell Edge Throughput
UE Category,
Receiver Type
WCDMA Radio Link Budget Principle and Case Study
2007-12-10 Page 14 , Total15
Where:
signal R_ : Minimal receive signal level required
UE Pout _
: Maximum TX power of UE
backoff
P
: UE power back off
UL PL _
: Uplink path loss
BS Lf _
: Cable loss
antenna Ga_
: BS antenna gain
Lp
: Building penetration loss (required in indoor coverage)
Lb
: Human body loss
IM
: Interference margin (related to system design capacity)
SFM
: Slow fading margin or Log-Normal Fading (including soft handover gain against SFM)
FFM
: Fast fading margin (including soft handover gain against FFM)
Nt
: Thermal noise power spectral density, typical value is -108.16dBm
f
N
: NodeB Receiver Noise Figure, typical value is 1.6dB for Huawei
2. Cell edge throughput can be calculated base on the simulation result, while more
factors have been considered, such as UE Category, receiver type. Part of simulation
result is presented as below:
4.2 Case study
Assumption:
Channel type: TU3
Cell radius: 0.36 Km
UE Pout _
: 24 dBm
backoff
P
: 1.5 dB
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
69 507.6 978 1353 1927.8 2706 4050
Bearer Rate
E
c
/
N
0
TU3_SBLER70%
TU3_SBLER30%
TU50_SBLER70%
TU50_SBLER30%
RA3_SBLER70%
RA3_SBLER30%
WCDMA Radio Link Budget Principle and Case Study
2007-12-10 Page 15 , Total15
IM
: 3 dB for 50% uplink load
According to the assumption above, the Ec/No for HSUPA can be calculated below:
67 . 11 ) 5 . 0 6 . 1 16 . 108 ( 18 0 3 54 . 7 20 69 . 127 5 . 1 24
) _ ( _ _ _
= + + + =
+ + + = BS Lf Nf Nt antenna Ga FFM IM SFM Lp UL PL P UE Pout
No
Ec
backoff
Base on the simulation result, the cell edge throughput for HSUPA can be obtained as 255.6
Kbit/S.