Michael Zhang Unit 14 review Sheet A. Conjugation is the exchange of genetic material or a donor transfers genetic material to an acceptor.

Organism: bacteria, spirogyra, paramecia. Sexual reproduction B. Ulva alternate between haploid and diploid generations. The haploid form of an alga is called the gametophyte. The diploid form of the organism is called the sporophyte developed from the zygote. Certain cells in the sporophyte undergo meiosis to become haploid spores. Each haploid spore can go on to develop into a gametophyte. C. Fungi reproduce by producing spores. These are tiny cells inside a protective coating, which grow into new Fungi. Some fungi can survive times when the weather turns hot and dry, by producing protective coatings for their spores. F. Mosses have gametophyte most conspicuous is the saprophyte which grows out of gametophyte. It needs water for sperm. G. The moss gametophyte develops directly from the reproductive organs the antheridia which produces sperm and the archegonia which produce the eggs. J. The advantages of sexual reproduction is that it provides for genetic combinations that are varied within a population. The disadvantages are that it involves 2 parents and it takes longer. K. The advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction: Advantages1. Large numbers of offspring are reproduced very quickly from only one parent when conditions are favourable. 2. Large colonies can form that can out-complete other organisms for nutrients and water. 3. Large number of organisms mean that species may survive when conditions or the number of predators change. 4. Energy is not required to find a mate Disadvantages1. Offspring are genetic clones. A negative mutation can make asexually produced organisms susceptible to disease and can destroy large numbers of offspring. 2. Some methods of asexual reproduction produce offspring that are close together and complete for food and space. 3. Unfavourable conditions such as extreme temperatures can wipe out entire colonies. R. The eggs is in the follicles. S. The follicle cells secrete estrogen, which causes the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation for implantation of the embryo. T. Seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen. About 70% of the seminal fluid in humans originates from the seminal vesicles.

U. Vivipary has two different meanings. In animals, it means reproduction inside the body of the mother; that is, live birth (as opposed to laying eggs). In plants, it means reproduction via embryos, such as spores or buds, that develop from the outset without interruption (as opposed to germinating externally from a seed). Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. This is the reproductive method of most fish, amphibians, reptiles, all birds, the monotremes, and most insects and arachnids. Ovoviviparity, ovovivipary, or ovivipary, is a mode of reproduction in animals in which embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. Ovoviviparous animals are similar to viviparous species in that there is internal fertilization and the young are born live, but differ in that there is no placental connection and the unborn young are nourished by egg yolk; the mother's body does provide gas exchange (respiration). W. Scrotum The scrotum is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis. It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum has a protective function and acts as a climate control system for the testes. For normal sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than the body temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it to contract and relax, moving the testicles closer to the body for warmth and protection or farther away from the body to cool the temperature. The main function of the uterus is to accept a fertilized ovum which becomes implanted into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose. The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth. Due to anatomical barriers such as the pelvis, the uterus is pushed partially into the abdomen due to its expansion during pregnancy. The umbilical cord is the cord that connects the fetus to the maternal placenta, providing nutrients and removing wastes. The main function of the umbilical cord is to carry nourishment and oxygen from the placenta to the fetus and return waste products to the placenta from the fetus. The umbilical cord achieves this function by consisting of an extension of the membrane covering the fetus that encloses a mucoid jelly through which one vein carries oxygenated blood and two arteries carry unoxygenated blood. The placentas primary role is to ensure that oxygen is moved into your babys blood stream and carbon dioxide is carried away from your baby however the waste is not limited to oxygen and also includes cleaning out other waste which is produced by your baby. In the same way that it ensures oxygen reaches your baby, it also plays a role in ensuring that some nutrients are received. The ovaries are the main source of female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). These hormones control the development of f*emale body characteristics, such as the breasts, body shape, and body hair. The ovaries also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Testicles (testes) The testes are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men have two testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubules are responsible for producing the sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis. Epididymis The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It functions in the transport and storage of the sperm cells that are produced in the testes. It also is the job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that emerge from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal, contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens.