Glossary of Terms & Abbreviations

TERM/ABBREVIATION Acetylcholinesterase Acrophobia Adherence Adjunct Adverse reactions Agonist drug Agoraphobia Amphetamine syndrome Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Analgesic Anoxia Antagonist DEFINITION Enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter acetylcholine Fear of heights Is taking the prescribed medication in the correct dose at the right time and without missed doses Drug used to compliment the effects of another drug Undesired drug effects Drug that binds to its receptor site and stimulates a cell response Fear of situations A drug induced psychosis Degenerative disease that causes muscle wasting and weakness a.k.a. Lou Gehrig s disease Drug that reduces pain Lack of oxygen to the brain Drug that binds to a receptor site and does not produce an action. It prevents another drug from binding to the receptor site Antibody that attacks the nucleus of normal cells in the body A drug that reduces symptoms of anxiety Defective form of apolipoprotein E that is associated with alzheimer s A clear watery liquid that fills the anterior (front) cavity The inability to coordinate the movements of muscles Condition that causes the muscles to fail to function in a coordinated manner Unusual sensation, auditory, visual, or olfactory hallucination that is experienced just before the onset of a seizure or migraine Ear pain Antibody that attacks healthy cells and tissue Occurs when the body attacks its own cells Fear of flying Located in the forebrain and brainstem that initiate, control, and modulate movement and posture A toxic plant from which atropine is derived

Antinuclear antibody Anxiolytic Apo E4 allele Aqueous humor Ataxia Ataxia Aura

Auralgia a.k.a. otalgia Autoantibody Autoimmune disease Aviophobia Basal ganglia Belladonna

Bioavailability Bioequivalent

Biofeedback

Biopharmaceuticals Biotransformation Blaspharoptosis Blepharitis Bone mineral density Botulinum toxin Carcinogens Catatonia Ceiling effect Central acting muscle relaxants Central vision Cerebral palsy Cerumen Cerumenolytics Choroiditis Circadian rhythms Claustrophobia Clonus Cluster headache Cochlea Cognitive functions

Extent to which a drug reaches the site of action and is available to produce its effects When there is no difference in the rate and extent of absorption of a drug when given in the same strength, dosage form and route as a brand name Nonpharmacological treatment for pain that involves relaxation techniques and gaining self-control over muscle tension, heart rate, and skin temperature Drugs produced by the process of bioengineering involving recombinant DNA technology Metabolism of a drug to a more active, equally active or inactive metabolite. usually occurs in liver Droopy eyelid muscles Chronic disease of the eye that produces distinctive flaky scales that form on the eyelids and eyelashes Test measurement that is taken to determine the degree of bone loss Poison produced by clostridium botulinum that causes muscle paralysis Drugs and natural products that stimulate the growth of cancers Symptoms of schizophrenia associated with unresponsiveness and immobility When all drug receptors are saturated Drugs that relax muscles through central nervous system depression blocking nerve transmission between spinal cord and muscle What is seen when you look straight ahead or when you read Neurological disorder that affects muscle movement and coordination A wax like substance secreted by modified sweat glands in the auditory canal Agents used to remove excess ear wax Inflammation in the back of the eye Biological changes that occur according to time cycles Fear of confined spaces Involuntary rhythmic muscle contraction that causes the feet and wrists to involuntary flex and relax A frequently reoccurring vascular headache that produces pain on one side of the head Portion of the inner ear involved in hearing The ability to take in information via the senses, process the detail, commit the information to memory, and recall it when necessary

Competitive antagonist Complex focal seizure Conductive hearing loss

Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis (pink eye) Convulsion Cornea Cornea Cortex Cox-2 inhibitor Crystalluria Cyclitis Cysticercosis Cytomegalovirus retinitis Cytopenias Delusion

Dementia Demyelination

Dependence Depressant Dermatomyositis Duration of action Dysphoria

Drug that competes with agonist for receptor site causing no response if it binds Seizure disorder that produces a blank stare, disorientation, repetitive actions and memory loss Hearing loss caused by abnormalities of the outer ear or middle ear that interfere with transmission of sound between inner and outer ear Transparent mucous membrane that lines each lid and continues over the surface of the eyeball Common self-limiting ailment that causes itching, burning, and teary outflow Sudden contraction of muscles that is caused by seizures The fibrous layer or the anterior portion of the sclera and lies over the coloured portion of the eye Clear part of the eye located in front of the iris Region of the brain involved in learning and interpretation of information Analgesic, anti-inflammatory drug that blocks cyclooxygenase-2 (produced in prostaglandin) involved in mediating pain refers to crystals found in the urine when performing a urinetest Inflammation in the middle of the eye Caused by the cestode worm. Can be transmitted by u;ndercooked pork Viral opportunistic infection of the eye that can cause pain and blindness The condition of decrease cellular elements of the blood Irrational thoughts or false beliefs that dominate a person s behaviour and viewpoint and don t change even when evidence is provided that beliefs are not valid Condition associated with a loss of memory and cognition Damage caused by recurrent inflammation of myelin that resilts in nervous system scars that effects communication between the nreves and the rest of the body Person must continue to take the drug in order to prevent the onset of withdrawal symptoms Drug that decreases activity in the brain and is used as a sedative or hypnotic to promote drowsiness and relaxation From of myositis that affects muscles and the skin Amount of time the drug concentration remains within therapeutic range Feeling of emotional and/or mental discomfort, restlessness and depression (opposite of euphoria)

Efficacy Emesis Endotracheal intubation Endplate Enuresis Epilepsy Equilibrium Ergot Erythropoietin Extrapyramidal side effects Febrile seizure First pass effect Floaters Fusarium keratitis Generalized seizure Gingival hyperplasia Glaucoma, angle closure

Glaucoma, open angle Glia Glial cells Gout Helminsthes Hemolysis Herpes simplex keratitis Herpes zoster ophthalmicus Hirsutism Histoplasmosis

Measure of a drug s effectiveness vomiting Inserting a tube down into trachea to facilitate mechanical ventilation Projection extending off the end of a motor neuron where Ach is released Bedwetting Recurrent seizure disorder characterized by a sudden, excessive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons Steadiness or balance accompanied by a sense of knowing where the body is in relationship to surroundings Alkaloid that causes contraction of smooth muscle A hormone produced by kidney that promotes production of red blood cells in bone marrow Movement disorders Seizure associated with a sudden spike in body temperature When the liver metabolizes nearly all of a drug before it passes into the general circulation Particles that float in the vitreous and cast shadows and the retina and appear as spots, cobwebs, or spiders Rare fungal infection that occurs in soft contact lens wearers and can result in blindness Spread across both cerebral hemispheres and include tonicclonic, myoclonic and petit mal seizures Excessive growth of gum tissue Sudden increase in intraocular pressure caused by obstruction of the drainage portal between the cornea and iris (angle) that can rapidly progress to blindness Disorder characterized by elevated pressure in the eye that can lead to permanent blindness Cells that support the function of the neurons Form the blood brain barrier A disease associated with deposits of urate crystals in the joints that produces inflammation and is caused by hyperuricemia Parasitic worms that can cause eye infection and blindness Destruction of red blood cells Painful eye infection caused by herpes virus that can lead to blindness Painful eye infection caused by herpes virus that can lead to blindness Excessive groth of body hair Fungal infection

Huntington s disease Hypertensive crisis Hyperuricemia Hypnotic Idiosyncratic reaction Insomnia Interferons Intraocular pressure Iris Iritis Inverse agonist

Keratitis Keratotomy Ketatoconjunctivitissicca

Labyrinth

Lacrimal apparatus Laser cyclophotocoagulation Laser peripheral iridotomy Laser trabeculoplasty MAOI Mechanism of action Medication error

Melatonin Meniere s disease Metabolite Miosis

Progressive and degenerative disease of neurons that affects muscle movement, cognitive functions, and emotions Possible fatal drug-drug and drug-food interactions with MAOI Condition in which urate levels build up in the blood serum Drug that induces sleep Unexpected drug reaction Condition characterized by difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep Antiviral proteins that enhance T-cell recognition of antigens and produce immune system suppression Inner pressure of the eye. normal iop = 12 to 22 mm hg The coloured portion of the eye that can expand or contract to allow the right amount of light to enter the eye Condition associated with inflammation of the iris Drug that has affinity a nd activity at the receptor site. It can turn off a receptor that is on and vice versa Severe infection of the cornea that may be caused by bacteria or fungi Incision of the cornea to correct myopia An eye disease caused by eye dryness, which in turn is caused by either decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation Bony structure in the inner ear consisting of three parts (vestibule, cochlea, and the semicircular canals) and involved in balance Structures that keep the surface of the eye moistened with lacrimal fluid (tears) Partially destroys the tissues that make the fluid in the eye Creates a new drainage hole in the iris, permitting fluids to drain out of the eye Unblocks existing channels Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Manner I which a drug produces its effect Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer Hormone that is released by the pineal gland that makes a person feel drowsy Chronic inner ear diseases associated with intermittent build-up of fluid in the inner ear that causes hearing loss and vertigo A product of drug metabolism Contraction of the pupil

Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis Myelin basic protein Myelosuppression Myoclonic seizure Myositis Narcolepsy Nebulizer Negative symptoms Negative sysptoms

Neurodegeneration Neuroleptic Neuromuscular junction Neurons Neuroprotective Neutropenia Nigrostriatal pathways Nociceptors Non-competitive antagonist

Onset of action Optic disc Optic nerve Osteoblasts Osteoclatst Osteolysis

Autoimmune disease that causes progressive damage to nerves resulting in spasticity, pain and mood changes An auto immune disease that causes muscle weakness A major part of myelin that can be detected in cerebral spinal fluid of people with multiple sclerosis Suppression of the bone marrows production of blood cells and platelets Jerking muscle movements and is caused by contraction of major muscle groups autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the muscles A sleep disorder characterised by falling asleep suddenly and without warning A device that turns solutions into vapours for inhalation A sign of schizophrenia that is associated with decreased ability to think, plan or express emotion Spasticity symptoms that can produce muscle weakness, decrease endurance and decrease ability to make voluntary movements Destruction of nerve cells A drug used to treat schizophrenia or other psychosis Space between motor neuron endplate and the muscle soleplate that Ach must cross Conduct all the impulses that make the nervous system function Protects nerve cells from damage Decrease of the white blood cells called neutrophiles Located in the substantianigra that stimulate and inhibit movement Thin nerve fibres in skin, muscle, and other body tissues that carry pain signals Drug that binds to the same or different receptor site and prevents the agonist from binding and producing its desired action The time it takes for a drug to reach the concentration necessary to produce a therapeutic effect Ocular end of the optic nerve where the retinal nerve fibres from the eye exit and the blood vessels enter the eye Bundle of nerve fibres located in the back of the eye that connects the retina to the brain Cells responsible for bone formation, deposition, and mineralization of the collagen matrix of bone Cells responsible for bone resorption Dissolution or degradation of bone

Osteopenia Osteoporosis

Osteosarcoma Otisis Otisisexterna Otitis media Otoliths Otorrhea Otosclerosis Ototoxicity Parkinson s disease

Partial agonist drug Pathophysiology Peak effect Peripheral muscle relaxants Peripheral vision Petit mal seizure Pharmacodynamics Pharmacognosy Pharmacokinetics Pharmacology Pharmacotherapeutics Phobia Phonophobia Photophobia Photopsia Polypharmacy Positive symptoms

Decrease in bone mineral density that is the precursor of osteoporosis Chronic, progressive disease of bone characterized by loss of bone density and bone strength and resulting in increased risk for fractures Cancer of the bone Inflammation of the ear Inflammation of the external ear canal Infection of the middle ear Calcium carbonate crystals found in the utrical and saccule of the inner ear Discharge from the ear Hardening of the bones of the middle ear Damage or toxicity to the ear or eighth cranial nerve (associated with hearing) Progressive disorder of the nervous system involving degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and causing impaired muscle movement Drug that behaves like an agonist under some conditions and acts like an antagonist under different conditions The study of disease in the body Occurs after the maximum drug concentration is reached Drugs that block nerve transmission between the motor end plate and muscle receptors Sometimes called side vision this is usually the first area of vision to be lost with glaucoma Absence seizure in which the person experiences a brief period of unconsciousness and stares vacantly into space The study of drugs and their action on the living organism The study of the natural origin of drugs Drug movement The study of the action of drugs on humans and animals Use of drugs in the treatment of disease. it is the study of factors that influence patient response to drugs Is irrational fear of thing or situations that produce intense anxiety Sensitivity to noise Eyes are sensitive to light Condition similar to floaters and associated with flashes of light Multiple drug therapy Hallucinations, delusions or other unusual thoughts or perceptions that are symptoms of schizophrenia

Postural hypotension Potency Presbycusis Prodrug Pseudoparkinsonism Psychosis

Purine REM sleep Remodelling Resorption Saccule Sarcomeres Sclera Seizure threshold Serotonin syndrome

Simple focal seizure Sole plate Spasticity Status epilepticus Stimulant Stye Substantianigra Suicide ideation Sympathomimetric Tangles

Drop in blood pressure due to a change in posture Measure of the amount of drug required to produce a response A bilateral hearing loss linked to aging and often accompanied by tinnitus Drug given in an inactive form that is metabolized in the body to an active form Drug induced condition that resembles Parkinson s Mental state characterized by disorganized behaviour and thought, delusions, hallucinations and a loss of touch with reality An amino acid needed in the synthesis of RNA and DNA and lymphocytic proliferation Rapid eye movement sleep. The stage of sleep where dreaming occurs Process of continual turnover of bone Process where bone is broken down into mineral ions (calcium) Saclike inner ear structure that senses vertical motion of the head Are units within muscle fibres responsible for muscle contraction Is white and opaque and is known as the white of the eye Term that refers to a person s susceptibility to seizures Life threatening drug reaction caused by excess serotonin producing symptoms of confusion, increased blood pressue, seizures Affects only one part of the brain and causes the person to experience unusual sensations or feelings Part of a muscle cell membrane that receives messages transmitted by motor neurons Debilitating motor disorder that shows as shaking or stiffness Medical emergency brought on by repeated generalized seizures that can deprive the brain of oxygen Drug that increases activity in the brain and is used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy Painful lump located on the eyelid margin caused by an acute self-limiting infection of the oil glands of the eyelid Part of the basal ganglia containing clusters of dopamine producing neurons Persistent thoughts of suicide Drug whose effects mimic the effects produced by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system Twisted fibres made up of clumps of a protein called tau that interfere with nerve signal transmission

Tardive dyskinesia Teratogenicity Tetanus Therapeutic index Tinnitis Tolerance Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure Tonometry Toxocariasis

Toxoplasmosis-ocular Trabecular network

Trigger Trophi Tympanic membrane Unilateral Upper motor neurons Urates Uricosuric Utricle Uveitis Vertigo Vigabatrin Vitreous humor

Inappropriate postures of the neck, trunk, and limbs accompanied by involuntary thrusting of the tonque Adverse drug reactions that produce harm to a developing fetus Fatal due to continuous muscle spasm caused by exposure to clostridium tetani bacteria that produce a toxin a.k.a. lockjaw Ratio of effective dose to the lethal dose An intermittent or continual noise in the ear such as ringing, crackling Person must take increasing doses of a drug to produce the same effects as were previously produced by a lower dose Generalized seizure that causes stiffening of the limbs, difficulty breathing, and jerking movements and is followed by limbs that become limp and disorientation Use of a device to measure the pressure in the eye Infection caused by a worm carried by dogs, cats, wolves and foxes. Can be contracted by contact with soil containing worm eggs Parasitic infection transmitted by handling or eating raw and undercooked meat or by handling cat feces Small openings around the outer edge of the iris that form meshlike drainage canals surrounding the iris and sometimes referred to as Schlemm s canal Something that stimulates the onset of symptoms or disease in people Deposits of uric acid Eardrum On sided Neurons that carry messages from the brain down to the spinal cord Product of prine metabolism that produces inflammation when crystals accumulate in joints Drug that increases the renal clearance of urates Saclike inner ear structure that senses forward and backward motion and side to side motion of the head Serious eye condition that produces inflammation of the uvea and can cause scarring of the eye and blindness if untreated Feeling of spinning in space (dizziness and loss of balance) Irreversible tunnel vision A soft gelatin-like material found in the posterior cavity