Chemistry Notes

• In Electrolysis of water, H is conducted in –ion and O is conducted on the +ion.

When time is passed, H forms 2x the molecules than O.

• Iron and Sulfur can be separated by using Magnetism. When combined with
heating, they form Iron Sulfide and once put in final form, it can be separated.

• Solids- Tightly packed molecules

Cannot be compressed
Don’t Flow
Have a definite shape and volume
Have H+ bonds that bond the molecules together.

• Liquids- Moderately packed molecules

Have a definite shape- take the shape of a container
Have no definite volume and do flow
Incompressable

• Gases- Have no definite shape and volume

Molecules are free to move
Highest energy
Are compressible

• Gas- When the substance is at normal gas temperature

• Vapor- For gases liquid at room temperature

• Basic lab Instructions-

1. Always wear safety goggles
2. follow the intructions of the teacher
3. Report all spills and messes to the teacher
4. If a chemical spills contact teacher immediately
5. If chemical spills on you clean up accordingly

• Types of Chemistry-
1. Organic- part of chemistry that involves the study of carbon
2. Inorganic- part of chemistry that does not involve carbon (Non-living
things)
3. Analytical- Concerned with composition of substances
4. Physical- concerned with the theories and experiments that describe the
behavior of chemicals
5. Biochemistry- Study of life forms or living organisms
• Chemistry- Study of composition of matter. We use it to figure out why or what
each substance is made of. Much of it is used for the curiosity but others are used
for different fields in the world.
• Applied Chemistry is used to harm or benefit us or the environment while Pure
Chemistry is used for our own sake.

• Scientific Method-
1. Problem
2. Background/Observation
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment/Test
5. Draw Conclusions
 Theory or Law
 If your hypothesis is wrong for the first time, check what you did wrong and then
change it and restart your process. This will make a new experiment on the same
problem.

• Theory- a broad explanation and extensively tested explanation of why

experiments give certain results
• Scientific Law- a concise statement that summarizes the results of many
observations and experiments.
 In short Law is based on math or statement while a theory explains
why the law is like that.

• Matter- Anything that takes up space and has a mass

• Mass- Amount of matter an object contains

• Weight- Force that measures the pull of gravity on a given mass
• Electronic Balance- Using this scale to measure the mass or weight of an
object…?

• Substance- Matter that has a uniform and definite composition

 Pure Substances

• Physical Property- a quality or condition of substance that can be observes or

measured without changing the substance’s composition
 Density
 Color
 Structure

• Physical Change- alters the given material without changing the composition of
the material
 Dissolving
 Changing State
  Warming up food

• Mixture- Physical blend of two or more substances

 Homogeneous- Completely uniform composition: Salt water
 Heterogeneous- 2 or more different kinds of composition/ not uniform:
Salad or coffee with Cream on top

• Homogeneous Mixture also called a Solution

• Alloys- Solutions, metals
 Silver
 Brass

• Phase- Uniform Composition and Property of the system

 Homogeneous only have 1

• Distillation- Liquid is boiled to produce a vapor then condensed to make a liquid

again
 Distilled Water experiment

• Mixture can be separated using Distillation, Magnetism and evaporation and

Gravity filtration and much more…

• Elements- Simplest form of matter and exist under normal lab conditions
 Cannot be separated by Chemical means

• Compounds- Two or more elements chemically combine to another and are

separated into simpler substances using chemical means
 Water

• Atom- Building block of matter

• Molecule- a particle that contains 2 or more atoms together

• Element-
 Symbol- First letter “Capital”, Second letter “Lower Case”

• Dia-atomic Particles- Nitrogen to Astaline

 Start at atomic # = 7 and go in a seven and end at atomic # 85 =
Astatine

• Chemical Reaction- One or more substances change into a new substance

 Reactants- Starting substances
 Products- Final result or substances formed
• Chemical Property- Ability to undergo a chemical reaction and form new
substances
 Rusting
 Decompose
 Explode

• Law of Conservation of Mass- It states that matter is neither created nor

destroyed; it is conserved. In every case mass of the products equals the mass of
the reactants.
• Magnetism- Using magnets to filter out the impurity of a metal to make it a pure
substance
 Iron and Sulfur- Iron becomes Pure

• Filtering- Use of Filtration to take out the impurities in any given substance
 Notably Water

• Evaporation- Using water to turn into a gas