Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
The observation of amplitude variation with offset (AVO) or amplitude variation with angle of incidence (AVA) is termed as AVO analysis. AVO is a seismic technique that uses pre-stack seismic data, instead of the more normally used post-stack data, to detect the presence of hydrocarbons in the reservoir. Three physical parameters of seismic data are fundamental to seismic interpretationdensity, P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity. Understanding these is necessary for the application of AVO technology.
INTRODUCTION.. Cont.1
AVO and Basic Rock Physics In reservoir rock, AVO response is dependent on the velocities of Pand S-waves and on density to define the pore space and fluids within the rock matrix. Density effects can be modeled in a fluid-saturated rock using the relationships of porosity, and water saturation in the matrix and fluids. Seismic velocity involves the deformation of the reservoir rock as a function of time. The P-wave response changes polarity in going from a wet to a gas sand, but the S-wave response retains the same polarity. This difference in function allows the operator to predict where the presence of gas will occur in the reservoir.
INTRODUCTION.. Cont.2
AVO and Basic Rock Physics.. cont. Unfortunately, most seismic data does not give S-wave data but only P-wave data. The recording of P-wave data at various offsets, which is always recorded, can be used to record a component of the Swave data. The offset recording is the basis of the AVO technique. The value of using AVO to interpret gas sands was first proposed in 1984 using low impedance value for the sands and higher impedance values for shales. In 1989 Rutherford and Williams extended the AVO method to anomalies other than low impedance sands. Other anomalies that the method can be applied to are identification of sand to sand boundaries. The Aki-Richards equations were used to perform forward modeling and data analysis.
INTRODUCTION.. Cont.3
Crossplotting AVO attributes Crossplotting of intercept data against gradient data can be used in the interpretation of AVO anomalies. Modeling flow for application of AVO offset data. An appropriately trimmed, muted, moved-out, and migrated set of gathers is analyzed on a sample by sample basis A least-square, best fit line is fitted to the amplitudes The slope of the line gives G and the intercept of the line, when projected back to the ordinate, gives P. The values of P and G are used to calculate the AVO type
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES
Common Mid Point
The acoustic impedance (Z) of a material is defined as the product of density (p) and acoustic velocity (V) of that material. Z = pV
where Z 1 is the impedance toward the source, Z 2 is the impedance toward the load, the vertical bars designate absolute magnitude, and SWR is the standing wave ratio. standing wave ratio (SWR) is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial standing wave at an antinode (maximum) to the amplitude at an adjacent node (minimum) A node is a spatial place along a standing wave where the wave has minimal amplitude A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that remains in a constant position. This phenomenon can occur because the medium is moving in the opposite direction to the wave, or it can arise in a stationary medium as a result of interference between two waves travelling in opposite directions.
The medium determines the velocity of the wave The source and the medium together determine the amplitude (A) and the wavelength (l). EA
AVO CLASSIFICATION
Generally the tops of sands are characterized by negative reflection coefficients (-RC) or by positive reflection coefficients (+RC), which become negative with increasing offset and hence are classified as conforming types. Near offset Far Offset RC = +ve or ve -ve Sands with positive reflection coefficients on both near and far offsets or those, which have negative reflection coefficients becoming more positive with increasing offset, are described as nonconforming types . Near offset Far Offset RC = +ve or ve +ve
Generalized relationship between the amplitude of the reflection at normal incidence and the amplitude of the reflection with increasing offset for the different AVO types
AVO typing is also controlled by lithology; Sands that display a low ratio of compressional velocity to shear velocity will tend to be conforming AVO types. This type of sand is generally non-cemented or lightly cemented, but still granular in nature. If the sands are well-cemented or if a carbonate is encountered the AVO type will generally be negative (non-conforming). Coals always show a much slower compressional velocity than either sands or shales as a result coals tend to be types 4 and 5.
Bold red arrows show the direction of the effect of various lithologic and geologic variations on AVO types
REFERENCES
Young, Roager A. and LoPiccolo, Robert D.Conforming and non-conforming sands-An organizaing Framework for Seismic Rock Properties, Gulf coast Association of Geological Societies Transaction, Volume 54, 2004 Shuang Sun, Bancroft, John C. Amplitude Scaling for AVO analysis of CSP gathers, CREWES Research Report-Volume 12, 2000. Brian Russell, Geophysical Corner, Hampson-Russell Software Services Ltd., Calgary, Canada, 1999. Eastern Gulf Region PTTC workshop, October 9, 2003 in Jackson, Mississippi