Ch. 15-18: Evolution/Classification-- [1518Evol] 1. Homologous Structures: Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues. 2.

Vestigial Organs: Organs that have lost their function in an organism 3. Convergent Evolution: When two unrelated organisms evolve to become more similar due to similar evolutionary pressures. 4. Divergent Evolution: When two related organisms evolve to become more different. 5. Niche: The set of physical/biological conditions under which an organism lives. 6. Speciation: The formation of multiple new species from one ancestor, due to different evolutionary pressures. 7. Adaptive radiation- See speciation. 8. Genetic drift: Evolution that occurs by chance rather than by any evolutionary pressure. 9. H-W Equilibrium: A state of equilibrium under which allele frequency is preserved. 5 conditions: No mutations, Large population, Complete isolation, No natural selection, and unprotected sex with completely random strangers (i.e. random mating :P) 10.Natural Selection: Darwins overrated theory about how animals survive by trial-and-error evolution (mutations) 11.Eukaryote: They has nucl3us. Under domain 3ukarya. 12.Prokaryote: They has no nucl3us. Under domain Monera or Archa3a they are all bacteria. 13.Species: How the hell do I explain thiserrumOK. The textbook saysA group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Makes sense, I guess. Too wordy. A. Know the difference between micro/macroevolution. Macroevolution refers toLARGE scale change over LARGE amounts of time. Funny. The book doesnt mention microevolution. So basically macro is bigger. B. Know the biological hierarchy. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. I did that without a mnemonic. Some possible ones: King Phillip/Kim Possible came over for Grape soda/Good soup/Great sex. O_O last one is courtesy of a certain cousin of mine. C. Identify/write a scientific name. So basically, (Genus, species) if typed and (Genus, species) if written. D. General characteristics of 6 kingdoms? Six kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista. Hehe almost missed that last one. And so concludes that section. Ch. 3-6: Ecology (eww) [36Ecol] 1. Population: The number of individuals of a certain species in a certain place. 2. Biome: A group of ecosystems that have the same climate & similar dominant communities. 3. Ecosystem: The living/nonliving things in a particular place as a whole. 4. Biosphere: The whole world in biological terms blahblahblahblah. 5. Habitat: The area where an organism lives. Includes (a)biotic factors. 6. Community: The living things in a particular place as a whole. 7. Food Web/Food Chain: A diagram showing energy flow from one level to the next. 8. Saprophyte: Decomposers, i.e. funguses. Intentional gramm(e/a)r fail. 9. Auto/hetero/photo/chemotroph: a. Auto: gets carbon by itself. b. Hetero: eats stuff for C (om nom nom) c. Photo: gets energy by itself.doesnt eat (what a rebel) d. Chemo: om nom nom for energy. e. Helpful table from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Troph_flowchart.png f. <3 Wikipedia <3

10.Consumer: Autotroph 11.Producer: Heterotroph 12.Omni/carni/herbivore: Self explanatory. NOTE: Not all carnivores are classified under Order Carnivora. 13.Density (in)dependent limiting factors: Factors that (dont) depend on how pop. density. 14.Parasitism/Mutualism/Commensalism: 15.(A)biotic factors: Factors that affect the way an organism lives (can be living (nonliving)) 16.Trophic level: A step in a food chain/web.

a. Energy/biomass pyramid

b. Numbers pyramid- numbers are arbitrary. Say bottom=tree, middle=insects, top=bird. The numbers pyramid doesnt fit the system above.

17.Carrying capacity: The number of individuals (of a population) that a certain environment can support. 18.Biological Magnification: The toxin concentration effect as you move up the trophic levels. 19.Niche: The range of physical/environmental conditions under which an organism lives/how the organism uses these conditions. A. Know the different pyramids. See above big blue thingy. B. 10% energy rule: only 1/10th the energy is transferred to the next trophic level. See big blue thingy. C. Know the characteristics of the different biomes: Tropical Rain forest, Tropical dry forest, savanna, grassland, chaparral, coniferous forest, boreal, desert, tundra. Rainforest- Tropical Heavy precipitation + very warm and stable year round. Found near equator. Vegetation is mostly trees + poor soils. Dry Forest- Tropical Same as previous but winter is very dry. Most trees lose their leaves

Savanna- Tropical Grassland- Temperate Woodland/ Shrubland/ Chaparral Forest- Temperate NW Coniferous Boreal

Desert Tundra

during winter not because they cant photosynthesize, but to prevent water loss Heavy precipitation between April-May+ warm & stable temperature year round. Vegetation is drought resistant, mainly tall grasses and scattered, fire-resistant trees/shrubs. Warm summers/ cold winters; precipitation is moderate peaking in May. Vegetation is mainly grasses, even with fertile soils. Hottest in August, almost no rain in summer. Dominated by various plants. Called chaparral if dominated by shrubs. Basically Fremont. Stable precipitation yr. round but hottest in August. Kind of in between temperate grassland and NW coniferous. Vegetation consists of mostly deciduous/coniferous trees. Cooler, stable temperatures. More rainfall year round, but still pretty dry during summer. Mostly coniferous trees (No shit. O_O) Cold in summer, shit cold in winter. Pretty low rainfall year round peaking in August (Rain peaks in august because most of Soviet Russia is boreal. Sorry bad joke. Its actually mostly tundra.). Vegetation is dense needleleaf/coniferous trees. Little to no rainfall (no shit o_o). Hot year round, temperatures dip in fall and climb until summer. Cactuses (cacti if you like that better) dominate in the desert. Very damn cold. Almost as dry as desert. Most plants hug the groundfrost damages roots.

D. Know how to figure population change given birth/death rates. Seriously. Are you serious? Population-death+birth-leaving+coming in=new population. Durr. E. Know the population growth curves for predator-prey populations/limited resources. Predator prey: Predators and their curves follow prey and their curves. Not the other way around. Even in Soviet Russia. F. Review food webz. Basically they indicate ENERGY TRANSFER, not necessarily that something eats something. Because mushrooms eat dead leaves. :P G. Symbiososisticitis. Relationship Type Description? Monkeys/Spotted Deer Mutualism Monkeys: drop food from trees for deer Deer: can sense danger. Hermit Crabs/Rag Worm Commensalism Hermit Crabs: Provide a home for worm. Worm: Do nothing (is that a good thing or bad thing?) Hermit Crab/Sea Anemone Mutualism Crab: Give leftovers to anemone Anemone: Protect teh crabz Stinging ants/Caterpillar Stinging ants/armored caterpillarz Monkeys/Fleas Bumblebees/Mites Mutualism Predator/Prey Parasitism Parasitism Ants: Protect caterpillar Caterpillar: Secrete honeydew for ants Caterpillar om nom noms the ants. Fleas: Suck blood from monkeys. Mites: Food from bees Bumblebees: ITCHY

Moths/Mites Beetles/Mouse Finches/Tortoises Miscellaneous Tapeworms/Roundworms + Hosts Fluke and Snail DUDE THAT WAS PRETTTTY DISGUSTING.

Commensalism Mutualism Mutualism Mutualism Parasitism Parasitism

Mites: Get a home Moths: IDC Beetles: Eat fleas Mouse: Not itchy :D Finches: Eat parasites o_o is that bad for them Tortoise: Clean N/A [blank] 1st period didnt get to see it. Fluke: Gets a home/fooood. Snail: Gets eaten by birdfluke makes snail visible o_o

Ch. 35-40: Human Systems: [3540HS] A. Review HSP. Dont worry abt relearning shit about hormonal crap or brainz. Only need to know Estrogen, Testosterone, Insulin, Glycogen, Adrenaline. [See 1337 Bio Guide] B. Review human immune system. Specific Defense A response that is specific (no shit) to a particular pathogen AKA Immune response. Nonspecific A response that comes before a specific defense is Defense employed. Can be used towards any pathogen. 1st line: Prevention (Keep out pathogens) 2nd line: Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Symptoms include fever, increased mucus production, Response faster heart rate, Humoral Antibodies are produced by plasma cells to group shit response- For together and then some random phagocyte does a drivestuff in body by shooting. fluids. Cell-Mediated Cell-mediated response provides a defense against response- For pathogens who have invaded cells/tissues. Basically the stuff in macrophage tells the T-cells to blow some shit up. The Tcells/tissues. cells bring their gang and then some of them blow up the infected cells by disrupting their cell membranes while the rest watch, and then they walk away like nothing happened.

Plagiarized from somewhere where you dont know. (BTW its from (F)ishimines web site.) I have a feeling that this flowchart is gonna be on the test so memorize it >:O Ch. 19: Bacteria and Viruses: [19Bact] 1. Binary Fission: A method of asexual reproduction that involves a parent cell splitting into 2 daughter cells, AKA mitosis. 2. Conjugation: When bacteria exchange DNA but dont reproduce altogether. 3. Lytic Infection

4. Lysogenic Infection

5. Gram+ vs. Gram-: The difference is mainly in their cell walls. a. Gram+: The entire cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan (pep-ti-dog-lee-can) b. Gram-: The inner part of the cell wall is made up of peptidog-blahblahblah and the outer part is a phospholipid bilayer. If you call this outer layer a cell membrane, your bio grade will be ass-raped sideways. A. Basic structure of bacterium and virus

a. Bacterium: Pili, Flagella, Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA. NO nucleus. b. Virus: Capsid, DNA/RNA (Retrovirus), Capsid proteins. B. Diseases caused by bacteria/viruses a. Bacteria: i. Lyme disease ii. Tetanus iii. Tuberculosis iv. Meningitis v. Strep throat b. Viruses i. Cold ii. Influenza iii. AIDS iv. Chicken pox v. Hepatitis B vi. West Nile C. Bacterial/viral reproduction a. Bacteria: Binary fission. They can exchange DNA via conjugation. b. Viruses infect shit to reproduce. Nuff said. Ch. 26-29: Invertebrates [2629Inv] 1. Regeneration: Growing back a body part if you lose it. 2. Budding: A lost body part grows into a new organism. 3. Medusa/Polyp: Medusa=jellyfish thing. Polyp looks like a plant and later buds into a bunch of medusas (medusae?) 4. Metamorphosis: The change that an animal has between the larval and adult stage. 5. Radial/bilateral/asymmetry: Your MOM has radial symmetry. 6. Endo/exo/hydrostatic skeleton: a. Endoskeleton: Skeleton inside the body + random mush outside. b. Exoskeleton: Skeleton outside the body+ random mush inside. c. Hydrostatic skeleton: Basically is just a big network of water sacs that use water pressure and muscles to move the organism (in echinoderms) 7. Open/closed circulatory system: An open circulatory system has sinuses for blood connected to a main aorta. Closed circulatory systems contain a network of vessels. 8. Gastrovascular cavity: Basically a stomach-intestine hybrid. Will not have acceleration problems. Its a big-ass sac for food where digestion occurs and nutrients diffuse through its walls to the cells. 9. A/pseudo/coelomate: a. Acoelomate: Have no mesoderm-lined body cavity besides digestive tract. b. Pseudocoelomate: Have a body cavity but not completely lined with mesoderm. c. Coelomate: Have a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm. 10.Ecto/meso/endoderm Ectoderm- Outer Layer Develops into integumentary, nervous systems. Mesoderm- Middle Layer Musculoskeletal system, reproductive system, excretory system, circulatory systems. Endoderm- Inside Layer Develops into digestive, respiratory systems. 11.Proto/deuterostome a. Protostome: Blastopore (initial dent in blastula) becomes mouth. Anus forms later. b. Deuterostome: Blastopore becomes anus. Mouth forms later. c. Apparently proto/deuterostome only applies to animals with two openings. A. Know common examples of organisms from the 8 phyla of invertebrates.

Poriphera: Sponges Cnidarians: Jellyfishies. Flatworms: Tapeworms Roundworms: Filarial worms, ascarid worms, hookworms, C. elegans Annelids: Earthworms, leechers :P Mollusks: Gastropods (snailz), bivalves (clams and shit), cephalopods (squids and shit), sea bears/sea rhinoceros g. Arthropods: Insects (insects o_o), arachnids (spiders), crustaceans (Barry the Lobster) h. Echinoderms: Starfish, sea urchin. i. Are sea bears mammals? B. Mollusks: a. Gastropoda: Stomach-foot: Snails. Absence of/1 shell b. Bivalve: Two shells. Filter feeders. Oysterz, Clams, scallops, and other junk. c. Cephalopods: Head foot: Literally, their head is connected to their feet (tentacles). Nautiluses (Nautilii?) C. All arthropods have a. An exoskeleton of chitin b. Jointed appendages c. Segmented body parts. D. Know what the tissue layers, mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm give rise to. We hit 2,000 words [here]. a. I probably already did this somewhere up there, but Im gonna test my memory. :D I need studying too o_o b. Ectoderm: Integumentary (skin) and Nervous c. Mesoderm: Reproductive, excretory, musculoskeletal, circulatory, d. Endoderm: Digestive, respiratory systems. e. Took me two tries inclusive Q_Q E. Know examples of proto/deuterostomes, which are all coelomates/pseudocoelomates. a. Roundworms: Protostomes Pseudocoelomate b. Annelids: Protostomes Coelomates c. Mollusks: Proto, Coelom d. Arthropods: Proto, Coelom e. Echinoderms: Deutero, Coelom F. Look at random pictures G. Too lazy to do it sorry H. Body symmetry: a. Sponges: None b. Cnidarians: Radial c. Flatworms: Bi d. Roundworms: Bi e. Annelids: Bi f. Mollusks: Bi g. Arthropods: Bi h. Echinoderms: Radial lol echinoderms are going backwards. Ch. 30-33: Vertebrates [3033Vert] 1. Ovi/Ovovivi/Vivi parous a. Lays eggs/Doesnt lay their eggs/No eggs 2. Endo/ectothermic a. Regulates body temperature/ heater/AC is broken 3. Internal/external fertilization a. Self explanatory A. Characteristics of all chordates a. Have a dorsal nerve cord

a. b. c. d. e. f.

b. Have a notochord c. Have pharyngeal pouches d. Tail that extends beyond the anus (kinda random lol) B. Characteristics of all vertebrates a. First off, vertebrates are a subdivision of chordates. b. Vertebrates have brains (imagine that :O) c. Vertebrates have a backbone (imagine THAT) which replaces the notochord C. 8 classes of vertebrates on next page

Class

Hea rt

What do I piss out?

Fertilizati on

Ovo/ Vivi/ Ovovivi : O/OV/V O O/V

Circulatory loops

Super-class Agnatha- No jaws. No vertebrae: they keep notochords Chondrichthyes- Cartilage skeletons: No bones. Carnivores/ filter/ bottom feeders. Osteichthyes- Bony fish. Most are ray-finned, except things like coelacanth and lungfish. Amphibians- Moist skin. Eggs need to be laid in water. Undergo metamorphosis except caecilians. Reptiles- Dry scaly skin. Have scales, amniotic eggs. Ectotherms. Birds- Can fly. Have hollow bones, feathers, amniotic eggs, air sacs for breathing, swim bladders (flying fish only), cloacas. Endotherms+ 4 chambered hearts. Monotremes/ Marsupials. Mammals that lay eggs/have pouches for kids. Monotremes have cloacas and lay eggs.

2 2

NH3 NH3

Ext. Ext.

1loop 1

2 hole dige st syst . ? Y

Examples

Hagfish Lamprey Shark Ray Skate Pretty much all else + Seabear

NH3

Ext.

O/OV/V

3/4

Uric Acid

Int.

Uric Acid

Int.

Turtle Lizard Snake Raptor :O Pelican Flying fish Bird is the word

Urea

Int.

O/V

Echidna Kangaroo and shit like that

Placental Mammalz. Cephalized. Most features are plain ol common sense. (Whats common sense?)

Urea

Int.

Horse whale walrus hippo your mom.