An On-line Monitoring System of Temperature of Conductors and Fittings Based on GSM SMS and Zigbee

HUANG Xin-bo Xian Polytechnic University, Xian, 710048, China Email:hxb1998@163.com SUN Qin-dong Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China Email:sqd@xanet.edu.cn Han Xiao-yan Xian Polytechnic University, Xian, 710048, China Abstract-An on-line monitoring system of temperature capacity of some main lines of 500 kV will reach or exceed 1 GW. By 2020, the transmission capacity for most lines of 500 of conductors and fittings based on GSM SMS and Zigbee kV will reach 1 ~ 1. 5GW. Some normal current for heavy is produced in this paper, by which the temperature of short lines will reach 2 GW, which will be near 3 GW in conductors and fittings can be monitored in real-time and accidents. Now, according to the traditional technology, the transmission capacity can be increased only by adding some accidents caused by the increased temperature can be transmission lines. However, it is becoming more and more avoided. The principle and the feature of GSM SMS and difficult to build new transmission lines with the transmission Zigbee communication are analyzed. The work principle of lines increased. From the perspective of sustainable development and environmental protection, we should pay DS18B20 is illustrated. The construction of this system is more attention from power grids expansion to increase the outlined, and the force modal of calculating the variety of potential transmission capacity of available transmission lines, the sag due to the increased temperature of conductors is and enhance the transmission capacity of power grids, so as to resolve the problems between high requirement of electricity built. The Zigbee communication module is produced based and difficulty of new transmission line [1,2]. In March 2005, the State Grids held a particular meeting on MC1319X and MC9S08. Finally, the software and about improving the transmission capacity of power grids in hardware design of the online temperature monitoring unit Beijing, the meeting pointed out that at the same time of of conductors and fittings are outlined. building main electrified wire netting of super high voltage, we need actively and fully tap the potential of existing capacity. At Key words- On-line monitoring; GSM SMS; Zigbee; present, some areas adopt the allowable temperature value of Temperature; Conductor; Fitting 70 to 80 or even 90 . Properly increasing the allowable temperature of existing conductors can increase stable carrying I. INTRODUCTION capacity of transmission lines, thereby the normal transmission With fast development of economy in China, the demand of capacity is improved. The method is a breakthrough of current electricity is higher and higher, and the problem between lag of technical regulations, the impact caused by improving construction of network and inadequacy of transmission conductor temperature on conductors, the mechanical strength capacity becomes increasingly prominent, which exacerbates and the lifespan of matched fittings, the increase in sag and so the unharmonious contradictions of development between on should be studied. In addition, if the conductor temperature power grids and power generation structure. Some provinces and the sag can be real-timely monitored, the dynamic and cities have begun to take power limited policies to alleviate regulation of the transmission capacity, such as day and night, contradiction of the current electricity supply-demand, how to cloudy and sunny, summer and winter under the different resolve this problem has become imperative responsibility for environmental conditions can be realized to improve the [3] many power workers. Recently, in order to prevent overloading transmission capacity . In order to meet these demands, an of transmission lines, domestic power system usually adopts on-line monitoring system of temperature of conductors and the static, conservative transmission capacity value in design, fittings based on GSM SMS and Zigbee is studied and which is a conservative static value based on the severest developed in this paper. weather conditions. However, such severe weather conditions II. INTRODUCTION OF GSM SMS, Zigbee and DS18B20 rarely occurred, and it has resulted in the inefficient use of potential transmission capacities in most time. In the situation A. GSM SMS GSM (Global System Mobile Communications) is a global of east-west power transmission, south-north power transaction, nationwide electricity interconnection", digital mobile communication system, whose coverage is the long-distance, large-capacity and high-voltage transmission most widely, phone owners is the largest, and reliability is very lines will be more and more. By 2010, the transmission high. SMS (Short Message Service) is a kind of short message

978-1-4244-1718-6/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

Pg 1522

Authorized licensed use limited to: Abdul Shaik. Downloaded on September 30, 2009 at 04:01 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

service, by which the limited data or text message can be transmitted. In fact, the information transmission is achieved by receiving and sending text message in the businesses center between mobile phones and other short message carriers, and the businesses center is an independent operating system of GSM network whose main function is submitting, storing, and transferring short message. SMS is a special and important service as well as calling for users by GSM system. In this paper, a self-designed industrial GSM module is selected to finish the transmission and the decoding of the monitoring data through AT command and coding of short message PDU (Protcol Data Unit). B. Zigbee[4] ZigBee wireless network technology is a new standard launched and made by ZigBee Alliance. The alliance, founded in August 2001, is a fast-growing and non-profit organization, and it aims is to provide consumers with more flexible and easier electronic products. The second half of 2002, four large corporations including the British company Invensys, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Motorola and the Dutch giant Philips Semiconductor Corporation jointed together to announce that they would join the "ZigBee Alliance" to invent the next-generation wireless communication standards named "ZigBee", which became a significant milestone in the development process. In October 2004, the ZigBee Alliance announced a version 1.0 of ZigBee protocol, and in December 2005 version 1.1. ZigBee uses free frequency bands of 2.4 GHz and 900 MHz, and its transmission rate is 20 kbps to 250 kbps. In this paper, the perfect chip cc2430 is selected to design the wireless hardware platforms of ZigBee, a standard ZigBee wireless network module is produced, and a reduced version of ZigBee wireless network protocol is programmed. The Zigbee module and protocol have been successfully applied to power system, medical and some other fields. C. DS18B20[5] Since the single-wire digital temperature sensors (such as DS1620, DS1820, DS18B20)are produced by DALLAS company in the United States, by which the traditional testing methods are changed, and by which the physical temperature can be converted to the digital signal directly and sent to the computer for processing. Digital sensors have been widely used in computers and automatic control fields. The temperature range of DS18B20 is from -55C to +125 C, and its accuracy is 0.5C. The temperature value measured by DS18B20 can be shown in 9 to 12 bits, the maximum conversion time is 750 ms, the temperature alarm beyond the upper and lower limit values and the conversion resolution can be reset by users. The reading and writing of DS18B20 can be realized by single bus control agreements and one-wire control signals. Every DSl8B20 has an unique 64-long serial numbers stored in internal ROM (read-only memory) of DSl8B20, the starting eight bits are the type coding of product (DSl820 coding is 10 H), the following 48 bits are the only serial number for each chip, and the final eight bits are CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) code of the previous 56 bits. DS18B20 consists of the

temperature sensor, the temperature digital conversion, ROM, RAM, uneasy missing electric erasable E RAM , I/O interface circuits, and so on. III. REGULATION ON CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE AND STUDY ON RELATIVE MODELS ALL OVER THE WORLD A. Regulation on Conductor Temperature At present, in accordance with different natural environment, different countries adopt different boundary conditions to calculate the transmission capacity of conductors such as wind speed, sunlight, temperature and conductor temperature, which has an large impact on the calculation results. According to the different conditions between our country and IEC, the calculation results have the difference of 15% to 20%. Different countries have different allowable temperature value about the ACSR, Japan and the United States 90C, France 85C, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Sweden 80C, Belgium, Indonesia 75 C, China, the Soviet Union 70C, Britain 50C [1, 2]. B. Three Models of Monitoring Conductor Temperature [2] (1) Model based on meteorological environment This type of model monitors environment information of running conductor (such as wind speed, environment temperature, environment humidity) and the current of running conductor in real-time to calculate the temperature of conductors through thermal balance equations. (2) Model based on conductor temperature and meteorological parameters This type of model obtains the temperature of conductor directly from the thermometer value as well as monitors the environmental factors (such as temperature and humidity). According to thermal balance equation, the largest current of transmission lines can be calculated with above parameters. (3) Model based on pulling force By a pulling force measuring device between insulator strings and conductors, the horizontal stress of conductors can be calculated, then the conductor temperature value can be calculated by the following equation. 2 Eg 2 l 2 cos / 24 2 = 0 Eg 2 l 2 cos / 24 0 E (t t0 ) (1) where, E is the elastic coefficient of the conductor N/ mm ; conductor;
2

is the heat expansion coefficient of the

2

is the horizontal stress N/ mm ;

2

g is the

unit load of the conductor N/ mm (g is constant in certain weather conditions); t is the average temperature of the conductor ( ); is the height angle of points for spano; l is the span(m). If 0 and t0 are known, and can be measured, then the conductor temperature can be calculated, and the effective wind speed that influences the temperature of conductor can be deduced. Finally the largest carrying capacity can be calculated with above parameters. All the three models have some advantages and some disadvantages, for example, the monitoring method based on meteorological environment is simple and less calculation, but

Pg 1523
Authorized licensed use limited to: Abdul Shaik. Downloaded on September 30, 2009 at 04:01 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

at a certain interval of time the anemometer should be corrected. In the model based on conductor temperature and meteorological environment, a method of directly detecting the temperature of conductor avoids the influence of anemometer. But because the temperature detection equipments directly contact with the high-voltage conductors, the high voltage magnetic field has a certain impact on measurement accuracy, some methods should be adopted to reduce or avoid the impact of the magnetic field. The model based on pulling force need monitor some effective factors of meteorological environment, but pulling force sensors can only be installed when conductors is unloading, that is to say, they can only be installed in maintenance period. In addition, the reliability of pulling sensor also should be higher. C. Impact of Raising Conductor Allowable Temperature If the allowable temperature of conductor exceeds current operating temperature of +70 , it will bring the following questions: (1) It does not comply with current design standards (in the current standards the maximum temperature of conductor is +70), but increasing the maximum allowable temperature to +80 or +90 , it does not affect its safety operation of conductor itself; (2) It brings some impacts on conductors, mechanical strength and lifespan of fittings. When the temperature of linear linking tube of conductor and the combination fittings of tension resistible clinch is below the temperature of the conductor, the grasp strength after the thermal cycling tests is also in compliance with the international standard; (3) Impact on crossing, which depends on the actual design standards of transmission lines and the status of channels, determined by the measuring and checking of transmission lines. Usually, it can meet the requirements of safety distance when the allowable maximum temperature rises to +90 by partial modification. IV. THE OVERALL STRUCTURE OF ON-LINE MONITORING SYSTEM The on-line monitoring system of temperature of conductors and fittings based on GSM SMS and Zigbee is mainly composed of the provincial monitoring center, the municipal monitoring center, the communication unit, the temperature monitoring unit and the expert software, the topology of system is shown in Fig.1. The communication unit is installed on the tower with both GSM and Zigbee communication modules, and the temperature monitoring unit on the corresponding conductors with the same potential. According to the sampling interval time set up remotely by the monitoring center, the communication unit can regularly or real-timely call the temperature monitoring units controlled by the communication unit in turn by Zigbee communication. The temperature monitoring unit, installed on the conductor or its connectors in a local meteorological area, can measure the actual operating temperature of conductors under local weather conditions, send the temperature of conductor to the communication unit by Zigbee communication whose frequency is 2.4 GHz. All the temperatures of conductors coming from various monitoring

points will be packed as GSM SMS to send to the municipal monitoring center by GSM communication module. All the information of the temperature of various points can be managed by the expert software, and the current capacities from the SCADA system can be real-timely stored into the database. Then the expected temperature of conductors, the expected current capacities, the expected time, the real-time sag, the expected sag of conductors and so on can be calculated according to the computing model, and shown in graphic. When the measured or calculated temperature or the safe distance exceeds the allowable value, an alarm message can be send by GSM SMS to some managers. The operating parameters of the communication unit, such as time interval, system time of unit and requests of real-time data etc., can be remotely modified by GSM communication. The municipal monitoring centers are connected to the provincial monitoring centers by LAN, and the provincial monitoring center can directly browse the temperature data of all measured conductors and fittings. By comparing with allowable temperature and analyzing, the transmission capacity will be enhanced with no break of the available technical regulations. Of course, the operating temperature of conductors can also be monitored by this system when the transmission capacity is increased.

Fig.1 The topology of system

V DESIGN OF THE TEMPERATURE MONITORING UNIT A. Structure and Design of Monitoring Unit In order to improve the transmission capacity of conductors with no break of the available technology, the monitoring of the conductor temperature is very important. However, the traditional wireless temperature measurement methods can not meet requirements, for example, using infrared to measure temperature should keep the distance close (within 5m) and the accuracy of measurement is low. Using fiber temperature measurement will not be able to meet the requirements of insulation for the high-voltage and long-distance transmission lines. Using radio to transmit data directly will be difficult to organize an effective star network with multi-points to one. The temperature of conductor is the most direct and important parameter during the operation of transmission lines, how to

Pg 1524
Authorized licensed use limited to: Abdul Shaik. Downloaded on September 30, 2009 at 04:01 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

real-timely and accurately monitor the temperature of conductor is the key technique to solve this problem. The temperature of environment, conductor, and the crossing, can be measured by the temperature unit, which is composed of power module, MCU (micro control unit), Zigbee communication module, temperature sensors and so on, as shown in Fig.2. Here, DS18B20 is selected as the temperature sensor, which is a single- bus digital sensor. Using single-bus (1 - wire) technology, DS18B20 blends with address bus, data bus and control bus for a bidirectional serial signal wire, which provides a simple structure, the convenient bus expansion and maintenance. Zigbee modules are developed independently by authors to achieve the short-distance communication, and the solar energy and the battery are designed as the system power. The specific structure is shown as Fig.3.

and writing operations of interface of SPI, the initialization of Zigbee, the data transmission, data reception, the CCA detection, the generation of PHY data structure, the generation of MAC layer data structure and so on. The Zigbee protocol stack with reduced function can form a star network to achieve the basic function of data transmission. The transmission distance can reach 50 meters for the Zigbee module with antenna onboard, it can form a star network to communicate, and its sleeping current is only 1uA.

Fig. 4 the structure of solution scheme for ZigBee-ready platform

Fig.2 The structure of temperature monitoring device

C. Design of Software Zigbee module we developed has a sleeping current of only 1uA and a function of transparent data transmission. The main function of the temperature monitoring unit is to monitor temperature of conductors and fittings. On one hand, temperature monitoring unit works in interrupted mode, which starts to convert temperature when the sampling time is coming, then sends data to the communication unit after conversion by Zigbee module. The interrupted program flowchart is shown as Fig.5. On the other hand, temperature monitoring unit works in a cyclic mode for an alarm (the upper limit temperature of DS18B20 can be set to 70 or other values), which will ignore the limitation of sampling interval time and send signals to communication unit by Zigbee module when the temperature beyonds the limit, and the communication unit sends the messages to workers to take measures timely.

Fig.3

the hardware diagram of temperature monitoring unit

B. Study on Zigbee Module Zigbee module has a low power dissipation and can form a complex network. In 2005, we begun to study on Zigbee module and ZigBee protocol. The Zigbee module embedded ZigBee protocol developed by authors has a standard serial communication protocol, which can dynamically and automatically organize network, and which can collect a variety of data and control the remote network node. ZigBee-ready hardware platform provided by Freescale Company is selected to develop, MC1319X chips is selected as a radio frequency chip of Zigbee, and microcontroller MC9S08 as the core of control. The solution scheme for ZigBee-ready platform provided by Freescale Company offered is shown in Fig4. In order to satisfy the various applications of system, a protocol stack with reduced function of Zigbee has been produced by authors, whose main function includes the reading

Fig. 5 the interruption procedures

Pg 1525
Authorized licensed use limited to: Abdul Shaik. Downloaded on September 30, 2009 at 04:01 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

VI. EXPERT SOFTWARE AND RUNNING OF SYSTEM A. Variety of Conductor Sag Caused by Raising the Conductor Temperature When the allowable temperature of conductor is raised, it will bring impacts on sag of conductors, temperature of fittings and mechanical strength of conductors. When the allowable temperature of conductor increases from 70 to 80 in short time, its cumulative loss of mechanical strength for 30 years fall in the permitted scope of 7% to 10%. If the influence on sag variety is compensated in design and the contact and conduction of clamps is adjusted, the safe operation of transmission lines can be guaranteed. Fig. 6 gives the mechanical calculation schematic diagram of actual conductors.
Y
A'
l

f mid = f X |x =l / 2 =

gl 2 8 0

Where, lD1 and lD 2 are the corresponding equivalent spans for principal, vice hanging points.

2 0 hg arsh (i = 1, 2) lg g 2 0 sh 2 0 Here, l is actual span distance, m h : height is difference between principal and vice staff tower, m f D1 is corresponding equivalent sag of two towers, m ; g is unit lD i = l
load of conductor, N /( m mm ) . The unit load of conductor is a constant in certain weather conditions. The horizontal stress of sag can be calculated by formula.
2

A
hx '

f D1

fX
fD 2

B'

yx '
o
lD 2 / 2
x'

2 0 lg (l l ) g sh ch D1 g 2 0 2 0 S = S0 + TS0 S=

(3) (4)

lD1 / 2

Fig. 6 sag of random point of actual conductor

Supposing the distance between any point of conductor and O is x ' , and the distance between it and point A, the hanging point of main tower, is x , then

By equation (3) and (4), the horizontal stress 0 can be get, and then the sag of conductors can be get by equation(3). Here, S0 is length of conductor in the unit load and usual temperature, m ; S is length of conductor in the unit load and rising temperature of T ; is comprehensive linear temperature expansion coefficient of conductor, 1 / C; T is the raised temperature of conductor( TC T0 ). B. Functions of Expert Software All the information of the temperature of various points can be managed by the expert software, and the current capacities from the SCADA system can be stored into the database. Then the expected temperature of conductors, the expected current capacities, the expected time, the real-time sag, the expected sag of conductors and so on can be calculated according to the computing model, and shown in graphic. When the measured or calculated temperature or the safe distance exceeds the allowable value, an alarm message can be send by GSM SMS to some managers. The operating parameters of the communication unit, such as time interval, system time of unit and requests of real-time data etc., can be remotely modified by GSM communication. C. Running Results of System This system has been installed in Beijing extra-high voltage company, the running results is shown in Fig.7.

x ' = lD1 / 2 x
According to the catenary theory, Some mechanical analysis and geometric computing for transmission lines is get as following

g lD1 2 f D1 = 2 ( 2 ) 0 gx '2 g (lD1 / 2 x )2 = yx ' = 2 0 2 0 g l D 1 l D 2 lD 1 ( )( x ') hx ' = 2 0 2 2 2

Then the conductor sag of random point is

(1)

f X = f D1 hx ' y x ' gx Simplification in f X = (l x ) (2) 2 0 Let x ' = 0 , x = lD1 / 2 then the sag for the lowest point is gl l flow = f X |x =lD1 / 2 = D1 D 2 8 0 Let x = l / 2 , sag for central span is

Pg 1526
Authorized licensed use limited to: Abdul Shaik. Downloaded on September 30, 2009 at 04:01 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Conductor temperature() 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4
2007- 2007- 2007- 2007- 2007- 2007- 2007- 2007- 2007- 20071-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-7 22:48 00:00 01:12 02:24 03:36 04:48 06:00 07:12 08:24 09:36

Conductor temperature

(a) conductor temperature vs. time

Enviromental temperature() 0 -222:48 -4 -6 -8 -10 (b) Environmental temperature vs. time

2007-1-7 2007-1-8 2007-1-8 2007-1-8 2007-1-8 2007-1-8 2007-1-8 2007-1-8 2007-1-8 2007-1-8 00:00 01:12 02:24 03:36 04:48 06:00 07:12 08:24 09:36

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Enviromental humidity(%)

transmission lines conductors is realized and the stoppage caused by raised temperature can be avoided. According to incomplete statistics, 762,000 km of 35 kV or more than transmission lines, and 31,400 km of 500 kV lines are distributed in China. With the power grids gradually increasing and the new lines building difficult, improving allowable temperature of conductors can fully exploit massive transmission capacity of existing transmission lines, and the number of new lines or the cost of investment in new lines can be deduced, the economic and social benefits brought by it is very large. it has a wide application backgrounds, not only can be used for conductor temperature monitoring devices, but also can be used for auxiliary monitoring modules in other high-voltage monitoring equipment, such as temperature monitoring module in monitoring system of icing of conductors and so on. REFERENCES [1] Ye Hongsheng, Gong Renwei, Huang Weizhong. Feasibility Study on Increasing Conductor Allowable Temperature and Engineering Practice[J]. Power construction, 2004 (10) :1-8 [2] Zhang Xuezhe,Li Xiaoqing,Liu Changqing,and so on.Discussing on Measurement of Improving Conductor Transmission Capacity - Improving Conductor Allowable Temperature[J]. For electricity, 2005 (6) :12-22 [3] Ma Guodong. Transmission Capacity of Wire and Cable [M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Publishing House, 2003. [4] Zhao Chen,HE Bo, Wang Rui. A Design for ZigBee Wireless Communication Based on CC2420 RF transceiver. Micro-Computer Information, 2007, 23 (1-2): 260-261 [5] Zhou Yuexia, Sun Chuanyou. DS18B20 Hardware Interface and Software Program. Sensor World, 2001, (12):25-29

2007-1- 2007-1- 2007-1- 2007-1- 2007-1- 2007-1- 2007-1- 2007-1- 2007-1- 2007 7 22:48 8 00:00 8 01:12 8 02:24 8 03:36 8 04:48 8 06:00 8 07:12 8 08:24 8 09

(c) Environmental humidity vs. time Fig.7 The running results of online monitoring system

VII.

CONCLUSIONS

The On-line monitoring system of temperature of conductors and fittings based on GSM SMS and Zigbee is developed in this paper, by which the temperature controlling of

Biography: Huang Xinbo (1975-), Male(Han), Post-doctor, Associate Professor. His interest is focused on online monitoring theory and technology of power system, and wireless net sensors. Telephone number: 13709128355 Fax: 029-62669080 E-mailhxb1998@163.com

Pg 1527
Authorized licensed use limited to: Abdul Shaik. Downloaded on September 30, 2009 at 04:01 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.