STUDY OF NEC TRANSMITTER

IN
HIGH POWER TRANSMITTER DOORADARSHAN - VISAKHAPATNAM
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR AWARDING THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY
N.V.S.T SRI HARSHA (08A51A0475) SYAMSUNDARA RAO (08A51A04A4) GANESWARA RAO (08A51A0491) SATISH KUMAR(08A51A04)

FROM

ADITYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT TEKKALI

ORIGIN OF DOORDARSHAN

Doordarshan is the national service of India and is also one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the world. A network of three nationals, two special interest channels; 10 regional language channels, 4 state network and an international channels. Through a network of 868 terrestrial transmitters of varying powers it makes available television signals for over 87% of population. 300 million viewers in their homes watch Doordarshan programmes. Television sets established under various schemes in community centers in villages for a total number of 450 million viewers (India, 1998) . The countrywide class room on national network

is aimed to reach quality education of students in small villages. Television in India has been in existence for decades now. India did not begin till September 15, 1959 with a small studio. The service was called Doordarshan for the first 17 years, it spread haltingly and transmission was mainly in black and white. Doordarshan was established as a part of AIR, until 1976, it consisted of one national network and seven regional networks. In 1992 there were sixty three high power television transmitters, 369 medium power transmitters, 76 low power station and 23 transposers. Regular satellite transmission began in 1982. Television has come to the forefront only in the past 21 years and more so in past 13. There were initially two ignition points, the first in the 80 s when color television was introduced by state owned broad caster. Doordarshan (DD) timed with 1982 Asian games which India hosted. It then proceeded to install transmitter nationwide rapidly for terrestrial broadcasting. In this period, no private enterprise was allowed to set up television signals. The second spark came in early nineties with the broadcast of satellite television by foreign programmers like CNN followed by STAR T.V and a little later by domestic channels such as ZEE T.V and SUN T.V into Indian homes.

The number of Televisions sets in India increased from around 500,000 in 1976 to 9 million in early 1987 and to around 47 million in 1994; increases are expected to continue at around 6 million sets per year. If all the doordarshan centres, Mumbai has the most acute language problem, having to cater to a cosmopolitan and varied audience in Hindi, English, Urdu, Marathi and Guajarati. In 1984, doordarshan introduced a second channel for the big cities and permitted cable operators to transmit locally made programs to fill the gaps in the schedule when doordarshan was not in air. These cable operators grew from a few 100 s in the eighties to more than 20,000 in the nineties. Presently Doordarshan operates 19 channels, two All India Channels, 11 regional languages satellite channels (RLSC), four State Networks (SN) an international channel and a sports channel. Regular satellite transmission began in 1982. Now more than 87% of population of the country can receive Doordarshan programmes through a network of nearly 1044 Terrestrial Television Transmitters. About 46 Doordarshan studios are producing television software.

DD - NATIONAL (CHANNEL-7)

DD-NEWS (CHANNEL-9)

INTEGRATED ON TRANSMITTER TYPE CHANNEL VHF(band-III) VISION POWER AURAL POWER VISION FREQUENCY AURAL FREQUENCY SATELLITE LOOKING ANGLE AZIMUTH ELEVATION DOWNLINK FREQUENCY MEAN SEA LEVEL

02-08-1986

01-04-2003

BEL
0710KW 1KW 189.2396 MHZ 194.7396 MHZ
INSAT 3A

NEC
09 10KW 1KW 203.26MHZ 208.76 MHZ
INSAT 3C, INSAT 4B

93.50 1490 670

REGIONAL : 3820MHZ, NATIONAL : 3725 MHZ
350 METRES

740, 93.50 2200 ,1490 63.20,670

NEWS 3725MHZ
350 METRES

FIG: FEATURES OF DOORDARSHAN KENDRA HPT

PROCESS GOING ON IN DOORDARSHAN

Satellite

Uplink

Downlink

Antenna

Antenna

Earth station Terrestrial system User

Earth station Terrestrial system User

TV Signals from studio are processed and up-linked to the satellite where these signals are further processed and then down linked to the Terrestrial T.V Transmitters with the help of transponders of the satellite. The signal received by the parabolic dish antenna is sent to the TVRO of input output chain with the help of coaxial cable. The signal is divided into visual signal and aural signal. Demodulator separates audio and video signal. The video Signal is further amplified to 1V peak to peak by Video Distribution Amplifier ( VDA) and Stab Amplifier in Video Signal Chain where as the Aural Signal is amplified to 10 dbm by Audio Distribution Amplifier. FIRST LET US CONSIDER VISUAL SIGNAL CHAIN : This visual signal first undergoes the input monitoring section. Input monitoring section consists of mainly three section.  Video distributor  Colour Stab Amplifier  Video Equilizer

VIDEO DISTRIBUTOR: The video distribution amplifiers are employed in Transmitters to distribute composite video signals to a number of units. This contains two identical distribution amplifiers each providing five outputs. Here the input signal coming from TVRO is amplified to 1V peak to peak. COLOUR STAB AMPLIFIER: So when the visual signal goes to this amplifier block, the signal is amplified, and we get perfect 1v peak to peak signal. This is used with sync. Processor to process the composite color video signal. The composite video signal is processed to remove hum and noise from the timing components in the sync. Processor which produces regenerated noise free sync and blanking signals. These noise free signals are added to the composite color video signals in the color stabilizing amplifier.

VIDEO EQUALIZER: The video equalizer is used to compensate for the video signal attenuation in cables (OD lengths up to 300 mts ). The equalizing can be adjusted in 21 steps.

AUDIO DISTRIBUTION AMPLIFIER In the similar way audio signal undergoes many process to get the signal in the range of 0 to10 dbm. First the signal go through audio distribution block where audio level correction is carried out. Then the signal undergoes pre-emphasis technique to get perfect audio signal.

PRE-EMPHASIS - DE-EMPHASIS In processing audio signals, pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed to increase, within a band of frequencies, the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation distortion or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system. De-emphasis is a process designed to decrease, within a band of frequencies, the magnitude of some frequencies ( usually earlier pre-emphasised ) with respect to the magnitude of other frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-tonoise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation differences or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system. It is the mirror of pre-emphasis, and the whole system is called emphasis. The frequency curve (response) is decided by special time constants, from which one can calculate the cutoff frequency. It may be recalled that 7 MHz bandwidth is provided in band 3in VHF range. At these frequencies, propagation takes place by space waves limited by maximum line of sight distance between transmitting and receiving aerials. The signal strength at any place in the service area must be large enough to overcome noise at that place and provide satisfactory picture. The radiated power of transmitter is usually expressed as effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). In a TV transmitter, amplitude modulation of picture carrier by video signal can be carried out at high level or a low level modulation. In early transmitter designs, direct modulation was used. The picture was directly modulated by video signal. This can be done at a high level modulation in

final power amplifier or at low level RF driving amplifier. At present, I.F modulation at low level is used.

VESTIGIAL SIDE BAND TRANSMISSION: In the 625 line TV system, frequency components present in the video signal extend from 0 Hz to 5 MHZ. A double side band AM transmission would occupy a total bandwidth of 10 MHz. To reduce the channel bandwidth and power, Vestigial sideband Transmission is in practice. In the video signal very low frequency

modulating components exist along with rest of signal. These components give rise to sidebands very close to carrier frequency which are difficult to remove by physically realizable filters. Suppressing one complete sideband also not possible. The low video frequency contains the most important information of picture and any effort to completely suppress the lower sideband results in objectionable phase distortion at these frequencies; it will look in the picture as smear. Therefore only a part of lower side band is suppressed and radiates signal with full Upper Side Band together with carrier and vestige of the partially suppressed Lower Side Band. This is called V.S.B or A5C transmission. In the 625 line system, frequencies up to 0.75 MHz in the lower sideband are fully radiated. So it is a double sideband transmission for lower video frequency. Because of filter design difficulties it is not possible to terminate the bandwidth of signal abruptly at the edges of sideband therefore attenuation slope covering 0.5 MHz is allowed at either end.

Now these visual and aural signals are given to the exciter for further processing. In the exciter stage, blocks like video processing unit , diode bridge

modulator , delay equalizer , V.S.B filter , video up converter , linear amplifier , power amplifier and diplexer and frequency multiplier process the video and audio signals. The combined visual and aural signal after arriving the diplexer block is transmitted to mast antenna.

DD-NEWS: NEC TRANSMITTER (CHANNEL-9)

The block diagram of the NEC transmitter is as shown in figure bellow.

NEC 10 KW Transmitter

Figure : Complete Block Diagram of a 10 kW TV Transmitter (Courtesy NEC)

EXCITER UNIT:
The exciter section consists of various parts like

 AD-DA converter  Visual modulator  IF corrector  Digital video compression  Synthesizer  Visual mixer

 Aural modulator  IM corrector  Aural mixer

VIDEO I/P

A/D-D/A
CONVERTOR

VISUAL MODULATOR

IF CORRECTOR

VISUAL MIXER

FEEDBACK IN

VISUAL
DIGITAL VIDEO COMPENSATOR

REF I/P VIF O/P 10MHz O/P 600 75 NICAM IN

AURAL MODULATOR

SYNTHESIZER

AURAL O/P
IM CORRECTOR AURAL MIXER

A MOD MONITOR

A AGC IN A O/P MONITOR

AURAL MODULATOR:

This unit generates a frequency modulated aural IF signal by modulating a voltage controlled oscillator with an audio input. Two sets of audio inputs are provided one for 600 balanced line and other 75 unbalanced line used for sound multiplexer broadcasting. To fix the average frequency of modulator oscillator at the reference input the automatic phase control (APC) circuit is provided. This unit is applied to a VHF or UHF mixer circuit.

IM CORRECTOR:
This unit is used for dual sound having two carriers in which some correction of IM due to the non-linearity of the power amplifier stage can be carried out. This unit contains a low level and a high level correction circuit each having correction circuits for amplitude and phase. In the low level circuit, correction can be performed by combining a non-linear signal generated by class B amplifier with the linear signal, as a result the phase combining of the linear signal with the non-linear signal produces amplitude correction. Difference phase combining in the rated phase difference produces phase correction. High level correction of amplitude is performed by the use of a saturated class A transistor amplifier high level correction of phase is performed by the use of a class C transistor amplifier.

AD-DA UNIT:
This unit has functions that converts video input signal supplied to the exciter into PCM signal and sends the PCM signal to a unit for digital correction and which converts the video PCM signal after the digital correction into analog video signal and supplies the analog video signal to a visual modulator unit. The functions exercised by the AD-DA unit are as follows:

1. Allows switching between input video signal from the main line and that from a feedback line 2. Converts analog video signal fed to exciter into a PCM signal and supplies the video data to DVC unit at a next stage. 3. Converts the 12 bit video data from DVC unit in to an analog video signal, and supplies the signal to V Mod unit. 4. Clamps the pedestal potential of the video signal. 5. Carries out synchronous separation of the main input video signal, the feedback input video signal and that of the input synchronous signal when scrambling is used.

DIGITAL VIDEO COMPENSATOR:

This unit compensates by the use of digital signal processing technology distortion of input video signals and different types of distortion like linear and nonlinear distortions produced in transmitter and receiver. It is composed of a non-linear distortion compensating circuit, linear compensating circuit, control circuit, etc. It will receive the demodulated output signals of the transmitter and automatically compensates for the di The non-linear distortion compensating circuit (for differential gain, differential phase and luminance linearity) compensates as an auxiliary circuit to the IF corrector. The non-linear distortion is caused by the power amplifier of the transmitter. Furthermore, the circuit is an APL follow-up type that can compensate for variations in the characteristics of the power amplifier by APL. The linear distortion compensating circuit (pre-compensation circuit for compensating, or the frequency and group delay characteristics of the transmitter, and the group delay characteristics of receiver) performs high accuracy compensation by using a 128 tap digital filter (for input signals

with the filter co-efficient of 12 bits) The non-linear and linear distortion compensating circuits respectively can be bypassed. The control circuit is provided with a DSP (digital signal processor) that analyze demodulated output of the transmitter and automatically computes the compensation values.

VISUAL MODULATOR:
This unit is intended to convert a base band video signal into a modulated IF signal with ring modulator in which IF carrier is also phase modulated by a processed video signal to pre-correct the incidental carrier phase modulation (ICPM). The video signal for the IF phase modulation is arbitrarily sliced into three regions of sync, black and white in which each signal is individually expanded or compressed then summed into the processed video signal by which the carrier for the ring modulator is phase modulated.

IF CORRECTOR UNIT:
This unit is generally used for correction of non-linear distortion generated in the power amplifier stage enables correction of DG and DP characteristics of visual signal. This also contains a means to combine two modulated IF carriers of visual and aural allowing multiplex operation of the transmitter.

VHF MIXER UNIT:

In this unit the IF signal applied at input is converted to an RF signal and the RF signal is then passed through filters to separate out only the specified band and amplified to obtain an RF signal of +20dbm. By applying AGC to IF signal, the output of the transmitter is maintained at a constant level.

SYNTHESIZER UNIT:
This unit generates signals at three frequencies visual IF and local frequency. The exciter section is to receive two input of both video and audio incoming to the TV transmitter. It contains same signal processing plug in board by which signals are converted into IF modulator visual and aural TV signals. The visual and aural outputs are then given to exciter switch. The modulated visual IF signal passes through a VHF mixer unit and IF corrector unit and modulated aural IF signal passes directly through a separate VHF mixer unit of same type, thereby producing VHF TV signal on desired channel. The visual output power that is 100 mw is given to 2-way divider block, which is used for dividing the signal to two transistor power amplifier blocks and two transistor power amplifier in parallel. This two 50 mw power is then given to 5-way divider block, where the power gets divided into five parts producing 1kw each which gets combined in a 5-way combiner resulting in a total power of 5kw. The two 5kw power (10kw) gets combined into 2-way combiner and results in 10kw of power which is then given to V/A combiner.

POWER DIVIDER
DESCRIPTION: The block schematic diagram of the two way power divider is shown in figure.

J2 output-1(50 )
INPUT J1(50 ) 3 WAY 0 3DB J3 output-2(50 )

Block schematic diagram of 2-way power divider

2-WAY POWER DIVIDER 1. GENERAL: This 2-way power divider for dividing the signal to two transistor power amplifier blocks and two transistor power amplifiers is parallel 2. FEATURES: This 2 way power divider has the following features y Wide frequency range y Low transition loss y Low input return loss(VSWR) 3. SPECIFICATION: The specification of this 2 way power divider is shown in table

ITEM 1.frequancey range 2.VSWR 3.return loss 4.insertion loss 5.maximum input power rating 6.input/output impedance 7.input/output terminal 8.ambient temperature

SPECIFICATION 170-230MHZ 1.2 20DB 0.6DB 10mw 50 BNC-j -10 to +45C

9.dimensions WHD

2005522mm

5-WAY POWER DIVIDER 1. GENERAL: This 5-way power divider for dividing the signal to two transistor power amplifier blocks and five transistor power amplifiers is parallel 2. FEATURES: This 5 way power divider has the following features y Wide frequency range y Low transition loss y Low input return loss(VSWR) 3. SPECIFICATION: The specification of this 5 way power divider is shown in table ITEM SPECIFICATION 1.frequancey range 170-230MHZ 2.VSWR 1.2 3.return loss 20DB 4.insertion loss 1.0DB 5.maximum input power rating 2mw 6.input/output impedance 50 7.input/output terminal BNC-j 8.ambient temperature -10 to +45C 9.dimensions WHD 6005722mm 4. DESCRIPTION: The block diagram of the power divider is shown in figure.

J2 Output-1 50
2-way 03db

J3 output-2 50

Input j1 50

2-way 3-way divider 03db

j4 output-3 50 j5 output-4 50

2-way 03db

J6 output-5 50

POWER AMPLIFIER:
OPERATING PRINCIPLES: The drive PAI comprises two stage of power amplifier circuits containing PIN attenuator, a phase shifter, RF limiter, hybrid IC MC5388 and FET 2SK1543

A signal from J1(BNC-J) on the front panel passes through input and the PIN attenuator, Where the gain of the unit is adjusted. The phase shifter adjusts the phases between two units when this unit runs in parallel with another. The phase shifter can adjust the phase in a range within approximately 40 degrees. The RF amplifier protects the unit from overdrive input signal and has been adjusted so as to operate 1DB above the input rating. The MC5388(IC 301) at the first stage, which is a class A hybrid IC, has a gain approximately 18DB. The next stage amplifier circuit having an FET 2SK1543(TR301) which is a single class AB has a gain of approximately 18DB. The output from the FET 2SK1543(TR301) passes through an isolator W1 and then is to the drive PA2. DRIVE PA2 CIRCUIT: The drive PA2 comprises one stage of power amplifier having a 2SK1543M. the drive PA2 is class AB operation with a gain of approximately 16DB. The output from the drive PA2 circuit passes through an isolator W2 and is distributed by a Wilkinson 3-way divider and then fed to the final PA. FINAL PA CIRCUIT: The final PA circuit is the final stage amplifier circuit supplied with six 2SK1543MPS which uses a pair of characteristic matched 2SK1543M in parallel and it comprises two stage of 2 way distribution circuits of distributed type and one stage of power amplifier using 2SK1543S as well as a circulator combiner. The signal from the drive PA is divided into six sub signals and distributed by the distributor and each final stage amplifier circuit. the final stage amplifier circuit of optimum class AB push pull design using 2SK1543MPs recurs a gain of approximately 16DB, maximum out of 250W or more and a drain efficiency of 70% or higher at the maximum output. The 2SK 1543s used in this units are developed MOS FETs of a push pull constructions which are of a high output, a high gain a high reliability for use in particularly VHF band TV transmitter. Six outputs of the signals amplified at the final stage amplifier circuit lead to a 6-way combiner through circulator. 6 WAY COMBINOR AND DIRECTIONAL COUPLER:

Each output of the six final PAS FPA1 to FPA6 is combined with 6-way combiner. The combined visual signal forms the final output of the TR PA and is applied to terminate J2 on the rear panel at a level of 60.8DBM. To monitor the output, two directional couplers are provided. One of the outputs among them is supplied to the terminal J4 on the front panel. Two outputs of directional couplers are applied to the alarm circuit board.s

5-WAY POWER COMBINOR 1. GENERAL: This 5-way power combiner is used for combining five transistor power amplifiers in parallel to obtain the required power. 2. FEATURES: This 5-way power combiner has the following features 1) wide frequency range 2) low insertion loss 3) low input return loss(VSWR) 3. SPECIFICATION: The specification of this 5-way power combiner is as shown in table

ITEM SPECIFICATION 1.frequencey range 170-230 MHZ 2.VSWR 1.2 3.return loss 20DB 4.insertion loss 0.2DB 5.maximum input power rating 1000W

6.input/output impedence 50 7.input/output terminal W-20D/W-39D 8.ambient temperature -10 TO 45C 9.dimensions WHD 61379420mm DESCRIPTION: The type of this 5-way power combiner uses quarter wave impedance transforms into combiner More ever this 5-way power combiner is made of copper plate strip line with in aluminum case. The copper plate strip line is supported from the aluminum case by Teflon insulators.

2-WAY POWER COMBINOR 1. GENERAL: This 2-way power combiner is used for combining two transistor power amplifier blocks and two transistor power amplifiers in parallel to obtain the required power.

2. FEATURES: This 2-way power combiner has the following features 1) wide frequency range 2) low insertion loss 3) low input return loss(VSWR) 3. SPECIFICATION: The specification of this 2-way power combiner is as shown in table

ITEM

SPECIFICATION

1.frequencey range 2.VSWR 3.return loss 4.insertion loss 5.maximum input power rating 6.input/output impedence 7.input/output terminal 8.ambient temperature 9.dimensions WHD

170-230 MHZ 1.2 20DB 0.2DB 100W 50 W-20D/W-39D -10 TO 45C 19079430mm

4. DESCRIPTION: The type of this 2-way power combiner uses quarter wave impedance transforms into combiner More ever this 2-way power combiner is made of copper plate strip line with in aluminum case. The copper plate strip line is supported from the aluminum case by Teflon insulators. GENERAL: The power supply in a stabilized power supply of switching type that receives 200V AC and supplies 50V DC to loads. In design consideration of small size light weight and high performance this power supply is provided with three special built in A-D converters. Performance Type Rating continuous Cooling far external air cooled

5. INPUT Rated voltage: 200V AC, 3-phase Voltage regulation 15% Frequency: 50/60 HZ Frequency range: 5HZ OUTPUT:

ITEM

OUTPUT

Output voltage

+50V

Load current

Max Min

48A 0A

Variable range of output voltage

40-50V

Output voltage setting Voltage accuracy accuracy Set current

0.3V

24A

Accuracy output voltage stabilization

To load fluctuation

0-100% : 400mv p-p or less

Temperature variation 7 mv/dc or less

Ripple voltage

Hurn Fundamental wave spike

15mvp-p 600mvp-p

EFFICIENCEY: 85% or more at rated input and output

POWEER FACTOR: 90% or more at rated input and output

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH AND INSULATION RESISTANCE: MEASUREMENT POSITION DIELECTRIC STRENGTH Between a collective position Required to be free of On the primary input side Any abnormality when and 1.5KV AC is impressed A collective position of the Across the secondary output side measurement Position far one minute INSULATION RESISTANCE Required to be 50M or More when measured 500V DC megger

Ambient temperature range Performance assurance: -10C to 45C Working assurance: -20C to +50C AMBIENT HUMIDITY RANGE: Performance assurance: 95% or less RUSH CURRENT: Not less than three times the peak value of rated primary input current. DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUITS: 1. INPUT FILTER CIRCUIT: The input filter circuit supposes simultaneously with suppression of external noise the noise produced by the switching circuits to prevent the noise from being transmitted external circuits.

2. RECTIFIER CIRCUIT:

The rectifier circuit is for rectifying the AC voltage to the DC voltage is of a capacitor input type which has a chock coil inserted for improving power factor. 3. RUSH CURRENT PREVENTIVE CIRCUIT: The rush current preventive circuit suppress the such current by means of a resistance inserted into the input line, and reduces the loss of the resistor by actuating the thyristor after the D/D converter is started. 4. D/D CONVERTER: The D/D converter converts the DC voltage into 50V DC output. This converter has been in double forward type using power mosfet in consideration to small size and high efficiency the working frequency of the converter is about 400KHZ. 5. AUXILARY POWER CIRCUIT: This power circuit supplies power to the protective and control circuits. 6. UNDER VOLTAGE INPUT PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT: This protective circuit detects continuously the primary input voltage the input rectified voltage of D/D converter and interrupts the power supply to the converter, turning the output of the converter off. If the primary input voltage is abnormally low further more. If the normal primary voltage one of three wires becomes open the protective circuit turns the output of this power supply is off. 7. D/D CONVERTER CIRCUIT ON/OFF CONTROL UNIT: This control circuit controls the ON/OFF operation of the D/D converter at the time of under current input over voltage input, over voltage output , under voltage output or actuation of the overheat protective circuit or by an external PS CONT signal.

8. OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT:

This protective circuits detects continuously each secondary output voltage if the output voltage rises abnormally, the protective circuit makes notching this turning the output off.

9. OVER CURRENT PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT: This protective circuit detects continuously the primary switching current of each D/D module and makes notching if the output current exceeds the rating owing to such reason as overload thus turning the output off. 10. UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTIVE CIRCUITS: This protective circuit detects consciously each output voltage when the output voltage rises normally the protective circuit sends out a PSON ANS signal. NOTCHING ALARAM CIRCUIT: If the over voltage over current or under voltage protective circuit is actuated notching alarm circuit interrupts the operation of the D/D converter for about 4sec and the same time when the converter is stopped. This circuit makes the ALM the front panel light and sends out a PS FAULT signal The notching count time is about 30sec and then the notching is counted 4 the times the period of 30sec the notching alarm circuit actuates the NFB, interrupting the primary input voltage.

11.

12.

OVER HEAT PROTECTION CIRCUIT: If the internal temperature of the power supply rises abnormally far such reason discontinuation of the cooling the overheat protective circuit actuates the NFB interrupting the primary input voltage.

13.

OUTPUT VOLTAGE MEETING CIRCUIT:

This meeting circuit detects each output voltage and send out the voltage for the meeting.

V/A COMBINER UNIT:

V/A combiner work in the similar fashion as CIN transmitter, and are used to combine the visual and aural outputs. diplexer in BEL

VISUAL I/P

OUTPUT FILTER

V/A COMBINER

HARMONIC FILTER

AURAL I/P

DL O/P ANTENNA

CIBD UNIT:

CIBD stands for Constant Impedance Band Diplexer which is similar to CIN Diplexer in BEL transmitter. The output filter and harmonic filter are used for combining visual and aural signals of a VHF TV transmitter and attenuating spurious and harmonics.

A simple explanation of the CIB Diplexer is as follows: The signal of the aural transmitter applied at terminal (1) of the 3db coupler H1 appears at terminals (2) and terminal (3) with the same amplitude but with a phase difference of 900 (terminal (2) is 900 ahead in phase of terminal (3) , because of nature of 3db coupler, no output appears at terminal (4). The signals appearing at terminal (2) and terminal (3) then passes through aural band pass filters respectively, and terminal (21) and terminal (31) of other 3db coupler H2 still with 900 phase difference.

OPF Vin

CIBD

1 Ain

2 BPF1 H1

21

11

H2
HF

BPF2

31

41

O/P

The signals appearing at 3db coupler H2 terminal (21) and terminal (31) with 900 phase difference are combined in the H2 into terminal (41) because signal at terminal (21) has a 900 lead phase from that at terminal (31) but no output appears at terminal (11). The signal appearing at terminal (41). Mean while, the visual transmitter output is connected to terminal (11) of 3db coupler H2. The visual signal entering this terminals does not appear at terminal (41), but at terminal (21) and terminal (31) with same phase difference of 900 (terminal (21) is 900 ahead in phase of terminal (31)). The visual signals are reflected at points A and point B, then reaching terminal (21) and terminal (31) of 3db coupler H2. Since the length of point A to terminal (21) of H2 is equal electrically to that of point B to terminal (31) of H2, the visual signal entering to terminal (21) of H2 is combined with that to terminal (31) because of nature of 3db coupler. Then the combined visual signal appears at terminal (41).

The CIB Diplexer has constant input impedance as viewed from visual and aural input and allows sufficient isolation between visual and aural signals. Accordingly, it can supply visual and aural signals to antenna without mutual interference. The absorbing resistor absorbs aural signal components reflected by filters and the visual signal components passed through filters.

ADVANTAGES OF NEC TRANSMITTER OVER BEL TRANSMITTER

High reliability and low maintenance are two reasons NEC s transmitters are known for.

1. HIGH PERFORMANCE EXCITER: Nonlinear distortions are corrected at the videos and IF stages. Among the nonlinear parameters are luminance distortion, differential gain (DG) , differential phase(DP) , and incidental carrier phase modulation(ICPM). All of these items are individually corrected. Higher reliability, performance and maintainability can be obtained. The exciter also employs a pedestal AGC circuit and a surface acoustic wave vestigial side band filter.

2. Highly efficient transistor power amplifier unit

3. Compact components for ease of installation newly developed, greatly maintained component parts are mounted on each cabinet in such a manner as to facilitate ease of maintenance service.

4. EASE OF OPERATION: The transmitter is equipped with a display panel for visually displaying all operating and faults status for the operator in one convenience location. Supplementing the EL display, the fault displaying functions distributed among several units. in order to improve the operational flexibility of the television transmitter and the expectancy of the visual and aural transistor power amplifier unit, a wide variety of circuit design improvements have been incorporated.

FUNCTIONING OF CONTROL SYSTEM OF NEC TRANSMITTER:

CONTROL SYSTEM:

The transmitter can be controlled in three modes y Remote y Local y Maintenance In either mode all controlling signals are processed in the transmitter control which is also capable of controlling signals are processed in the transmitter control which is also capable of controlling several equipments such as V/A combiner and main blowers.

TRANSMITTER CONTROL SYSTEM:

This control system applies to TV transmitters. This system is composed of different types of equipment that are described in the following section and which respectively have special functions. The details of monitor and control by this system are all displayed on a display unit, the EL display, where operators can read the necessary information. Furthermore, an RS-232C connector for serial data communication fitted to this system allows for connection of this system to PC, thus enabling monitoring of information the same as is on EL display.

EL CONTROL:
This will control the display on the EL DISPLAY unit that receives information signals from transmitter control and which makes display for monitoring the TV transmitter. This EL control is mounted with a CPU and performs control operation by means of control software. Furthermore, the EL CONTROL is provided with an RS-232C serial interface connector to send out the data displayed on the EL DISPLAY. This performs control of the display but has no relation to control of TV transmitter.

TRANSMITTER CONTROL:
The transmitter control is a controller system for television transmitter series. This controls and monitors the television transmitter and in the event of a serious alarm in the transmitting system shuts off the transmitter in order to protect it from the serious damage. All of the information monitored by the

transmitter control is displayed on the EL control. The information is also sent to the relay card and transmitted to external equipment. To enable analogue values to be displayed on the EL display, the output power of the television transmitter, reflective power V/A combiner , absorbed power, information from transistor power amplifiers and the output level and deviation of the mixer in the exciter are converted to digital signals.

TX-PA MONITOR:
This TX-PA monitor is a part of monitors and control system of television transmitters. This distributes the signals coming from transmitter control to transistor power amplifiers (TR-PA S) and power supplies for transistor amplifiers. Furthermore this monitor samples output power , reflection power, temperature, DC voltage, drain current, alarm etc in sequence and time division multiplexes and sends this data through a data bus line to transmitter control.

TR-MONITOR:
This unit indicates the transmitter output power and detects any abnormal condition Hence the DD-NATIONAL and DD-NEWS channels are combined in kathrein block through channel-7 and channel-9 producing the total output power of 20kw which is again further divided into two parts each 10kw and is given to mast antenna and finally from mast antenna consumer receives the channels.

LATEST ADVANCEMENT IN TRANSMISSION:

Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite television is becoming a buzzword in the satellite broadcast industry due to the fact that DTH offers immense opportunities to both broadcasters and viewers. Thanks to the rapid development of digital technology, DTH broadcast operators worldwide have been able to introduce a large number of new interactive applications in the television market besides a large number of entertainment programmes over a single delivery platform. In addition, since digital technology permits a highly efficient exploitation of the frequency spectrum, the number of TV channels that can be broadcast using digital technology is significantly higher than with analogue technology. The increased number of television channels allows the operator to satisfy the demand of a number of nice markets with dedicated transmissions.

In general, DTH service is the one in which a large number of channels are digitally compressed, encrypted and beamed from very high power satellites. The programmes can be directly received at homes. This mode of reception facilitates the use of small receiving dish antennas of 60 to 90 cm diameter installed at convenient location in individual buildings without needing elaborate foundation /space etc. Also, DTH transmission eliminates local cable operator completely, since an individual user is directly connected to the service providers. However, a digital receiver is needed to receive the multiplexed signals and view them on a TV. DTH, in sharp contrast to Cable TV, lends itself to easy monitoring and control. DTH is digital in nature hence more number of channels are available and bandwidth is reduced. This works in Ku-band for up linking and down linking process.

DEFINITION:

DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programmes with a personal dish in an individual home. And an individual Set Top Box empowering you to pick & choose you bundles of choice and pay for what you watch.

In DTH, TV channels will be transmitted from the satellite to a small dish antenna mounted on the window or rooftop of the subscriber's home. So the broadcaster directly connects to the user.

DTH can also reach the remotest of areas since it does away with the intermediate step of cable and wires (cables) that come to your house.DTH offer digital superior quality picture against cable TV today which is most analog.

DTH is an encrypted transmission that travels to the consumer directly through a satellite. DTH transmission is received directly by the consumer at his end through a small dish antenna. The encrypted transmission is decoded by an individual STB at your home.

The other advantage of DTH is the availability of satellite broadcast in rural and semi-urban areas laying of cable is difficult.Due to digital compression techniques, many more niche channels are available than cannot be provided by cable operators. DTH also offers digital quality signals which do not degrade the picture or sound quality. It also offers interactive channels and program guides with customers having the choice to block out programming which they consider undesirable.