Code No: R05320306 Set No.

1
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
HEAT TRANSFER
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Explain the scope of the study of heat transfer.

(b) A cubical tank of water of volume 1 m3 is kept at a steady temperature of 65
0
C by a 1 kW heater. The heater us switched off. How long does the tank
take to cool to 50 0 C if the room temperatue is 15 0 C. [6+10]

2. (a) Sketch various types of fin configurations?

(b) Aluminum fins of rectangular profile are attached on a plane wall with 5 mm
spacing. The fins have thickness 1 mm, length = 10 mm and the normal
conductivity K = 200 W/mk. The wall is maintained at a temperature of
2000 C and the fins dissipate heat by convection into ambient air at 400 C, with
heat transfer coefficient = 50 W/m2 k. Find the heat loss. [6+10]

3. (a) A long 20cm diameter cylindrical shaft made of stainless steel 304 comes out
of an oven at a uniform temperature of 6000 C. The shaft is then allowed to
cool slowly in an environment chamber at 2000 C with an average heat transfer
coefficient of h = 80 W/m2 0 C. Determine the temperature at he centre of the
shaft 45 min. after the start of the cooling process. Also, determine the heat
transfer per unit length of the shaft during this time period.
(b) What are Biot number, Fourier number and Heisler charts? [10+6]

4. (a) Define the local and average skin friction (drag) coefficient for a flat smooth
plate at zero incidence.
(b) A thin flat plate has been placed longitudinally in a steam of air at 200 C
and while flows with undisturbed velocity of 7.5 m/s. The surface of plate is
maintained at a uniform temperature of 1200 C.
i. calculate the heat transfer coefficient 0.8m from the leading edge of the
plate,
ii. Also calculate the rate of heat transfer from one side of the plate to the
air over the first 0.8 m length. Assume unit width of the plate. [8+8]

5. (a) Derive an expression for the maximum velocity in the free convection boundary
layer on a vertical plate. At what position in the boundary layer does this
maximum velocity occur?
(b) A horizontal pipe of 6 cm diameter is located in a room, whose temperature of
air is 200 C. The surface temperature of the pipe is 1400 C. Calculate the free
convection heat loss per meter length of the pipe. [8+8]

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Code No: R05320306 Set No. 1
6. (a) Explain how the condensate film thickness on a vertical plate is influenced by
different parameters?
(b) Saturated steam at 54o C condenses as a film on the outside surface of a 25mm
OD 3m long vertical tube. The tube surface is maintained at temperature
of 43o C. Calculate the average condensation heat transfer coefficient and the
rate of steam condensation at the bottom of the tube. [6+10]

7. (a) Give comparison of parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers. Why are
counter flow heat exchangers mostly used?
(b) A heat exchanger is required to cool 55000 kg/h of alcohol from 66o C to 40o C
using 40000 kg/h of water entering at 5o C. Calculate the surface area required
for
i. parallel flow
ii. counter flow mode. Take U = 580 W/m2 K, cp for water = 4180 J/kgK,
cp for alcohol = 3760 J/kgK. [6+10]

8. (a) What are the factors that influence the radiant heat exchange between two
bodies?
(b) Two equal discs of diameter 200 mm each are arranged in two parallel planes
400 m apart. The temperature of the first disc is 500o C and that of the second
disc is 300o C. Determine the radiating heat flux between them, if these are
i. Black
ii. Gray with emissivities 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. [4+12]

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Code No: R05320306 Set No. 2
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
HEAT TRANSFER
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Write Fourier‘s heat conduction equation and explain each term along with
their units.
(b) A pipe with a diameter of 2 cm is kept at a surface temperature of 40 0 C. Find
the heat transfer rate per m length of this pipe if it is
i. Placed in an air flow in which the temperature is 50 0 C and
ii. placed in a tank of water kept a temperature of 30 0 C. The heat transfer
coefficient in these two situations, which involve
A. forced convectiion in air and
B. free convection in water, are estimated to be 20 W/m2 K and 70 W/m2
K respectively. [6+10]

2. (a) Derive an expression for 1- Dimensional, steady state heat conduction state,
with internal heat generation for plane wall.
(b) Nichrome, having a resistivity of 100µΩ-cm is to be used as a heating element
in a 10kW heater. The Nichrome surface temperature should not exceed
12200 C. Other design features include surrounding air temperature is 200 C,
Outside surface coefficient is 1.15 kW/m3 k, Thermal conductivity of Nichrome
=- 17 W/mk. Find out which diameter Nichrome wire is necessary for a 1
meter long heater. Also find the rate of current flow. [8+8]

3. (a) A long 20cm diameter cylindrical shaft made of stainless steel 304 comes out
of an oven at a uniform temperature of 6000 C. The shaft is then allowed to
cool slowly in an environment chamber at 2000 C with an average heat transfer
coefficient of h = 80 W/m2 0 C. Determine the temperature at he centre of the
shaft 45 min. after the start of the cooling process. Also, determine the heat
transfer per unit length of the shaft during this time period.
(b) What are Biot number, Fourier number and Heisler charts? [10+6]

4. (a) Define the local and average skin friction (drag) coefficient for a flat smooth
plate at zero incidence.
(b) A thin flat plate has been placed longitudinally in a steam of air at 200 C
and while flows with undisturbed velocity of 7.5 m/s. The surface of plate is
maintained at a uniform temperature of 1200 C.
i. calculate the heat transfer coefficient 0.8m from the leading edge of the
plate,

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Code No: R05320306 Set No. 2
ii. Also calculate the rate of heat transfer from one side of the plate to the
air over the first 0.8 m length. Assume unit width of the plate. [8+8]

5. (a) How is a modified Groshff number defined for a constant heat flux condition
on a vertical plate?
(b) A metal plate 0.71 m in height and 1.02 m in width forms the vertical wall
of an oven. The temperature of the plate is maintained at 230o C, where as
the air outside the oven is at 23o C. Assuming the oven to be un-insulated,
compute the convection heat loss from the wall to the outside air. [4+12]

6. For laminar film condensation, what is the ratio of heat transfer to a horizontal tube
of large diameter to that to a vertical tube of the same size for the same temperature
difference? What L/D ratio will produce the same rate of heat transfer to a tube
in both the vertical and horizontal orientations? [16]

7. (a) Give a comparison of parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers. Why are
counter flow exchangers are mostly used?
(b) Sketch the temperature distribution of hot and cold fluids along the length
of heat exchanger for counter flow arrangement and derive the expression for
LMTD. [6+10]

8. (a) What is the shape factor with respect to itself if the surface is concave, convex
or flat?
(b) Show that for two infinite parallel
h  gray planes
i exchanging radiant energy, the
mean emissivity is given by 1 1 + 1 − 1 . [6+10]


ε1 ε2

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Code No: R05320306 Set No. 3
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
HEAT TRANSFER
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What is Fourier‘s law of heat conduction? Explain.

(b) A brick (k=1.2 W/m K) wall 0.15 m thick separates hot combusition gases of
a furnace from the outside ambient air which is at 25 0 C. The outer surface
temperature of the brick wall is found to be 100 0 C. If the natural convection
heat heat transfer coefficient on the brick wall is 20 W/m2 K and its emisssivity
is 0.8, calculate the inner surface temperature of the brick wall. [4+12]

2. (a) Sketch various types of fin configurations?

(b) Aluminum fins of rectangular profile are attached on a plane wall with 5 mm
spacing. The fins have thickness 1 mm, length = 10 mm and the normal
conductivity K = 200 W/mk. The wall is maintained at a temperature of
2000 C and the fins dissipate heat by convection into ambient air at 400 C, with
heat transfer coefficient = 50 W/m2 k. Find the heat loss. [6+10]

3. (a) What are Biot and Fourier numbers? Explain their physical significance.
(b) A slab of Aluminum 10cm thick is originally at a temperature of 5000 C. It is
suddenly immersed in a liquid at 1000 C resulting it a heat transfer coefficient
of 1200 W/m2 k. Determine the temperature at the centerline and the surface
1 min after the immersion. Also the total thermal energy removal per unit area
slab during this period. The properties of aluminum for the given condition
are: α = 8.4 × 10−5 m2 /s, K=215 W/mk, ρ = 2700 kg/m3 , Cp = 0.9 kJ/kg.
[6+10]

4. (a) Explain for fluid flow along a flat plate.

i. Velocity distribution in hydrodynamic boundary layer.
ii. Temperature distribution in thermal boundary layer.
iii. Variation of local heat transfer co-efficient along the flow.
(b) Under forced flow conditions how does the prandtl number affect relative thick-
ness of thermal Boundary layer and velocity Boundary layer. Show that the
velocity and temperature distributions within the Boundary layer are going
to be similar in nature. [8+8]

5. (a) Why is an analytical solution of a free convection problem more involved than
its forced convection counterpart?
(b) A vertical plate is at 96o C in an atmosphere of air at 20o C. Estimate the local
heat transfer coefficient at a distance of 20 cm from the lower edge and the
average value over the 20 cm length. [6+10]

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Code No: R05320306 Set No. 3
6. (a) What is nucleate boiling? Why is it important?
(b) Saturated water at 100o C is boiled with a copper heating element having a
heating surface of area 0.04 m2 which is maintained at 15o C. Calculate the
surface heat flux and the rate of evapoaration. [6+10]

7. (a) What do you mean by fouling factor? What are the causes of fouling?
(b) A double pipe heat exchanger is constructed of a stainless steel ( k = 15.1
W/mK) inner tube of Di = 15 mm and Do = 19 mm and the outer tube
of diameter 32 mm. The convective heat transfer coefficient is given to be
hi = 800W/m2 K and ho = 1200W/m2 K. For a fouling factor of Rf i =
0.0004m2 K/W on the tube side and Rf o = 0.0001m2 K/W on the shell side,
determine
i. The total thermal resistance
ii. Ui and
iii. Uo of the heat exchanger. [4+12]

8. A spherical satellite of 1 m diameter encircles the earth at an altitude of 483 km.

Estimate the shape factor of the earth from the satellite and hence calculate the
equilibrium temperature of the satellite on the dark side and on the bright side of
the earth. Assume that the diameter of the earth is 12880 km and its black body
temperature is 20o C. The temperature of outer space may be taken as 0 K and
the satellite is irradiated with a heat flux of 1.3 kW/m2 from the Sun when on the
bright side. [16]

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Code No: R05320306 Set No. 4
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
HEAT TRANSFER
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Derive steady state general heat conduction equation without heat generation
in spherical systems.
(b) State and explain the mode of conduction heat transfer. [10+6]

2. (a) What is critical thickness of insulator on a small diameter wire or pipe, explain
its physical significance and derive an expression for the same.
(b) A plane wall 10 cm thick generated heat at the rate of 4×104 W/m3 . When an
electric current is passed through it. The convective heat transfer co-efficient
between each face of the wall and the ambient air is 50 W/m2 k.
Determine
i. The surface temperature
ii. The maximum temperature in the wall.
Assume the ambient air temperature to be 200 C and the thermal conduc-
tivity of the wall material to be 15 W/mK. [6+10]

3. (a) What are Biot and Fourier numbers? Explain their physical significance.
(b) A slab of Aluminum 10cm thick is originally at a temperature of 5000 C. It is
suddenly immersed in a liquid at 1000 C resulting it a heat transfer coefficient
of 1200 W/m2 k. Determine the temperature at the centerline and the surface
1 min after the immersion. Also the total thermal energy removal per unit area
slab during this period. The properties of aluminum for the given condition
are: α = 8.4 × 10−5 m2 /s, K=215 W/mk, ρ = 2700 kg/m3 , Cp = 0.9 kJ/kg.
[6+10]

4. Nitrogen at 300 C flows over a plate maintained at 700 C with a free stream velocity
of 10 m/s.

(a) Determine the local and average values of convective heat transfer co-efficient.
(b) Also calculate the values of the boundary layer thickness (velocity, thermal)
and momentum and displacement thickness at these locations.
(c) Determine also the location at which the flow turns turbulent, considering
critical Reynolds number = 5 x 105 . [16]

5. (a) What is the recommended correlation for natural convection over a vertical
plate or cylinder in the turbulent region?
(b) How is the velocity field developed in front of a vertical plate which is main-
tained at a temperature?

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Code No: R05320306 Set No. 4
i. Higher
ii. Lower, than the surrounding fluid. [6+10]

6. (a) Distinguish between nucleate and film boiling.

(b) A heated 30 × 30 cm square copper plate, serves as the bottom for a pan
of water at 1 atm. Pressure. The temperature of the plate is maintained at
119o C. Estimate the heat transferred per hour by the plate. [6+10]

7. In a cross flow heat exchanger hot exhaust gases (Cp = 1000 J/kgK) entering at
300o C and leaving at 100o C are used to heat water, flowing at 1 kg/s from 35o C to
125o C. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas side surface area has
been found to be 100 W/m2 K. Using the NTU method, estimate the required gas
side surface area. [16]

8. A long cylinder having a diameter of 2 cm is maintained at 600o C and has an

emissivity of 0.4. Surrounding the cylinder is another long, thin walled concentric
cylinder having a diameter of 6 cm and an emissivity of 0.2 on both the inside and
outside surfaces. The assembly is located in a large room having a temperature
of 27o C. Calculate the net radiant energy lost by the 2 cm diameter cylinder per
meter length. Also calculate the temperature of the 6 cm diameter cylinder. [16]

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