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Screening of Promising Lines of Vigna unguiculata subsp.

Sesquipedalis(Yardlong Bean) at BPI-LBNCRDC for Drought Tolerance

A Scientific Investigatory Project Presented to the Faculty and Staff of Batangas College of College of Arts and Sciences, Inc. Lipa City, Batangas

In partial fulfillment of the course requirement in Elective IV-Research II

By: Joseph Lemuel G. Asinas Von Carlo L. Brucal Art S. Castelo

Chapter I

Introduction NOYNOY, ALGORE, ETC. SPEECH


The effects of Global Warming may be physical, ecological, or economic. As the temperature increases, unusual and devastating occurrences come about. Evidence of observed climate change includes forest fires, unexpected storms, rising sea levels, decreased snow cover, and drought. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region suffers a deficiency in water supply because of consistently below average precipitation. It can have a substantial upshot on the ecosystem of the affected place. Although it can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and harm the local economy. This global phenomenon has a widespread impact on agriculture, the key development that led to the rise of human civilization. In the Philippines, the El Nino phenomenon, a long spell of drought condition, is being felt and experienced. Planting of different vegetable crops is affected. A lot of programs are being undertaken by the local government to mitigate the climate change in order to come up with crop varieties adapted to different stress conditions. Calendar planting and use of resistant varieties are just some of the projects. Thus, economically important crops with high levels of drought tolerance are of great value. The unpredictable and variable forms in which drought stress manifests, complicates the selection of superior plant material. The improvement of crop productivity by selecting plants that are better equipped to cope with unfavorable environmental conditions is extremely considerable. One approach to improve crop performance is to select for genotypes that have improved yield during water deficit conditions. The ability of some plants to maintain a higher yield under drought than others is essential. Average losses of some major crop plants due to environmental stresses may amount to 50-80% of their genetically determined productivity. The highest proportion of yield losses can be directly attributed to drought. Drought tolerance differs according to the type of plant and its breed. Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis or Yardlong Beans is a plant of a different genus than the common bean. It is a vigorous climbing annual vine. A variety of the cowpea, it is grown primarily for its strikingly long (35-75 cm) immature pods and

has uses very similar to that of a green bean. They are best if picked for vegetable use before they reach full maturity. The plant is subtropical/tropical and most widely grown in the warmer parts of Southeastern Asia, Thailand, and Southern China. Yardlong beans are quick-growing and daily checking/harvesting is often a necessity.

The harvest is of great importance to consumers as its nutritional values and status is considerable. This gives the researchers enough reasons to conduct a study about the best drought- tolerant line of Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis.

Objectives
To evaluate the major breeds of Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis in terms of drought tolerance. Specifically this study aims to: 1. To identify the best line that would give the tallest stem height, longest pods, largest number of seeds, and the highest yield. 2. To know how long it can last the insufficiency in water and too much heat.

Hypothesis
There are significant differences in the various promising lines of Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis in terms of its capability to endure the harmful effects of drought.

Significance of the Study


Famine is becoming a major problem nowadays. Different catastrophic events trigger crisis in the economic sustainability, especially here in the Philippines where drought is greatly manifesting. Many crops show positive responses to elevated carbon dioxide and higher levels of warming which negatively affects growth and yields. An extreme event like drought is likely to reduce crop yields because of the deficit water. Increased heat, disease, and weather extremes are likely to reduce livestock productivity.

In a serving size of 100 grams of yardlong beans there are 47 mg calories, 0 grams of total fat, 0 mg cholesterol, 4 mg sodium (0% daily value), 8 grams of total carbohydrates (2% daily value), and 3 grams of protein (5% daily value). There is also 17% DV vitamin A, 2% DV iron, 31% DV vitamin C, and 5% DV calcium.

So, this study aims to help the Primary and Secondary Agricultural Sectors choose the ideal seeds of Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis to be planted in months of higher temperatures and water deficiency. They would have the step to make use of the data to be gained and enhance studies to harness the findings. The farmers would have a cheaper and practical choice of the seeds. Moreover, the consumers would be offered the best kind of beans available in the market which is factually nutritional and fresh. Thus, making a way for survival in times of crisis.

Scope and Limitation


The study tests the ability of a range of Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis lines that are naturally drought-tolerant to last the effects of the intimately high temperature caused by the changes in the atmosphere. It discusses alterations in the plant brought about by drought. The research is limited in the screening variations of 5 major lines of Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis only. Other minor lines are uncovered. The test subjects were situated at one of the covered greenhouses in the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) in Los Banos, Laguna for a three-month period. This has been the case since most of the things needed for this study are already present in the premises and it has the right conditions needed for the study to initiate. The experimental set ups were raised in one of the greenhouses at the BPILBNCRDC from May to July.

Definition of Terms
Drought tolerance is the degree to which a plant is adapted to arid drought conditions. Greenhouse protects crops from too much heat or cold, shield plants from dust and storms and helps to keep out pests. Light and temperature control allows greenhouses to turn inarable land to arable land (: fit for or used for the growing of crops), thereby improving food production in marginal environments.

Screening is the investigation of a great number of something looking for those with a particular problem or feature. Vermicompost is the product or process of composting utilizing various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, which the researchers used together with the garden soil for the plants to be planted on it. It is an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. Weeding is the process of removing all unnecessary weeds surrounding the main plant so that the plant will absorb all the needed nutrients from the soil without competing. Water withdrawal is the removal of water from some type of source, like groundwater, which was the process used by the researchers in controlling the water supply for the plants. The water is subsequently returned some period of time later after it is used. Yardlong Bean (Vigna sesquipedalis) the crop that has been screened for drought tolerance. It is also known as the long-podded cowpea, asparagus bean, snake bean, or Chinese long bean. It was chosen because it is a quick, growing plant and is well adapted to the lowland tropics with a temperature range of 20-35C. It grows best under full sunlight although it can also tolerate partial shading. The crisp, tender pods are eaten both fresh and cooked. They are at their best when young and slender. They are sometimes cut into short sections for cooking uses.

CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature

Related News
Maps show on RP road to climate change catastrophe
Manila, 4 April 2007The Philippines is on its way to a major climate catastrophe that is, unless the government takes urgent and ambitious actions to avert a disaster that will put millions of Filipinos at risk. Greenpeace issued the warning today during the release of never- before seen maps that illustrate the climate change impacts on the archipelago. The group additionally called for strong measures to mitigate the worst effects of climate change to help the country avoid certain disaster. The paper was released ahead of the conclusion of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) meeting in Brussels this week which updates its assessment of the global impacts of climate change. The map also shows how climate change can irrevocably alter the countrys coastline. An indicative one- meter rise in sea level or example is projected to affect 64 out of 81 provinces, covering at least 703 out of 1,610 municipalities and inundating almost 700 million square meters of land. A one- meter rise in global sea level can occur sooner with the melting of the Greenland and West Antarctica ice sheets if global carbon dioxide emissions are not immediately curbed. In the worst case scenario involving the complete melting of the said ice sheets, global sea level is projected to rise from between seven to twelve meters. As a developing country with very little access to vital resources, the Philippines has a low ability to adapt and lower ability to cope with disasters brought about by climate change impacts. Aside from recurring typhoons and drought, sea level rise is a major threat to marine ecosystems and to coastal human populations and their livelihoods. But another grim reality is that climate change not only exacerbates the Philippines socioeconomic and environmental problems, it also threatens the countrys rich cultural heritage, as well as some of the rarest and most diverse fragile ecosystems in the world. And still grimmer is the fact that climate change will amplify the socio- economic burdens already shouldered by Filipino families, such as hunger and water scarcity.

RELATED STUDIES
Drought Tolerant Crops
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) can adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions. The smooth green variety has an average ield of 21 t/ha and can be harvested 45-50 days from planting. Its frits are medium- sized, slender and green woth smooth surface an nonprickly hairs. Pole Sitao (Vigna unguiculata) can adapt to lowland tropics, but also thrives well in mid- elevated areas. Its growth is optimum at a temperature range of 20- 35 degrees Celsius. It is generally more tolerant to acidic soils compared with other legumes such as soybean and mungbean. Requirements for Adoption a. Minimum. Availability of varieties (UPL PS-1, UPL PS-2, PSB PS-3) b. Support System Trellises to support plant growth Advantage a. Pole Sitao is a short- maturing crop which requires minimal inputs Limitation Pole Sitao is prone to insect pest infestation and diseases Recommendations UPL PS-1 (Sandigan) variety -matures in 49- 54 DAP - yields 13- 24 t/ha - moderately resistant to mosaic, rust, and fusarium stem and soft rots UPL Ps-2 (CSL 19) variety - matures in 37 DAP - yields an average of 7.1 t/ha - moderately resistant to black bean aphid and bean fly PSB PS- 3 (CSL 15) variety -matures in 52- 84 days -yields an average of 7.11 t/ha

-resistant to root- knot nematode

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) grows in a wide range of soil conditions, but it is best suited in rich and friable soil for optimal growth and good harvest. It adapts well to acid soil, but is sensitive to alkalinity or salinity. It needs to enough irrigation during the first three months of growth. Recommendations UPL Cv- 10 (Lakan 40) variety For food, feed and industrial manufacture of starch Average yield of 30 t/ha under open condition 34.27% dry matter (DM) content Matures in 10 mos. Low HCN rating of 4.2 (5-20 ug HCN) UPL Cv- 8 (Lakan 3) variety All- purpose type Average yield of 32 t/ha Matures in 10 mos. 34.06% DM content Low HCN rating of 2.75 (5- 20 ug HCN) UPL Cv- 6 (Lakan 2) variety Sweet type (edible) primarily recommended for food, but also can be used as feed and for industrial manufacture of starch Average yield of 28.8 t/ha under open field and 10.3 t/ha under shade (e.g., coconut) conditions 32.5% DM content Matures in 10 mos. Moderately resistant to thrips, red spider mites, leaf spot, leaf blight, and cassava bacterial blight UPL Cv- 4 (Vassourinha) variety All- purpose type Average yield of 30 h/ta under open field and 15 h/ta under shade conditions 38% DN and 29% starch content (fresh weight basis) Matures in 10 mos. Moderately resistant to cassava bacterial blight and spider mites UPL Cv- 2 (Lakan 1) variety All- purpose type Average yield of 32 t/ha 45% DM and 33% starch content (fresh weight basis) Can be harvested 10 mos after planting

Resistant to cassava bacterial blight and Cercospora leaf spot

CHAPTER III Methodology


Research Design
The experiments were set up in the greenhouse to determine the test subjects tolerance to drought. They were established in a RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN (RCBD) with three replications per treatment for experiments on each of the promising lines of Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis. This experimental design uses a group of test plants as subjects which are studied once but subsequent treatments applied are replicated to determine the cause of change. There is control in this design and the subjects will undergo randomization process.

Preparation of Materials
Preparation of Soil and Pots

1650 kg of Garden soil and 600 kg of Vermicompost were gathered and mixed up. It was thoroughly shoveled so the mixture would be balanced. There were 150 plastic pots, each were stuffed with 15 kg of the mixed soil. Preparation of Seeds Seeds of the five major lines of Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis.were provided by the BPI-LBNCDRC. All were naturally cultured in the facility. Each as follows
NSIC PS4 Figure 1 BPI PS3 Figure 2 BPI PS4 Figure 3 NSIC PS5 Figure 4 PSB PS2

Figure 5

Test Proper

The experiment was laid out in RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN (figure 1). Five major varieties of Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis.) (figure 2). Each breed has two plastic pots (40 cm in diameter) with 5 plant samples of the same breed per pot. These were maintained per treatment and there were five of which (figure 3). The set ups were replicated thrice (figure 4). So there were 30 pots per breed, or 30 pots per treatment, or 50 pots per replication, or 150 pots all in all. Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3 Fig 4

The treatments were established to precisely determine the most drought tolerant produce. Since those were based from the withdrawal of water from the plant. In 3 weeks treatment, the plant is only watered for 21 days. Afterwards, it will be left untouched. Well be able to determine how long the plant can survive and compare the data to the other four treatments. 4 weeks: 28 days, 5 weeks: 35 days, 6 weeks: 42 days, and the Control treatment wherein watering is continuously practiced.

The pots number and treatment that signifies the date of water withdrawal are listed below.

3 weeks 106 107 108 109 110 223 225 221 224 222 306 310 308 309 307

4 Weeks 111 112 113 114 115 5 Weeks 116 117 118 119 120 6 Weeks 121 122 123 124 125 207 210 206 209 208 319 317 320 318 316 217 219 216 220 218 313 311 315 312 314 201 204 205 202 203 323 325 321 324 322

2000ml of untreated water is allotted per pot. This has been the fixed measurement used in all the subjects. This is the ideal volume of liquid as based from the amount of soil.

The pots were labeled according to its the replication number and pot number. (ei: 301 is read as replication 3 pot number 1).The treatment and the name of the breed are also indicated in the improvised pegs (fig 5) Fig 5.

Data Collection
The pots were maintained and monitored by a representative of BPI-LBNCRDC. He was tasked to give updates to the researchers about the growth of plants. Daily checking of the setups were initiated. Data were collected by the researchers whenever necessary. It is immediately stored in the computer for documentation. The following are such: Days to flower is the number of days from sowing to such time when approximately 50% of the seedlings have produced their open flower Days to mature is the number of days from sowing to such time when approximately 75% of the pods were matured Plant Height at Flowering is the measure of the distance from the ground level to the tip of the main stem at flowering stage. Plant Height at Maturity is the measure of the distance from the ground level to the tip of the main stem at maturity stage. Number of Pods per Plant is determined as the average number of pods per plant. Number of Seeds per pod is determined as the average number of seeds per pod. The Length of Pods is the average length of pods. Actual yield is the average weight of seeds taken from harvested plants per treatment Drought Tolerance Index is measured as the yield of the treatment over the yield of the control X 100

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