June 2011, Volume 2, No.

3 International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering

BOD-COD-T0CAI-Based for Prediction Model for Carbon Removal in Full-Bed Configuration of Biological Aerated Filters utilizing neural network
Vida Alvani1, Fatiha Suja 1 and A. El-Shafie1 1.Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Abstract
Existing Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in wastewater cause to decrease amount of oxygen and so, It causes to death the sea organisms. It can be analyzed by amount of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). It is because, BOD and COD experimental outputs have used for evaluation of microorganism in a partial bed reactors to find the percent of existing carbon in wastewater thatit depends on Influenced Totally Organic Carbon (ITOC), Effluent Totally Organic Carbon (ETOC) and organic loading rate (OLR). After the start-up, the reactor has parallel operated at the same hydraulic and organic loading rates. For each step loading in this research, we analyzed the amount of the influent and effluent of thereactor during of unsteady andSteady-state operations period by measurement TOC in influent and effluent. The removal rate for each loading was calculated according to the mean TOC removal efficiencies and the mean OLRs applied. As we know, experimental work is difficult and so, using a nonexperimental method to collect output data with minimum error and maximum correlation help us to be faster. Artificial neural network (ANN) is a branch of intelligent network that is applied in current study to predict the carbon removal percentage in partial bed reactor. ITOC, ETOC and OLR are input and carbon removal is output. 300 data used for training and 30 date used for testing. The best network selected base on Root Means Squares Error (RMSE) equal 0.07% and high correlation coefficient equal 0.973. Keyword: Total organic carbon(TOC), Influent total organic carbon (ITOC), Effluent total organic carbon (ETOC), Organic loading rate(OLR), Artificial neural network(ANN),RootMean Squared Error (RMSE)

1. Introduction
The major aim of wastewater treatment is to remove as much of the poised solids as possible before the remaining water, called effluent, is discharged back to the environment. As solid material rots, it uses necessary oxygen for the plants and animals living in the water. Waste water treatment methods are largely classifiable into physical, chemical and biological processes. The different unit operations and category of waste water treatment methods are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Waste-water Treatment Unit Operation and Process No 1 Unit Operation Physical Unit operations Chemical unit operations Biological unit operations Categories Screening, Comminuting, Flow Equalization, Sedimentation, Floatation and Granular-medium Filter Chemical Precipitations, Adsorption, Disinfection, De-chlorination and Other chemical applications Activated sludge process, Aerated Lagoon, Trickling Filters, Rotating Biological contactors, Pond Stabilization, Anaerobic Digestion and Biological Nutrient Removal

1.1 Biological Aerated Filter and Carbon Removal

The suggestionat the back all biological methods of wastewater treatment is to set upget in touch with bacteria (cells), which feed on the natural materials in the wastewater, by this means reducing its BOD substance. In other words, the idea of biological treatment is (BOD) reduction. Biological Aerated (or Anoxic) Filter (BAF) or Bio filters combine filtration with biological carbon reduction to reducing BOD. BAF usually consist of a reactor filled with a filter media. The media is either in deferment or supported by a gravel layer at the bottom of the filter. The twinpoint of this media is to support highly active biomass that is attached to it and to filtersuspended solids. Carbon reduction and ammonia conversion occurs in aerobic mode and sometime achieved in a single reactor while nitrate conversion occurs in anoxic mode BAF is operated either in upflow or downflow configuration depending on design specified by manufacturer. Actually, BAFs capable to take out the solids and natural substance without requiring additional sedimentation and was developed in Europe to combine solids removal with bioreactor (springerlink.com). The

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BOD-COD-T0CAI-Based for Prediction Model for Carbon Removal in Full-Bed Configuration of Biological Aerated Filters utilizing neural network using ANN to predict of (ACC) concrete characteristic. In first detail of these reactors was used for sewage this project has been used 45 data results for neural treatment BAFs have also been recognized as packed- bed network processing that 23 data selected for training and reactors, submerged aerated filters, and immersed aeroanother 22 data used for testing. The applied ANN had 7 filters .In recent times, the activity of industries is input layer, 7 neurons in first hidden layer and 8 neurons increased and so, the amounts of wastewater are stridently in second hidden layer, and 4 parameters in output layer. increasing and the types of pollutants are also The results after training and testing have been shown differed.Moore,R.(2001), Mann, A. T(1999) and Fatiha only 6% difference between ANN and experimental et al (2008). testing results [9]. VahidRazavi et al [10] have done an Giovanni works on the secondary and tertiary experimental study about strengthening of lightweight treatment of low -strength domestic wastewater with concrete. In this research, feed-forward back propagation submerged biological filters. During the 3 months of (FFBP) was the end construct for ANN. The kind of experimental period of his research, total suspended FFBP was 3-10-1 with minimum error and the best solids and chemical oxygen demand (COD)were reduced correlation coefficient. In fact, contained by spot of from 156 mg/L to 5 mg/L and from 179 mg/L to 43 mg/L studyin the civil engineering, the ANN appears from respectively. In the secondary nitrification, mean influent publications statistics to be one of the big successes of NH4+L were reduced from 6.1 mg/ to average values of computing. 1.8 mg/L. The neural network science began in 1943, when Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts published their 1.2 ANN Applications in Wastewater Treatment thesis "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in The wastewater treatment process is large time-delay nervous activity" and at the same time started a process. So It is difficult to achieve an extremely completely new era within computer research and accuratemodel of wastewater treatment plant. Nowadays, artificial intelligence. The thesis showed that it was using a computer program help us to use some intelligent possible to generate a neural network using only methods to modeling and solve such problems. Zhu, J.B mathematics andalgorithms. Mcculloch and Pitts' network et al (1998) use time-delay neural network to prediction didn't differ much from how the brain really works. After wastewater quality. these method based on the physical that, Hebb, Frank Rosenblatt, and others have more approach of biological wastewater treatment systems by research about neural network. The history of neural Lee, D.S., (2005) and Zhao, H., Hao,(1999) networks is shown Table 2. Recently , many studies based on intelligent methods were directed in wastewater treatment, in these methods 1.4 Problem Statement predictions of WWTP output parameters is so important. ANNs are the nonlinear analysis arithmetical approaches Carbon is the major pollution sources in wastewater. that use for each Among these, ANNs are complex, Carbon removal is the major target for almost all nonlinearanalysis arithmetical systems chosen for each wastewater treatment processes.It may cause serious application. problem in humans and animals also including aquatic Resent results show that neural network technique microorganisms and fishes etc. So, we should to remove seems to be very effective torecognizea completely carbon and also nitrite and ammonia from wastewater at division of complex nonlinear systems such as wastewater the certain level. treatment plant . presence physical, biological and As we consider, practical process have taken long chemical processes in wastewater treatment demonstrate time and so, using a computer program, made base on non-linear behaviors which are so difficult to describe by experimental results, with minimum error help us to be linear mathematical models. (Argoud et al. 2006). faster. Artificial neural network (ANN) is a method that can be applied for prediction of results in different branch of civil engineering 1.3 ANN Applications in Civil Engineering As we consider, practical processhave taken long time 1.5 Objectives and so, using a computer program, made base on Essential objective is to investigate the carbon removal experimental results, with minimum error and maximum using fully packed BAF reactor. The detailed objectives correlation help us to be faster. Artificial neural network are: (ANN) is a method that can be applied for prediction of 1. To simulate the removal of total organic carbon by results in different branch of civil ANN engineering[5],[6],[7].Manish, A. and Rajiv, G. have used 2. To investigate the effect of ITOC,ETOC and OLR on ANN to predict of compressive strength in ordinary carbon removal concrete using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) data results. In this study, the ANN results have been compared with the result of multiple regreation (MR) method that ANN had exacter results than MR. In this research has been used 864 data results to trained and checked ANN [8]. Ilker, B. and Mustafa, S. have studied

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BOD-COD-T0CAI-Based for Prediction Model for Carbon Removal in Full-Bed Configuration of Biological Aerated Filters utilizing neural network Figure 1.shows a simple artificial neural net with two 2. Material and Method input neurons (x1, x2) and one output (y). The interconnected weights are given by w1 and w2. In a 2.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) single layer net there is a single layer of weighted ANN is designed as human brain that new construct of its interconnections. information system with a lot of neurons and their interior Multi-layer artificial neural networks (MANNs) have power connection have been used to solution of special organized in three types of layer: input, hidden and problems. The master unit of human brain is neuron that output. All neurons within the same layer operate each neuron works as a numerical processing. Brains is a simultaneously.MANNs solve the classification problem set of multi million of neuron that are connected together for non linear sets by using hidden layers, whose neurons very complex and act parallel. Neurons in the brain are not directly connected to the output. The additional normally receive input amounts from other neuron and hidden layers can be interpreted geometrically as gave to transmission function and then send its output to additional hyper-planes, which improve the separation other layer of neuron. This neuron also sends the output to value of the network. The training of the hidden, base on other layers. In similar method ANN consist of multi backpropagation, occurs in a supervised style. Fig.2shows thousand sample units processing that have parallel typical multilayer network architectures. connection and are following together in multi layers. The effect of an internal connection is called the weight of the connection. So, ANN gets random amounts of the weight of internal connection. In teaching process, these neurons will be reclaimed until teaching between input and output relationship. Artificial neural networks ANN are the outcome of academic analysis that uses mathematical formulations to develop nervous system operation. The result techniques are being successfullyapplied in a diversity of everyday business applications. Neural networks NNs represent a significantly different approach to using computers in the workplace that it is used to learn patterns and relationships in data. The data may be the result of a market research effort, a production process given varying operational conditions, or the decisions of an advance officer given a set of loan applications. The aim of NNs is to imitate the human ability to adapt to changing situations and the current environment. This depends deeply on being able to learn from events that have happened in the past and to be able to request this to future situation.ANN consist of many nodes, i.e. processing units analogous to neurons in the brain. Each node has a node function, associated with it which along with a set of local parameters determines the output of the node, given an input. Modifying the local parameters may alter the node function. ANN thus is an informationprocessing system. In this information-processing system, the elements called neurons, process the information. The signals are transmitted by means of connection links. The links possess an associated weight, which is multiplied along with the incoming signal for any typical neural net. The output signal is obtained by applying activations to the net input. The neural net can generally be a signal layer or a multilayer net. The structure of the simple artificial neural net is shown in Fig. 1.
No 1 2 3 Table 2. The Most Important History of Neural Networks Researcher Description McCulloch& The neural networks can Pitts,1942[10} calculate each kind of arithmetic and logical function Hebb,1949[11] The first rule for training of biological neuron Rosenblatt,1958[12] Persepteron a mechanic that bcan learn how to arrange the information by using weight comparison Widrow&Hoff,1960Adlainlinear comparative neural 1962[13] networkand the rule of sum of minimum square error Minsky&Papert, Expression of Persepteron 1969[14] theoretical limit for general computers Kohonen,1972[15] Introduction of the NN that can act as saving elements Grossberg,1972[16] To explain the neural networks that can be arranged by itself Hapfred,1982[17] Using random mechanism to explain work of an extended series Rumelhart, 1986[18] Introduction of back propagation networks Chua,1988[19] Neural networks with cell

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 2. Examples of MANN Architecture

In current research, MANN with 3 hidden layerwas used to predict TOC removal percentage.

Figure 1. A sample Artificial Neural Network

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BOD-COD-T0CAI-Based for Prediction Model for Carbon Removal in Full-Bed Configuration of Biological Aerated Filters utilizing neural network

3. Construction of Testing and Analysis

The experimental and backwashing system ofthe reactor hasillustrated in Fatihah& Donnelly (2008).The reactor was seeding with Activated sludge and settled sewage,achieved from a localmunicipal wastewater treatment plant. The system was run as a batch process with full internal recycle for 7 days before starting to feed the reactors to promote the growth of microbial environment and to preventwashout of bacteria after inoculation. A volume of 1L synthetic feed with 500 mgl21 CODconcentration was fed daily to the reactor to keep thebiomass sustained. Daily monitoring of pH and DO wascarried out to ensure that conditions for biomass growth weremaintained. The pH was kept at around 7 by adding 1NNaHCO3 solution to the feed when necessary. The DOs inthe reactors were kept at 2 to 4mgl21 by means offlowmetersto ensure that the process is not oxygen limited. However,since online monitoring facilities were not available, the DOmeasurement was only made once a day.After completing a seven-day recycle with activatedsludge, the reactors were subsequently fed at a very loworganic loading rate (OLR) of 0.5 kgCODm23 d21. This was to allow acclimatization of biomass to the newenvironment with minimal organic and hydraulic stressesduring the sensitive start-up period. The influent CODconcentration was around 2,000mgl21 corresponding to aTOC value of 800 mgl21. During this period, the reactor wasnot backwashed, again in order to promote a stable growthof biofilm without any disturbance.After the start-up, the reactors were operated in parallelat the same hydraulic and organic loading rates. Step increasedloadings were achieved by increasing the flowrateof the influent. The ranges of used flowrate were 3.30 l d21to 43.20 l d21. For each step loading, the influent and effluent of thereactor were analyzed during the period of unsteady andsteady-state operations. However, for determining theremoval rates, the reactors were operated until a steady stateperformance was reached, as indicated by constanteffluent TOC concentrations (within 5% fluctuation of thevalues). Backwashing of the filters was carried out on an(elapsed time) basis with a frequency of once every two orthree days. The feed strength was determined with a spot sample every day. The effluent samples were collected 14 hours before backwashing operation. The results of experimental work being analyzed by intelligent network method. The application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) consists of classification, clustering, function approximation, and prediction. In current research ANNs was applied for prediction of TOC removal percentage base on experimental results data. MATLAB software was applied to train and test systems to find the best network. Also, EXCELL software was concerned for data information processing. ANN information is shown in Table 3.
No 1 2 3 4 5

Table 3. ANN Information ANN Information The number of used data in network Data number used for training Data numbers used for testing Input data Output Data 335 300 35 ITOC,ETOC &OLR TOC Removal

Table 4. Properties of Applied Networks Net No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Training Function TRAINLM TRAINLM TRAINLM TRAINLM TRAINLM TRAINLM TRAINLM TRAINLM TRAINLM TRAINLM Number of Neuron & Transfer Function 1st Layer 2ndLayer 3rd Layer 11TANSIG 15TANSIG 18PURELIN 20PURELIN 6TANSIG 6TANSIG 8TANSIG 10TANSIG 9TANSIG 15PURELIN 5TANSIG 6TANSIG 9LOGSIG 9TANSIG 7TANSIG 3TANSIG 3TANSIG 5TANSIG 6TANSIG 6TANSIG 3LOGSIG 3LOGSIG 5PURELIN 3LOGSIG 6LOGSIG 3LOGSIG 3LOGSIG 3LOGSIG 6LOGSIG 3LOGSIG Output Transfer Function PURELIN PURELIN PURELIN PURELIN PURELIN PURELIN PURELIN PURELIN PURELIN PURELIN

4. Results and Discussion

The optimum network being selected base on minimum error in contrast between real data and network testing output. The minimum error have found in network 10 as can see in Diag.1.

Diagram.1. Error Percentage for the Best Network

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BOD-COD-T0CAI-Based for Prediction Model for Carbon Removal in Full-Bed Configuration of Biological Aerated Filters utilizing neural network - The Root Mean Squared Error of selected network was The architecture of network 10 is shown in Fig.3. 0.07%. - The correlation coefficient for selected network was 0.973.

Figure 3. Layer Architecture of ANN

As we see, the network 10 has minimum error and ). The process of high correlation coefficient ( training is shown in Figure 4. Mean Squared Error (MSE), 4.95e-7, was the selected performance function.

REFERENCES
[1] Moore, R., Quarmby, J. & Stephenson, T. 2001 The effects of media size on the performance of biological aerated filters. Water Res. 35(10), pp.25142522. [2] Mann, A. T., Mendoza, L. & Stephenson, T. 1999 Performance offloating and sunken media biological aerated filters under nonsteady state conditions. Water Res. 33(4), pp.11081113. [3] FatihahSuja and Tom Donnelly Carbon removal performance(2008) [4] (www.springerlink.com/index/W654116404442733.pdf) [5] Fatiha and T.Donelly(2008). Effect of media volume on mixing of biological aerated Filters. p.229

[6] Zhu, J.B., Zurcher, J., Rao, M., Meng, M.Q.-H An on-line wastewater qualitypredication system based on a time-delay neural network.Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence ,11, pp.747758 ,1998 [7] S. Akkurt, G. Tayfur and S. Can, Cement and Concrete Research 34 (8) (2004) [8] ThirumalaiParthiban, R. Ravi, G.T. Parthiban, S. Srinivasan, K.R. Ramakrishnan and M. Raghavan,2005 ,Neural network analysis for corrosion of steel in concrete, Corrosion Science, Volume 47, Issue 7, pp. 1625-1642 [9] Ian Flood, Larry Muszynski and Sujay Nandy,2001 ,Rapid analysis of externallyreinforced concrete beams using neural networks, Computers & Structures, Volume 79, Issue 17, pp. 1553-1559 [10] Manish A. Kewalramani and Rajiv Gupta, 2006, Concrete compressive strength prediction using ultrasonic pulse velocity through artificial neural networks, Automation in Construction, Vol. 15, Issue 3, pp 374-379 [11] lkerBekirTopu and Mustafa Sardemir,2008, Prediction of compressive strength of concrete containing fly ash using artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic, Computational Materials Science, Vol. 41, Issue 3, pp 305-311 [12] VahidRazaviTosee and Mohd.ZaminJumaat, "Application of Neural Networks to Strengthen Lightweight Concrete Structures by Reduction of Structure Weight", 2nd International Conference of Geoinformation Technology for Natural Disaster Management and Rehabilitation ,2009, Bangkok, Thailand [13] Cheng Yeh, 2007,Modeling slump flow of concrete using secondorder regressions and artificial neural networks, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 29,Issue 6, p. 47480.

Figure 4, Training Process

5. Conclusion
In current research, 10 networks with different neuron in hidden layer and different transmission function have created and the best network selected base on minimum error and maximum correlation coefficient.

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