Built Environmental Rehabilitation of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto Town and Model Town Planning

Imtiaz Ahmed Chandio*, a, Abd Nasir Matorib, Taufiq Ahmed Qureshi c , Dano Umar Lawalb
a,b c

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia. Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Sindh, Pakistan * Corresponding Author e-mail:imtiazutp@gmail.com Tel: +006-122796324 Abstract Sustainable built environment is an important big issue impacting present and future growth of cities in developing countries. However, built environment informality is increasing in the form of urban sprawl, improper sanitation, sewerage, and encroachments. These informalities generate environmental issues which are totally neglected by the development agencies and researchers. This study was aims to indentify existing problems being faced by the residents of Garhi Khuda Bux Town in Pakistan, suggest measures, to rehabilitate existing infrastructure and to propose a Model Town. In conducting the present study, physical survey was adopted to understand existing environmental problems. The results indicated that the population is increasing between 1998 and 2015 based on the projection with an average rate of 3.3% per year as well as deteriorated infrastructure. Land use patterns significantly changes due to the socio-economic behaviour of people, less representations of local governments and citizens group actions. Land-use changes also bring inequalities in planning. The study revealed that Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto town can participate in socio-economic local and national development level because of regional linkages. The study concluded with a discussion of the proposed recommendations for a Sustainable Model Town, which is an initiative of recent government to adopt a feasible approach towards sustainable development. Key Words: Sustainable, Built Environment, Encroachments, Rehabilitate, Infrastructure

1. Introduction
The built environment in broad sense is used to improve social, economic, physical and environmental improvement of an area and its development of inhabitants in terms of physical health of the community [1, 2]. There are many inadequacies and flaws in modern planning, development and practice as well as implementation in developing countries like Pakistan. [3]. This study presents an effective framework strategy and makes a sensible distribution of population activities as well as the relationship between them; for future controlled patterns of land uses and activities they give rise to, and for accessible and sustainable infrastructure for basic amenities [4]. This paper addresses existing land-use environmental issues of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto town to overcome deficiencies and infrastructure disparities [4] from planning point of view. This is required in the sustainable modern town planning or sustainable community development [5]. The objective of this study was to rehabilitate existing built environment and to propose Model Town. This study was undertaken about existing built environmental problems and their sustainable land use planning challenges and how they affect the population.

Hence, land use planning is a rational analysis of land and potentials for alternative land uses considering economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land use options [6]. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt rational planning approach for finding sustainable alternatives. This approach provides a healthy environment to people by decentralizing the main cities [7] using the satellite town concept from modern town planning point of view. This can be achieved through holistic way, suggesting that sustainable development as a multidimensional concept should be the central objective of good governance [7, 8] for the better city planning and development.

2. Materials and Methods

Ghari Khuda Bux Bhutto Town lies between 27o 42 and 27o 40-North Latitudes, 68o 18 and 68o 21-East Longititude. It is located towards North East with respect to its District Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. Larkana lies on 27 33-North latitudes and 68 12-East longitudes. The Larkana city is also located in upper Sindh at a distance of about 85 km to the west of Sukkur as depicted in Fig. 1. Important towns in the vicinity of Garhi Khuda Bux

2.1. Study Area

Built Environmental Rehabilitation of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto Town and Model Town Planning Bhutto include Ratedero, Naudero and Bangul Dero. The Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto town also coincides with Shikarpur District in the North East direction.
*ARG: Average Rate of Growth Source: 1998 District Census Report Larkana and Estimates

Larkana District: Population 1998-2020

2500000 2000000 Population 1500000 1000000 500000 0 1998 2010 Year 2015 2020

Figure 2. Larkana District- Population 1998-2020

Figure. 1: Location and Regional Linkages of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto

Source:

Department of Works and Services, Larkana

2.2. Data
In this study, data was collected by using on ground survey methodology and information and secondary data from district government departments. In addition, face to face interviews were conducted with inhabitants and main causes of environmental problems were discussed.

As it can be seen from Table 2 and Fig.2, Larkana is to experience an accelerated rate of growth. Based on the 1998 population figure 1,002,772 and assuming annual growth rate of 3.5% for the period 1998-2010 for Larkana district, it is estimated that present population of the district in the year 2020 will be 2,088,380. Table 2 presents the population of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto (Deh Patro) estimated 3,284 in 1998 according to District census report Larkana 1998. Furthermore, Population is projected to 4,284 in 2010, it is estimated that population will be increasing up to 6,652 in 2020 with assumed growth rate of 3.3%. Fig.3 illustrates past and projected population for Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto.
Table. 2: Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto (Deh Patro): Population 19982020

2.3 Map Preparation

Base map was prepared by using Auto CAD and which presents the existing land- uses of a town.

Year 1998 2010 2015 2020

Population 3,284 4,809 5,656 6,652

ARG(%) 3.23 3.3 3.3 -

3. Results and Discussion

A human resource characteristic essentially refers to the population growth, which contributes in the basic socio-economic development as well as household. These trends are influenced by decision making related to population issues on how to make planning in distributing spatial activities for their development.

*ARG: Average Rate of Growth Source: 1998 District Census Report Larkana and Estimates
GARHI KHUDA BUX: POPULATION 1998-2020
7,000 6,000 Population

3.1. Population Characteristics

Table1 that follows presents the evaluation of Larkana population during the period 1998-2020.
Table. 1: Larkana District-1998-2020 Year 1998 2010 2015 2020 Population 1,002,772 1,480,492 1,758,360 2,088,380 ARG(%) 3.3 3.5 3.5 -

5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1998 2010 Year 2015 2020

Figure 3. Garhi Khuda Bux Population 1998-2020

3.2 Health
The secret of happiness is hidden beneath health of a person. Nation may not achieve progress without healthy

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Built Environmental Rehabilitation of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto Town and Model Town Planning inhabitants. The developed and developing countries, like Pakistan have huge human resources to be utilized to accelerate development activities but are trapped in unproductive things due to health problems [9]. It is extensively accepted that the land-use planning of human urban activity is affecting quality of life, health and wellbeing [10]. There is only one (01) B-Type Rural Health Center (RHC) exists at Garhi Khuda Bux Bhuto just behind Bhutto shrine.

3.4 Household Characteristics

According to the 1998 District Census Report of Larkana district, the average household size in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto was 5.4 persons. In order to provide forecast for the 10-year plan period, a decreasing or increasing household size is mentioned in Census Report, Larkana, reflecting the expected structural changes in the society advocated by the official human resources development policies. Table 3 illustrates an estimated number and size of households for the period 1998-2020. Fig.5 presents the household size in 1998 (5.4) and number of households (608) in 1998. The survey was conducted in March 2010, which indicates that the number of households increased in 2010 (890), likewise the number of households (1,232) in 2020 will also remain increased.
Table. 3: Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto: Households 1998-2020 Source: 1998 District Census Report Larkana and Estimates

3.3 Education
Education is the most vital investment for socioeconomic advance. Its neglect can cost generations. Regarding education, the situation in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto, as revealed by the survey conducted, is relatively better off than the national average. Table 8 depicts present overall literacy ratio for males and females. The data was obtained from the education department of Larkana in which 75 percent are males and only 25 percent females population regarding the literacy level approximately in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto based on 2010 survey.
Literacy Ratios Active Population (% ) 1998
100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Literates Illiterates

percentage

Females Males

Figure 5. Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto: Households 1998-2020 Table. 4. Ghari Khuda Bux Bhutto: Housing Need 2000-2020 1998 2010 2015 2020 No. of Households 608 890 1,047 1,232 Households per 5 5 5 5 Dwelling Total Housing Needs 157 193 Need for Replacement 791 of deteriorated dwellings Source: 2010 Survey and Estimates

Figure 4. Literacy ratio for males and females

3.4. Housing
Shelter is one of the basic necessities of life. It is a place where person can live with privacy, a protection against weather, and a repository for possessions. It can be a source of immense and varied psychic satisfactions [11]. Housing is more than mere shelter. In a general sense it represents the smallest unit from where town planning scheme emerges. Access to work, shopping, education and recreational facilities as well as availability of utilities are integral elements of urban housing. Therefore, housing is a concept, including the physical and social fabric of a neighbourhood and its community, all impinging heavily on the quality of individual and collective life [12]. Thus, housing is a vital social sector of a country but in our country this sector has long been neglected. In the past no organized effort was made by any government in the housing sector except 99 housing units at Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto, due to which there remains a big gap between the national requirements of shelter and actual housing facilities available in the country.

That the available housing stock of 791 houses is in much deteriorated conditions and do not fulfill the current requirements of planning parameters of a Model Town mentioned in Table 4. Whereas, planned housing scheme of 99 houses, which was provided in the 2nd tenure of Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Government in compensation relocation from the shrine of Zulfiquar Ali Bhutto. But, unfortunately this planned housing is converted into a slum due to encroachment and mixed use of land, generating commercial activities for survival from unemployment shown in Fig 6.

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Built Environmental Rehabilitation of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto Town and Model Town Planning

3.6 Utility Services 3.6.1 Sewerage

Overall houses are connected with the open drains, which exist along the sides of the street. The level of service is not satisfactory. Usually drains have been filled by garbage and found choked. Waste water is being disposed off in low lying area, which is creating health hazards shown in Fig.9 and Fig.10. Broken connections with main drains are common feature, whereas inadequate capacity is causing environmental problems for inhabitants. The analysis made is based on the observations.
Figure-6: Encroachments at newly Planned Housing Scheme Table 3. Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto: Households 1998-2020 Population Household Size Year 1998 2010 2015 2020 3,284 4,809 5,656 6,652 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 Number of Households 608 890 1,047 1,232

The inability of many households in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto to properly maintain their dwellings have resulted in a dismal situation regarding housing conditions in the Town.
Table. 5: Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto: Households 1998-2020

3.5 Improper Commercial Activities

It was found that commercial activity is observed along the primary road and inside the shrine of Shaheed Zulfiquar Ali Bhutto and Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto shown in Fig. 7and Fig.8.

Figure-9: Existing Sewerage System

Figure-7: Improper Commercial activities in streets

Figure-10: Waste water disposal

Figure-8: Improper Hawkers in the vicinity of the Shrine

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3.6.2 Storm Water Drainage

There is no separate or combined storm water drainage system in town as depicted in previous figures 910. As a result, rain water is mixed with waste water during the rainy periods, stagnates in low lying areas and creates great public health hazards, i.e building structures may damage in rainy season. Moreover, the topography of the city is almost flat

3.6.3 Refuse Collection and Disposal

There is no any kind of Municipal services for the collection of refuse and its disposal. The findings of the survey revealed that there is no organized refuse collection from the houses. Garbage is usually dumped on the streets as shown in Fig.11. The uncollected refuse is dispersed to the streets, open drains and open spaces, creating serious hygienic problems (breeding of disease vectors - flies and rats - bad smell and pollution of the ground water horizon). The deposition of solid wastes in the open drains, is also the cause of their clogging, leading to the overflowing of wastewater into the streets.

for the period of 2010-2020.The structure plan, as is interpreted in the present context, has been formulated to perform closely related functions as follows: To interpret in space national and regional (provincial) policies; To incorporate development planning aims and proposals of the local authorities; To provide a framework for the elaboration of detailed local plans; To provide guidance for development control; To provide a basis for co-ordinating decisions; and To bring main planning issues and decisions before higher authorities. The structure plan is essentially a statement of proposals that will guide the future development of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto.

4.1 Goal of the Structure Plan

The main goal is to recommend a structure plan for Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto and this is categorized into the following overall goals: The goal of the structure plan for Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto is substantiated by the evidence that was acquired on the spot. In recent years, in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto and in other cities in Sindh alike, people have consistently hesitated to occupy housing areas or workplaces. Because places like this are considered unsafe for living environment.

4.1.1 Provision of Affordable Municipal Services

The need to provide municipal services (sewerage, refuse disposal) in an orderly, hygienic and equitable manner to all the inhabitants of the town is one of the most important goals of the structure plan. Yet the provision of these facilities must be done in an economically sound way, i.e. they must be afforded by the population who will be served and asked to contribute for the incurring expenses.

Figure-12: Solid waste on Open space along primary road

3.6.4 Absence of Planned Parks and Open spaces

Public parks and open spaces explore the social and spatial implications of new lifestyles, standards, natural mode of living and sustainability. The models for future town life and the patterns of public parks hold vital importance for the prosperity of any society. One aspect of parks is that they provide space for the expression of variety, both personal and cultural; this raises issues of democratic provision for and access to public parks. Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto is a town with about approximately 6000 inhabitants, but yet the spatial pattern of the town is the absence of parks and open spaces. Therefore, the cultural attitudes in the country concerning open-air recreation favour parks and playgrounds.

4.1.2 Sustainable Housing and Community Standards The structure plan for Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto is not expected to result in any normative master plan, with an indication of detailed land uses and reservations of land for various activities.
Nevertheless, it must be designed in such a way that will take into account the growing needs of the present and future population for decent and affordable residences, workplaces, community facilities and recreational areas. Once a proper supply of sustainable low cost housing in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto is in place, it will be possible to control and ultimately eliminate the problem of dilapidated housing units. Similarly, development of community facilities must also be ensured; these may be sponsored either by the public or the private sector, but given the financial constraints of

4. Recommendations
Based on preliminary assessment study, recommendations starts with Structure Plan which will cover spatial development issues of the Model Town

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Built Environmental Rehabilitation of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto Town and Model Town Planning the public bodies, there is little scope for government action. Therefore, active community participation schemes should be initiated to make the people partake the provision of socio-economic, educational and healthy facilities in their living environments. b) To establish Mono-Technical Institute, this may develop skills of the UC Pir Bux Bhutto and catchments. This will develop skills up to the level of cottage industries.

4.1.3 Safeguarding of valuable Agricultural land

This goal amplifies the more general goal in all successful plans, that of safeguarding the natural environment by trying to minimize, the negative impacts of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto development on natural resources. On the whole, Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto lies amidst a well irrigated and rich agricultural hinterland. Conversion of this land to sustainable development uses will undoubtedly entail a huge loss to the local economy. The structure plan for Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto should therefore find ways and means within the existing socioeconomic framework to stop the transformation of valuable agricultural land into sustainable development.

4.2.3 Cottage Industries

Potential for small scale development of industry in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto is rather limited. Nevertheless, it is proposed to provide cottage industry to the SouthEast of the town to accommodate the small, non-offensive cottage industry, which may help local residence to overcome the major higher number of unemployment of Taluka Ratodero.

4.2.4 Creation of Planned Parks and Play grounds

Absence of any type of recreational activity (parks and play grounds) exists in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto. The size of future development and adopted standards justify the creation of several types of parks, play ground and stadium. Since there is considerable potential in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto for the development of stadium and recreational open spaces. One Community park and one neighbourhood park should be provided in future development plan. These parks are also reclaimed land from existing waste water low lying areas. Green belts should be provided throughout the surroundings of Bhutto Shrine and with primary roads. 4.3 Goals and Strategies of the Housing Plan Affordable, appropriate and adequate housing remains an important issue [13]. Many aspects of the housing plan intersect with components of this preliminary study. This section, therefore, provides an evaluation of existing conditions pertaining to housing and defines goals, and strategies for a housing plan. Formulating a short-term housing i.e. 05-year plan was deemed as more realistic and appropriate for the present study than producing a long term plan covering a 20-year period. This approach is expected to minimize danger inherent to plans based on long term projections which may or may not retain their validity after a period of time and provide a proper strategic framework for future residential development. As, it was found out that the existing unplanned housing stock is facing two major issues of deterioration and encroachment, so that it is proposed to do renewal process of existing 99 planned housing units through the clearance of encroachment and to rehabilitate the existing unplanned housing stock of 791 houses. According to house hold estimates, 350 housing units should be considered in structure plan. Vacant land is suitable for residential on the South side of Vocational Training Institute.

4.2 Strategies of Structure Plan

These strategies address all the important issues of spatial development for the period 2010-2020.

4.2.1 Creation of Commercial Axis

Due to the small size of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto, and its limited potential as commercial centre, the need to increase the number of shops and expand the commercial areas in the future requires some special attention. According to this report, this need should be accommodated with the creation of separate commercial land use, which may control further creation of shops in main streets. Existing shops should be removed from road and streets and this can be accommodated on a separate commercial land use. Informal commercial activities inside the shrine must be removed and accommodated in planned commercial land uses. 4.2.2 Provision of Educational Institutes At present, a few higher educational institutions and health establishments are dispersed throughout the urban area of Larkana, usually mixed with commercial or residential uses. The structure plan should include a special area in the West of the town along Bangul Dero Road for such institutional facilities of higher order, to cater for new developments in this respect and it will help to encourage of the transformation of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto village to become a Model Town. The land is believed to be adequate to cover following institutional uses: a) Relocation and up-gradation (University) of the existing Quaid-e-Awam Engineering College from Larkana city to Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto.

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Built Environmental Rehabilitation of Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto Town and Model Town Planning

4.4 Goals and strategies of the traffic and transportation plan

A proper road network hierarchy should be established in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto. One of the major strategies of the plan is to establish a well structured organization pattern for residential areas. The road enhances its positive impacts regarding the smooth functioning of the city. As a result, the main primary roads, i.e. Ratodero and Bangul dero road become congested during death anniversary of Zulfiquar Ali Bhutto and Mohtarma Benzair Bhutto. In order to alleviate this problem, it is highly recommended to arrange temporary off-street parking lots in vacant land along the RatoDero and BangulDero road. Moreover, to transform Garhi khuda Bux Bhutto as a Model Town with environmental sustainability, so that it is proposed to provide solar powered light poles in the town.

5. Conclusion
Sustainable land use planning and development will not come easily; it requires significant change in our structures, attitudes and values. This can be achieved with good governance and sound community participation in the development and planning activities as well as maintenance of the town as a whole. As a result, low lying land parcels are being used for waste water collection and creating environmental pollution problem. It creates noxious smell and can cause of many epidemic diseases for the population. Government should focus on environmental issues, which are tremendously increasing. Environmental issues needs to draw attention of good governance. Good governance is a big issue in developing countries [14]. However, proposed model town can provide better environment in the city in context of convenience, accessibility and optimal public facilities planning [15]. Keeping in view, good governance can play important role to sustain built environmental challenges of proposed Model Town planning and sustainable development at Ghari Khuda Bux Bhutto. It is hoped that results of this study will be incorporated in the existing policy development and to relieve future urban challenges e.g. encroachments, housing poverty in respect to rehabilitation and development control. Furthermore, Ghari Khuda Bux Model Town can contribute significant role as a satellite town, which can relieve development and population growth pressure from Larkana city.

4.5 Utility services plan

The proposed utility services plan deals with sewerage and refuse collection/ disposal. Strom water drainage proposes to include in Model Town for rainy season, connected with sewerage system. The proposed utility services plan, which likes the housing plan and the transportation plan, covers the period 2010-2015 starts with an evaluation of the existing conditions in Garhi Khuda Bux Bhutto. Problems relates to the development of infrastructure are then tackled with the appropriate strategies, taking into account the limited resources of the regional economy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge Department of City and Regional Planning, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh. The authors are also are indebted to the various government departments of District Larkana, they show and their content support in the completion of this study for the information and material they supplied.

4.6 Proposed integrated sewerage plan

The following steps must be carried out for existing and proposed sewerage system: Improve the existing sewerage and drainage system; Ensure that new housing areas are provided with their own proper disposal works and are connected properly to the network; and Establish an integrated sewage collection, treatment and disposal system. The treated waste water can be used for the plantation, parks and agriculture purposes.

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4.7 Proposed the refuse collection and disposal

setting up a system for door-to-door refuse collection; positioning of covered containers throughout the town; setting up a system for daily transportation of the collected refuse to a sanitary landfill; and locating and organizing a proper sanitary landfill.

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