E-journals and

brand time

name and existing supplier-buyer relationships,

both of which cost

money to acquire, and often end up running out of money (and the abiliry to raise more money) before they can rurn a profit.
and

However, some traditional businesses do face rigorous e-commerce competition, and some fully web-based businesses have become profitable, creating new market categories in the process. In the travel industry, travel agents serve as intermediaries between the airlines and customers. As more online serrices such as Travelocity and Orbitz are available to connect customers with the products and services they want, the Internet often effectively disintermediates rravel agents, crearing new competition. The fully web-based online auction site eBay, which effectively launched the online auction market, is an example of a successful "dot.com" enterprise.

right mixture of on-and-offline commerce is always a challenge. As is the case in traditional business ventures, the experience gained by the successes and failures of one generation of entrepreneurs can serve as
Finding the
casestudies

ImnnNEr:

for the e-commerce leaders of the future. sEE ALso E-couunncpr ApprrcerroNs; Pnrvecv; SEcunruy; Wonlr Wmp Wrr.
Tracy Mullen

Bibliography
Brown,

Keith. Tbe Interactiue Marketplace: Business-to-Bruiness Snategies for Deliaering Jast-in-Time, Mass-customized. Products. New York: McGraw-Hil[ Professiona-l
Publishing,
2

00 1.

Camp, L. Jean. 2000. Tedeschi,

Trast and Risk in Internet Commerce. Cambridge, MA:

MIT

Press,

Bob. "Divining the Nature of Business." New York Time\ October 2,2000.

Internet Resources Mendelson, F{aim.

"Don't Bury E-Commerce." Stanford

ecommerce.html>

Business School.

<http://www

.qsb.stanford.edu/news/mendelson

E-iournals and E-publishin

journal (e-journal) publishing on the World Wide Web is a flourishing field, providing users with online access ro various journals. However, there is still a lack of standardizatton among publishers, and users need to be aware that most journals are still published in print, therefore titles available on the web often cover only a small percentage of a journal's back issues. Despite that challenge, the ease of use and universal acceptance of the web has ushered in e-publishing with a flurry.
Electronic
example,
days

E-journals have numerous benefits compared to their print versions. For most e-journals can be accessed twenty-four hours a day, seven
a week,

making it unnecessary for users to visit libraries in order to of articles. E-journals eliminate the need to track down missing hardcopies or wait for a group of issues to be bound together at the bindery to preserve them for later use. Another benefit is that many e-publishers allow users to download most articles. E-journals are also often an enhanced version of their print counterparrs, with embedded links that add value to the journal. Some publishers make particular articles of an e-journal available electronically before the entire issue is available. one of
make

copies

E-journals and

applet a program

com-

ponent that requires

extra support at run time from a browser or run-time environment in

order to execute

the most important benefits is that multiple users at one location can the same article at the same time.

access

for

ar

accesl

dynamic links logical connections between two objects that can be modified if the objects themselves move or change state Uniform Resource Loca-

Many libraries are making tough choices to save shelf space and labor costs by canceling their print subscriptions and subscribing to electronic versions only. However, they are finding that they rarely save money with this approach because many publishers require libraries to subscribe to the print version in order to access the electronic version. This often adds between 30 and 50 percent of the cost of the printversion alone, if not more. Also, some publishers may force a library that wants both print and electronic access to choose one or the other-they may not allow both options.
Regardless of these problems, e-journals continue to offer several advantages. For example, whereas print journals are limited to traditional static text and two-dimensional graphics, e-journals can include sound, video, Java applets, or other multimedia options. References in articles can be dynamically linked to other works, if they are online as well. Articles can also list dynamic links to various examples and other sources, rather than just being limited to the standard citations or two-dimensional images seen in the print versions.

catior
dressr

with

tion. to the
somel

tion t Anod

ous ut

tors (URLs) references to documents or document containers using

A
certifi identi matio
specia

the Hypertext Transfer

Protocol (HTTP); consists of hostnames and paths to the documents

provi<

servers computers that

do not deal dlrectly with human users, but instead handle requests from other computers for services to be performed

ficatic

tion

ir

lnternet Protocol (lP) method of organizing

information transfer between computers; the lP was specifically designed to offer lowlevel support to TCP (transmission control protocol)

There are two primary criticisms of e-journals: their instability in the publishing market and the lack of a permanent archive (backlog) for many journals. Common complaints include Uniform Resource Locators (LIRLs) that change frequently and servers that crash. Nso, many publishers and vendors show little concern over the need to maintain a consistent archive of issues that are made available on the web. This is a mattel of great concern to libraries, especially if they choose to cancel print subscriptions in favor of access to e-journals. Libraries need to ensure that all years of a title are available to its patrons.

contr(

tials. I freely works ticates

server,
rrSCS A

authentication the act of ensuring that an object or entity is in fact what it is intended to be; verification of identity

Relationship to Traditional Research

A{any scholarly journals are available as e-journals. In fact, some scholarly e-journals that have a significant impact on their respective fields are available for free. Attirudes toward papers published in e-journals are gradually changing, making them more accepted. At the same time, scholars contrnue to have concerns about how to view e-journals in the peer review process, the integrity of publishing in e-journals, and the use of such publications for tenure and promotion decisions. This process is evolving and changing, largely due to a rnovement underway between various scientific societies and universities to transform and have an impact on scholarly publishing. Leading this movement is an initiative called "Scholarly Publishing and Acade-

Prox'
Proxy

An

exa

wide fr
access

servers

A1
dress

SPARC
The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) was founded to offer an affordable alternative to the high-priced scientific and hightech journals on the marketplace. By publishing the latest

figure
authen require

mic Resources Coalition (SPARC)" <http://www.arl.orglsparc/> with goal of "returning science to scientists."

the

Authentication and Verification

There are primarily two methods for accessing e-journals: by password and by Internet Protocol (IP) authentication. Passwords work well for people with individual subscriptions, but in a library setting, it becomes cumbersome to keep patrons apprised of password information. Therefore, although passwords are an effective way to provide users with access when they are using the journals from off-site, IP authentication is the most efficient way

ber, or attracti source howevr

server.

scientific discoveries and research findings through print and online articles, SPARC helps meet the needs of the library market. as well as the scientific, technical, and medical fields.

a botdt

Techl
Catchu

The pr

institution to provide access to its e-journals for users who wanr ro the information while on-site. If organizations use the Ip authentiion method, they have to inform the publisher of all the possible Ip adsses for their institution. IP authentication works by providing the user
an

a certificate or token that certifies their identity within an-organizawh11 the identity of the user is verified, the user is either paied on

the

netimes be

or to a server that acts as a proxy. This method can expensive and complex, and there is a need for an orsanizato maintain a local server with an access control list of eligiblJ users. her challenge is that some publishers limit the number of-simultanepublisher's server

users,

which can present its own set of problems.

Another type
ificates
ide an

'ol

certificate with personar information about his or her is then paired with the user's public key inforthat can be seen by other servers. certificates can be creaied with software or received from third party organizations known as certiauthorities. certificates are sent by a web browser and authenticais handled by a server that accepts these certificates with an access
encrypted
. This certificate

of authentication technique built upon public keys and for establishing a user's identity is X.509. A use, is required to
certlflcate a unique
electronic document

that is used to assist

authentication publlc key Informailon certain status and iden-

list of elisible users.

tification information that pertains to a particular public key (i.e., a key available for public use in encryption)

Kerberos is also an

authentication scheme based on encrypted credenIt was created at Massachusetts Instirure of rechnotogr (&Itr; and is available. Kerberos uses hidden tickets that can be.rsed-over open netfor authentication. A central server with account information autheneach ticket and then passes the user through to the resources on that

:r.

Kerberos was developed with an important emphasis on security and a strong cryptography protocol that can be used on insecure networks.

enctypted having used a mathematical process to disguise the content of messages transmitted

protocol an agreed
understanding for the suboperations that make up a transaction; usually found in the specification of intercomputer communications

Servers
rxyservers are

example

important for organizations with a dispersed group of users. would be a university whose faculry and snrdentr tr"rrel worldfor conferences, internships, and other events. These people may need s to their university library's e-journals while off-ca*prrr, and prory provide them with this common means of access.
needed

with the accepted Ip adto access an e-journal restricted by an Ip address. L]sers contheir browsers to access a proxy server and are prompted to icate themselves when they link to an e-journal. Authenticatilon may ite a user's name, social security number, student identificatior, ,rrr-, or other unique piece of information that will identi4z a user. The most active feature of the proxy server is that a user can access a restricted refrom any location. The most important problem with a proxy server, :r,-is that some publishers refuse access to their e-journals by a proxy wer, A-lso, if all users are funneled through a proxy server, it rnay create botdeneck, especially if the proxy server goes down.
s

Aproxyserver works by masking remore users

PDF the acronym for Portable Document

Format, developed by Adobe Corporation to facilitate the storage and transfer of electronic documents

and Software
primary formats used hword's RealPage,

for e-journals are HTML, Adobe Acrobat pDF, and sGML. pDF has become somewhat of a

Electronic Campus

standard for many e-journals because it is readily available, flexible, and inexpensive. But there has been litde agreement between publishers regarding the different formats.

Organizations
For computer sciences, some of the key organizations that publish e-joulnals are as follows.

. . . . . . . . . . . .

ACM (fusociation for Computing Machinery) Digital Library:

<http //www .acm. or g/ dl/ >
:

American Mathematical Society Journals: <http://www.ams.org/

mathscinet/searchj ournals>

Cambridge Journals Online: <htp:/ / journals.cambridge.org/> Elsevier Science Direct: <http://www.sciencedirect.com./webeditions/>

ID EAL : <http ://www. apnet. com./wwdap/aboutid. htrn>

IEEE Xplore: <http://www.ieee.orglieeexplore,/>

JSTOR: <http:/ lwww.jstor.orgl>

Kluwer Online : <http ://wrrw.wkap.nVjou

rnaV >

MIT Journals Online: <http://www-mitpress.mit.edu,/>

Oxford University Press Journals: <http://www3.oup.co.uk/jn1s/ online/>
Springer

LINK: <http://link.springer-ny.com/>
DoculreNr PnocEssrNcl EoucarroNer
Melissa 7. Hantq

Wiley InterScience: <http://www.interscience.wiley.com/>

sEE ALSo Dpsxrop PurrrsHrNc;

tions and hr

Sorrwenp.

Er adding

studer

lnternet Resources
E-Joumals.Org. World Wide Web

lirtual Library. <http://w"ww.e-journals.org/>

ficult rental
ages

Gibson, Craig. "ElectronicJournals: New Resources, Traditional Research Habitsl" Inaentio l, no. 2 (2000). <htp://www.doiiit.gmu.edVArchives,/spring00/cgib son.html>

ai

to crel
I 950s

TI

Joumal of Electronic Publishing. University of Michigan Press. <http://www.pres

.umich.edu:80/jep/>
Public Library of Science. <http://www.publiclibraryofscience.orgl>

head p presen

a scree

write

Electronic Gampus
The traditional classroom lecture, supplemented with blackboard and chalk, has stood for centuries as the prevailing model for formal instruction. The term "lecture" is based on the La:un lectura. meaning "a reading," and classroom design has traditionally reflected the format where lecrurers read from texts or notes held before them on a lectern. Educational institutions an now replacing blackboards and lecterns with hardware and software solu"

save th

manyl
where

La dio. Pr plified large l forcem