English

The Parts of Speech 1. Noun the names of persons, places or things Concrete Nouns names something that you can physically see, touch, taste, hear, or smell. Abstract Noun names something that is nonphysical that you cannot readily perceive through any of your five senses. Concrete knife lawyer wound Abstract love justice career

Personal Pronouns Singular First Person I, me my, mine Second Person you your, yours Third Person he, she, it, him, her his, her, hers, its

Plural we, us our, ours you your, yours they, them their, them

 Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns used to add information to a sentence by pointing back to a noun or pronoun near the beginning of the sentence Intensive pronouns used to add emphasis to a noun or pronoun Reflexive And Intensive Pronouns Singular Plural First person myself ourselves Second person yourself yourselves Third person himself, herself, itself themselves Reflexive: American viewers treat themselves to these television triumphs. Intensive: You yourself agreed to my terms when it comes to this contract.  Demonstrative Pronouns used to point out a specific person, place or thing Demonstrative Pronouns Singular Plural this, that these, those  Relative Pronouns used to begin a subordinate clause and relate it to another idea in the sentence Relative Pronouns which who whom

Singular Noun name one person, place or thing Plural Noun names more than one person, place or thing Collective Nouns name groups of people or things (i.e. council, orchestra, team, troop, bevy) Compound Nouns composed of two or more words acting as a single unit Compound Nouns milk shake, snake dance, rain check jack-in-the-box, brother-in-law butterfly, seahorse, eardrum

Separated Hyphenated Combined

Common Nouns names any one of a class of people, place, or thing Proper Noun names a specific person, place or thing Common author archipelago mp3 2. Proper Paolo Coelho, Bertrand Russell Philippines iPod, muVo

that Pronoun words that stand for nouns or for words that take place of nouns Antecedents nouns (or words that take the place of nouns) for which pronouns stand. Kinds of Pronouns:  Personal Pronouns used to refer to (a) the person speaking, (b) the person spoken to, or (3) the person, place, or thing spoken about.

whose

Example: Ian gave it to the woman who was asking for alms. I wish to meet Arnold to whom my family is indebted.

 Interrogative Pronouns used to begin a direct or indirect question what Interrogative Pronouns which who whom whose

b. Intransitive Verb if it does not direct action toward someone or something named in the same sentence The glider soared beside the majestic cliffs. The gymnast balanced carefully on the beam. Verb phrase a verb with one, two, or three helping verbs before it Helping Verb add meaning to other verbs; change the time expressed by the key verb; used to indicate obligation, possibility, ability or permission (should and might, etc.) The American Kennel Club has classified dogs into working dogs, sporting dogs, sporting dogs, non-sporting dogs, hounds, terriers and toys. Euclid had been called the Father of Geometry. Liberty Island, home of the Statue of Liberty, was formerly known as Bedloes Island. Tenses a.) Simple Form y Present Tense - expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth. y Past Tense - expresses an action or situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense forms which must be memorized. y Future Tense - expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb. b.) Progressive Form y Present Progressive - describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form ending in -ing. y Past Progressive - describes a past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in -ing. y Future Progressive - describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb form ending in -ing. c.) Perfect Form y Present Perfect - describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present. This tense is formed by using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized. y Past Perfect - describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb.

 Indefinite Pronouns used to refer to persons, places, or things, often without specifying which ones Indefinite Pronouns Singular everyone nothing everything one little other much somebody neither someone nobody something no one

another anybody anyone anything each either everybody 3.

Plural both few many others several

Both all any more most none some

Article a, an, the a and an indefinite articles; refer to any one class of nouns the a specific noun---definite article Example: the dictator a prince a lover an heirloom Verb a word or group of words that expresses time while showing an action, a condition or the fact that something exists Action And Linking Verbs a. Action Verb tells what actionphysical or mentalsomeone or something is performing Faith smiles at Paul as she passes by. I thought about breaking up with him but opted not to. b. Linking Verb connects its subject with a word generally found near the end of the sentence; expresses the condition of the subject or its existence Jules Verne is an author. Mark was a basketball player. I was being selfish. The man appeared frustrated. Transitive And Intransitive Verbs a. Transitive Verb directs action toward someone or something named in the same sentence The wind buffeted the frail sapling. At midnight, the weary politician conceded the election.

4.

Future Perfect - describes an action that will occur in the future before some other action. This tense is formed by using will have with the past participle of the verb.

 Verbs used as adjectives participles I picked up a crying baby. Order of Adjectives a. Article or pronoun used as an adjective b. size c. age d. color e. participle f. proper adjective g. noun used as an adjective h. noun 6. Adverb a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Adverbs Modifying Adverbs Where? When? Inflation zoomed upward. She never cleaned the room. The jurors remained there. Later, we toured the museum. In what manner? To what extent? He officially announced it. His temper was still boiling. She was graciously helping. He always did it right. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives To what extent? The solution was quite logical. It was an extremely sour lemon. Adverbs Modifying Adverbs To what extent? He worked very competently. I am not completely finished. Adverbs as Part of Verbs The car backed up along the curb. Nouns Functioning as Adverbs Nouns As Adverbs Evenings are restful times. I work evenings. (Work when?) My home is miles from here. Lets head home. (Head where?) 7. Preposition relates the noun or pronoun that appears with it to another word in the sentence Location: The brush fire burned atop the hill. Direction: The brush fire burned toward our campsite. Time: The fire burned for three days. Cause: The brush fire started because of carelessness. Possession: Smoke from the fire could be seen for miles. Prepositional Phrase a group of words that includes a preposition and a noun or pronoun

d.) Perfect ProgressiveForm y Present Perfect Progressive- describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). y Past Perfect Progressive - describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is formed by using had been and the present perfect of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). y Future Perfect Progressive - describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). 5. Adjective a word used to describe a noun or pronoun or to give it a more specific meaning; can answer four questions about a noun or pronoun: What kind? Which one? How many? and How much? Nouns used as adjectives mail box pencil case Proper adjectives proper nouns used as adjectives or adjectives formed from proper nouns Sunday morning New York streets Aristotelian thinker Compound adjectives West German embassy crossword puzzle mail-order bride Pronouns used as adjectives Pronouns Used As Adjectives Possessive Adjectives my, your, his, her, its, our, their Your cousin called me up last night. Demonstrative Adjectives this, that, these, those This laptop and these files are Andys. Interrogative Adjectives which, what, whose What book is he looking for? Indefinite Adjectives Used with singular nouns: Each player has his own another, each, either, little, much, trainer. neither, one Used with plural nouns: Several tables were set up for both, few, many, several the event. Used with singular or plural nouns: Buy any record that you want. all, any, more, most, other, some

 

 

I walked slightly ahead of her. (Her is the object of the preposition.) The shampoo bottle on the shelf was almost empty. We were adopted by a lovable, brown-eyed puppy. What were we talking about? Where did this come from? 8. Conjunction a word used to connect other words or groups of words  Coordinating Conjunction connect similar parts of speech or group of words of equal grammatical weight Coordinating Conjunctions and but for nor or so yet With Nouns And Pronouns: Andrea and I attended the lecture. With Verbs: Our dog whined and scratched at the door. With Adjectives: The steak was tender, large, yet tasteless. With Adverbs: The man responded quickly but incorrectly. With Prepositional Phrases: I will go to Greece or to Spain. With Subordinate Ideas: The agency said that jobs were available but that qualified personnel to fill them were not. With Complete Ideas: He seemed distressed, so we discussed his problem.  Correlative Conjunctions join elements of equal grammatical weight in sentences in much the same manner as coordinating conjunctions do Correlative Conjunctions both either neither not only whether and or nor but also or Both the employers and the employees agree. Call either Ed or me if you need help. The rain was not only heavy but also cold.  Subordinating Conjunctions join two complete ideas by making one of the ideas subordinate to or dependent upon the other Subordinating Conjunctions after because lest till although before now that unless as even if provided until as if even though since when as long as how so that whenever as much as if than where as soon as inasmuch as that wherever as though in order that though while  Conjunctive Adverbs act as transitions between complete ideas by indicating comparisons, contrasts, results and other relationships

Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly finally nevertheless again furthermore otherwise also however then besides indeed therefore consequently moreover thus 9. Interjection word or group of words used to describe pain, fear, surprise and other emotions Common Interjections ah goodness hurray tsk aha gracious oh well alas great omigosh whew dear hello ouch wow gee hey psst Yippee Wow! I thought youd never make it in time. Help! My purse was stolen. Figures of Speech A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words in distinctive ways. 1. 2. Alliteration - repetition of an initial consonant sound. Apostrophe - breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character. 3. Assonance - identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words. 4. Euphemism - the substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit. 5. Hyperbole - an extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect. 6. Irony - the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea. 7. Metaphor - an implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common. 8. Metonymy - a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it. 9. Onomatopoeia - the formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 10. Oxymoron - a figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side. 11. Paradox - a statement that appears to contradict itself.

12. Personification - a figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities. 13. Simile - a stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common. 14. Synechdoche - a figure of speech is which a part is used to represent the whole, the whole for a part, the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material for the thing made from it. Sentences / Fragments Sentence a group of words with two main parts: a complete subject and a complete predicate. Together, these parts express a complete thought. Fragment a group of words that does not express a complete thought Complement a word or group of words that completes the meaning of the predicate of a sentence 1. Direct Object a noun, pronoun, or group of words acting as a noun that receives the action of a transitive verb I leased a small beach bungalow. Mud and leaves clogged the gutters. The curator of the museum led the tour. The employer reprimanded the secretary. 2. Indirect Object a noun or pronoun that appears with a direct object and names the person or thing something is given to or done for I promised Kelly a bicycle on his birthday. The judge gave the jury instructions. I showed my father and mother my poem. The teacher taught our class public speaking. (To or for whom? To or for what?) 3. Objective Complement an adjective or noun that appears with a direct object and describes or renames it. The producers of the movie declared it successful. The President made him an ambassador. History judged Abraham Lincoln a fine President. 4. Subject Complement a noun, pronoun, or adjective that appears with a linking verb and tells something about the subject of the sentence a. Predicate Nominative a noun or pronoun that appears with a linking verb and renames, identifies, or explains the subject of a sentence Ann Pace became a geologist for an oil company. The winner is you.

Merlin Olsen is an actor and a former football player. b. Predicate Adjective an adjective that appears with a linking verb and describes the subject of the sentence Your reasoning seems logical. The melody sounded light and cheerful. Basic Sentence Patterns Sentence Patterns with Transitive Verbs Pattern Examples S-AV-DO She recklessly hit the brakes. Voraciously, Edgar ate the fresh salmon. S-AV-IO-DO I tipped the waiter five dollars. We bought our boat a new tachometer. S-AV-DO-OC We named our dog Major. Sentence Patterns with Linking Verbs S-LV-PN That gentleman is a foreign diplomat. S-LV-PA My gas bill was outrageous. Phrase a group of words, without a subject and verb, which functions in a sentence as one part of speech 1. Prepositional Phrases modify adjectives or adverbs a. Adjective Phrase a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one An etching of a medieval battlement sold quickly. (What kind of etching?) My aunt has a fear of bugs. (What kind of fear?) I sent my friend in Iowa a card. (Which friend?) b. Adverb Phrase a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective or adverb by pointing out where, when, in what manner, or to what extent. In Central Park you can ride horse-drawn carriages. (Can ride where?) I am angry with you. (Angry to what extent?) The shovel bit deep into the earth. (Deep to what extent?) 2. Appositive a noun or pronoun placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or explain it My dog, a pointer, stood silently alert. She did not care for his hobby, running. Appositive Phrase a noun or pronoun with modifiers placed next to a noun or pronoun to add information and details The linebacker, a quick, strong senior from Texas, tackled the quarterback.

I called the canary Caruso, the name of a famous operatic tenor. She is an actress, an Oscar winner. 3. Verbal a word derived from a verb but used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. a. Participle a form of a verb that acts as an adjective Kinds Present participle Forms Ends in ing Examples His fascinating responses convinced us. The water shone with glimmering phosphorescence. The extended table accommodated more people. The engrossed secretary didnt hear the phone. Having exercised, I rested. Having been asked, he gave his opinion.

With adjectives With an adjective phrase With an adverb With an adverb phrase With a direct object With indirect and direct objects

His loud, persistent yawning disrupted the meeting. Worrying about the deadline prevented the writer from sleeping. I estimated the cost by calculating quickly. Fishing from the pier is permitted. Reproducing copies grows more expensive each year. Mr. Roberts suggested writing them a letter.

Past participle

Perfect participle

Usually ends in ed, sometimes t, -en or another irregular ending Includes having or having been before a past participle

Participial phrase a participle modified by an adverb or adverb phrase or accompanied by a complement. The entire phrase acts as an adjective. Burning brightly, the fire lit up the room. The bone broken in two pieces healed. Holding the snake, I felt its cool skin. Nominative absolute a noun or pronoun followed by a participle or participial phrase that functions independently of the rest of the sentence Three hours having passed, I decided to wait no longer. My stomach growling with hunger, I made a sandwich. b. Gerund a form of a verb that acts a noun; ends in ing Some Uses of Gerunds in Sentences As a Subject Striking is considered a revolutionary tactic in some areas. As a Direct A successful chef must enjoy cooking. Object As an Indirect He gives gardening all of his attention. Object As a Predicate Her worst fault is lying. Nominative As an Object of a Lock the door before leaving. Preposition As an Appositive One field, engineering, has an open job market. Gerund phrase a gerund with modifiers or a complement, all acting together as a noun Gerund Phrases

c. Infinitive a form of a verb that generally appears with the word to and acts as a noun, adjective or adverb Kinds Forms Examples Present To + base form of a I like to debate. Infinitive verb To concede is to lose. Perfect To have or to have I would have liked to have gone. Infinitive been + past To have been praised would have participle sufficed Infinitive Phrases W/ an adverb The baby wanted to wiggle continuously. W/ an adverb phrase I plan to visit during the afternoon. W/ a direct object The foghorn helped warn incoming ships. W/ indirect & direct objects The bank decided to lend the family the money. W/ a subject & aThe student asked the college to send a complement catalog. Clause a group of words with its own subject and verb eg. The rug, which I bought yesterday, is beige. I still remember the time when you broke your arm. The road that led to the riches of Chine was once filled with caravans. Run-on two or more sentences capitalized and punctuated as if they were one eg. The team pushed forward for the last yard they were inches short. Only one package arrived in the mail, the other items never came. Misplaced Modifier seems to modify the wrong word in the sentence Incorrect: A man fell over a rock running in a race. Correct: A man running in a race fell over a rock. Incorrect: Correct: We heard the telephone ring while watching television. While watching television, we heard the telephone ring.

Dangling Modifier seems to modify the wrong word or no word at all because the word it should modify has been omitted from the sentence

Incorrect: Correct:

Casting the play, a fine group of actors was chosen carefully. Casting the play, the director carefully chose a fine group of actors.

a. Each officer and member is expected to help. b. Every boy and girl has volunteered to help, too. 8. Words joined to the subject by such expressions as with, together, as well as, accompanied by, not or including are considered parenthetical; therefore, they do not affect the number of the verb. a. Ms. Diaz, as well as her friend, is working at the station. b. The class, accompanied by the teacher, is on a field trip. 9. When the words both-and join the parts of a compound subject, the verb required is plural. a. Both the book and the magazine have been torn. b. Both the pen and ink are on my desk. 10. When the words or, nor, either-or, neither-or, not only-but also join the parts of a compound subject, the verb should be in singular if the parts are singular; but it should be plural if both parts of the subject are plural. Otherwise, if the parts connected differ in number, the verb agrees with the nearer subject part. a. Neither the hammer nor the nail was found. b. Either the writer or the editor is to blame. c. Not only the horses but also the cow was driven away. 11. When the parts of the compound subject differ in person, it is better to rewrite the sentence. a. Either he or I am the first. (Correct but awkward) b. Either he is the first or I am. (Improved) 12. The expression the number requires a singular verb; a number requires a plural verb. a. The number of the new students is forty-three. b. A number of students were members of the club. 13. A collective noun is a word thateven in the singular number denotes a collection of persons or things: army, flock, herd, swarm, navy, class, band, crowd, audience, school (of fish), etc. A collective noun requires a singular verb when the group is thought of as a unit; but it requires a plural verb when the individuals composing the group are thought of as acting separately. a. The audience was silent. b. The crowd were discussing the accident. 14. The verb agrees with its subject, not with the predicate nominative. a. My objection is the too many errors. 15. Fractions take a singular verb if the object of the of-phrase that follows is singular, and a plural verb if the object of the of-phrase is plural.

Parallelism the placement of equal ideas in words, phrases, or clauses of similar types Parallel Words: The wrestler looked strong, fit, and agile. Parallel Phrases: The greatest pleasure I know is to do a good action by stealth and to have it found out by accident. Charles Lamb Parallel Sentences: It couldnt be, of course. It could never, never be. Dorothy Parker CORRECT GRAMMAR (Tips) 1. A verb agrees with its subject in person and in number. a. She has finished typing. b. These books are for you. 2. Nouns plural in form but singular in meaning require a singular verb. a. Fifty million pesos was lost. b. The news yesterday was maddening. 3. The pronoun YOU, whether singular or plural, requires a plural verb. a. Joe, were you not ashamed of yourself? b. Boys, you are all exempted. 4. Singular subjects connected by AND usually require a plural verb. a. Food and exercise are essential. b. Stars and planets are heavenly bodies. 5. Singular subjects connected by AND which denote the same person or thing require a singular verb. a. The man and his wife are amiable. b. My secretary and typist is efficient. (Secretary and typist are one person.) IMPORTANT: When the word my or anyone of the other limiting wordsour, your, their, a, an, or theis repeated before each part of a compound subject, this indicates that each part of the subject represents a different person or thing; therefore, the verb required is plural. 6. Words ending in ics may either be singular or plural. a. When an ics word refers to one thing, as a subject of study, it is singular. Athletics is required in our high schools. Also usually singular: civics, dramatics, economics, ethics, physics, mathematics, mechanics, politics b. When an ics word refers to the separate qualities or activities that compose the unit as a whole, it is plural. Athletics were given too much prominence. (different activities) 7. When the parts of a compound subject are modified by the words each, every or many a, the verb is singular.

a. One-sixth of the cake was eaten. b. One-fourth of the girls were out. 16. When a compound subject is composed of an affirmative and a negative part, the verb agrees with the affirmative of the subject. a. The black horses, not the white one, were at fault. b. Not Jim, but Sam and Jack, was penalized. 17. There is/There was precedes a singular noun. There was/There were is followed by a plural noun. a. There was singing all night. b. There were dancing, singing and laughing. 18. Many (plural) and much (singular) are also used as nouns. a. Many say that Physics is difficult. b. Much is left undone. 19. The verb ties with a relative pronoun used as a subject; the relative pronoun ties with the number of the person of its antecedent. a. He is one of the students who were arrested during the rally. b. She is one of the most vocal girls who are protesting. 20. Singular pronouns tie with singular verbs. These pronouns include: each, everybody, everyone, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, none, nobody, one, another, anything, either, and neither. This rule holds true even with a compound subject. a. Every soldier is bound to obey his superiors orders. b. Every boy and girl in the class was astounded. Verbal Relationships 1. State the relationship between the first pair of words in a good sentence. Take for example this analogy question. Counselor: Advice:: ____________ a. Patron: Support c. Spouse: Name e. Seed: Flower b. Danger: Risk d. Soldier: Loyalty A counselor provides advice. The answer must also express the same relationship and stated in the same manner. No. 3, a spouse provides name is close but there is an exception to the relationship only the male spouse provides name to the female spouse in most societies. The correct answer is No. 1, patron provides support. 2. If the stated relationship is so broad that more than one answer fit into it, look for a narrower relationship. Consider this question. Bat: Baseball:: ____________ a. glove: boxing c. goal: basketball e. gun: hunting b. club: golf d. horse: rider

If your original sentence is A bat is an equipment in baseball, four of the five pairs fit the same relationship. Reanalyze the original pair, focusing on a narrower relationship such as the use of a bat in baseball. A bat is used to strike a ball in baseball. With this relationship, all the other options except No. 2 can be eliminated. 3. In the single-word approach, express the relationship between the first two words; substitute the third word for the first, and think of an appropriate substitute for the second word. Example bull: cow:: buck: ______ Relating bull and cow, you will say that bull is a male cow. Now substitute the third word for the first in your statement. So, you think: A buck is a male of what? and you should arrive at the correct answer: deer. If it is not immediately clear how to go from the first to the second word, try to reverse: second to first. In other words, establish the relationship between the first pair and then apply it to the second pair. 4. Familiarize yourself with commonly used relationships. y Synonym or antonym mirth: gaiety (mirth means the same as gaiety); anarchy: order (anarchy is the opposite of order) y Classification or characterization spear: weapon (A spear is a type of weapon.) y Part-whole or specific-general lens: camera (A lens is a part of a camera.) y Sequence wriggler: mosquito (A wriggler becomes a mosquito.) y Cause and effect flood: typhoon (Flood is an effect of typhoon.) y Complement spoon: fork (A spoon usually goes with fork.) y Function-purpose crowbar: dig (A crowbar is used to dig.) y Typical tool or instrument stethoscope: physician (A stethoscope is used by a physician.) y Composition glass: silica (A glass is made of silica.) y Degree of difference bungalow: mansion (A bungalow is smaller than a mansion.) y Intensity, quantity, amount breeze: gale (Breeze is a gentle wind; gale is a strong wind. Therefore, breeze is weaker than gale.) y Measure liter: liquid (Liter is a measure of liquids.) y Shape, color, smell, taste boxing ring: square (A boxing ring is square.) y Position or location Baguio: Cordillera (Baguio is located in the Cordillera.) y Grammatical or verbal fight: fought (fought is the past tense of fight) y Defining characteristic lion: carnivorous (a lion is defined as carnivorous or meat-eating animal) y Worker and article created composer: song (a composer creates a song)

y y y y y y

Worker and workplace teacher: classroom (a teacher works in a classroom) Tool and its action forceps: hold (a pair of forceps is used to hold objects) Tool and object it acts upon pen: paper (a pen writes on paper) Age colt: stallion (a colt is a young stallion) Gender doe: stag (a doe is female deer: a stag is a male deer) Symbol and what it represents dove: peace (a dove is a symbol of peace)

5. If you are stuck with one item, determine the relationship between the first and the third words, substitute the second word for the first, and think of an appropriate substitute for the fourth word. Example: candy: bread:: sugar: _______ Here, the most obvious relationship is between the first and third words. You might say candy is made from sugar. Substituting bread for candy, it becomes clear that bread is made from flour. 6. Exclude choices that are grammatically wrong. If the possible answers are given for you to choose from, you may eliminate the wrong answers by observing the principle of parallelism in parts of speech. Examples: a. noun: noun:: noun: ______ b. noun: adjective:: noun: _______ c. noun: noun:: adjective: _____ In example a, all items are nouns, so the right answer must be a noun, too. you should exclude all choices that are not nouns. In example b, the second word in the first pair is an adjective. Therefore, the fourth word must be an adjective. If you see a choice that is not an adjective, it must be wrong. In example c, the first pair is of nouns. Since the second pair starts with an adjective, find a choice that also starts with an adjective to make the analogy parallel. Eliminate those that do not start with an adjective. 7. Make sure that the words in each pair are in the same orderthe order in which those words appear in the question. Do not reverse the order. At times, incorrect options with reversed word order are included in order to distract or confuse you. Dont be fooled; just follow the same order of the words in original pair.