MINI-UPS SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY: P.S.N.MURTHY P.SAI RAMA KRISHNA P.M.M.K.SWAMY D.JOSEPH KUMAR (09PA1A0241) (09PA1A0240) (09PA1A0242) (10PA5A0201)

ABSTRACT
The aim of our project is to make a system where the battery will be charged using a rectified voltage from an AC source ; this battery will take the load instantaneously when the main line power interruption will occur. Here two types of conversions is taking place AC DC &DC AC. Using rectification circuit ac-dc conversion is taking place .T hen we have prepared a micro-controller controlled inverter circuit where we assembled a full bridge inverter using four MOS-FET. At any instant only two of them are triggered .This type of system can be installed in a non-conventional energy generation project too where main line is separated from the load and from the battery after dc-ac conversion the power is supplied. We have taken this project keeping in mind how much informative it will be to us as well as it will give us an opportunity to explore various types of electronic components and how the output scan be controlled by transistor switching and what are the various types of probable problems to be faced. We have tried to develop this project to get the basic knowledge and importance of the microcontroller in ups system.

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS AN UPS?
An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or battery backup is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically the utility mains, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short515 minutes being typical for smaller unitsbut sufficient to allow time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the protected equipment. While not limited to protecting any particular type of equipment, a UPS is typically used to protect computer s, data centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption and/or data loss. UPS units range in size from units designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 VA rating) to large units powering entire data centers, buildings, or even cities. PRIMARY ROLE OF AN UPS: 1. Short ti power: It provides short-term power when the input power source fails. However, most UPS units ar e also capable in varying degrees of correcting common utility power problems 2. Power fail re: Defined as a total loss of input voltage and which can be taken over by the ups 3.Power quality i ues: Different power quality issues , which create problem in the power supply can be optimized by ups . The names of such issues are given below-

a). Surge: Defined as momentary or sustained increase in the voltage. b). Sag: defined as a momentary or sustained reduction in input voltage Spikes, defined as a brief high voltage excursion. c) Noise: Defined as a high frequency transient or a oscillation, usually injected into the line by nearby equipment. d) Frequency instability: Defined as temporary changes in the mains frequency. e) Harmonic distortion: Defined as a waveform expected on the line. departure fr om the ideal sinusoidal

4. Dc power source: Many systems used in telecommunications use 48 V DC power, because it is not consider ed a hi h-voltage by most electrical codes and is exempt from many safety regulations, such as being installed in conduit and junction boxes. DC has typically been the dominant power source for telecommunications, and AC has typically been the dominant source for computers and servers. There has been much experimentation with 48 V DC power for computer servers, in the hope of reducing the livelihood of failure and the cost of equipment. However, to supply the same amount of power, the current must be greater than an equivalent 120 V or 240 V circuit, and greater current requires larger conductors and/or more energy to be lost as heat. High voltage DC (380 V) is finding use in some data center applications, and allows for small power conductors, but is subject to the more complex electrical code rules for safe containment of high voltages. Most switched-mode power supply (SMPS) power supplies for PCs can handle 325 V DC (mains voltage *sqrt(2)) directly. Because the first thing most SMPS supplies designed for AC does is to convert it to DC by rectification. The only catch is that half of the rectifier stage may be loaded with the full load

General Idea of our project:

Our project is a small ver sion of an ups system, where we tried to show how a basic ups system words? What are required component? How the conversions are ta ing place .Thedifferent steps are given using a flow chart given below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT

The circuit has five parts which ar e playing the major role .This are very obvious arrangement when an ups is to be made for a use in the industr y, computer power supply, server power supply, home electricity supply. We have tried to show a model of the basic ups circuit . The large ups are some modified version of this. The different name of different

parts of the circuit are given below ,then described

1.Rectifier circuit 2.Battery charging and protection circuit 3.Switching and regulator circuit 4.Inverter circuit 5.Micro-controller based triggering circuit

MAIN CIRCUIT

CONCLUSION :
The output at the loads point A, B, C is measured to be 11.988V, 8.98V, 4. 98V respectively which are near to the desired value i.e. 12V, 9V, 5V. T he drop in the voltages is due to the resistance of the circuit. The input to the circuit is a 230V, 50Hz AC supply. This output was successfully implemented by connecting a load which is an inverter circuit in our case. The inverter circuit was designed to take an input of 12V and convert it to a voltage of 230V AC at 50Hz .the inverter circuit is a full bridge inverter. Though care has been taken to minimize the spikes in the output by connecting a capacitor of value (470u, 25V) in the circuit but there were spikes as it is not possible to get a spike less output by an analog elements .the spike less output can be obtained by using digital device. This was verified by using oscillograph. The current in the circuit was maintained at value quiet lower than the maximum ratings device so that each device works at their normal operating condition. Heat sinks are used for the transistors (TIP 127, SL 100) and regulator IC (7809, 7805) so that their thermal limit is not reached and they work under a value quiet lower than their maximum thermal resistance value. Power transistor 2N3055 is used to get better output and better current for charging the battery. The circuit was assembled on a bread board which can be easily assembled in the normal PCB and can be used for domestic purposes. LEDs are used to indicate the load which can be easily replaced by a nor mal load of relevant value.The battery used is of rating 12V, 7.2Ah and it require about 320mA of current for normalcharging which was successfully supplied by the charging circuit. Measures have been takento minimize the over charging of the battery by using current deviating circuit with elements (2N3055, SL100, 10K pot). The data sheet of each components has been attached to get the idea for maximum tolerance.