CHAPTER A SEMINAR REPORT ON ` BIOMETRICS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Computer Science (2007-2011)

MARWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE JODHPUR

Submitted To:
Lect. OP.Khokhar

Submitted by: Shanker Singh Chouhan CSE. IV yr.

Under Supervision of
Prof. J. L. Kankriya (H.O.D. C.S.E.)

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Acknowledgement

I would like to express our heartiest thank to Mr.OP. khokhar senior professor, Marwar Engineering College & Research Center, Jodhpur for providing me this great opportunity.

I Express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. J. L. Kankriya, head of the (Computer Science & Engg. ) for showing the complete confidence in me.

department

I express my sincere gratitude towards Mr. V.K. Bhansali, Director, MECRC for providing us the excellent environment for project making. I am also thankful to my friends and classmates, who were always there to help me out, motivate me towards the fulfilment of this project.

Last but not the least it is the staff of Department of Computer Application, Marwar Engineering College Research Centre, to whom I am always indebted.

I AM THANKFUL TO ALL OF THEM

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CHAPTER DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

MARWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE JODHPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled BIOMETRICS has been carried out by SHANKER SINGH under my guidance in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer

Engineering of RTU,KOTA during

the academic

year 2007-2011. To the best of my knowledge and belief this work has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree.

MR . O.P .KHOKHAR Guide

Prof. J. L. KANKRIYA (H.O.D. C.S.E.)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. 1 2 3 4

TITLE ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTI ON HISTORY OF BIOMETRICS WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BIOMETRICS TYPES OF BIOMETRICS CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMETRISCS FUTURE OUTLOOK BASIC MECHANISM BIOMETRICS IDENTIFICATION SCHEMES BIOMETRICS MODALITIES PERFORMANCE M ANAGEM ENT BIOMETRICS SECURITY APPLICATION BIOM ETRIC DEVICES BIOMETRICS V/S FORENSIC WIRELESS BIOMETRICS TELEBIOMETRICS CONCLUSION REFRENCE

5.
6 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12 13. 14 15 16. 17. 18 1 9 20

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ABSTRACT
Biometrics are the security techniques. Today is the world where almost every where computers are used and day by day technology is developed .So we need some security to save our data, money transaction and all the confidential data from the hacker , cracker and script kiddies. So to protect that data some biometrics techniques are used .It is based on two principle enrollment and verification . Enrollment is used to enter the data as a template and that template is compared with the data during the verification phase . It has many techniques that are used all over the world to protect the confidential data from malicious attacks. So it is the first step towards the security purpose and day by day technology is growing and more secure techniques are developed

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INTRODUCTION

1.1What is Biometrics?
Definition
"Biometrics is the automated identification, or verification of human identity through the measurement of repeatable physiological, or behavioral characteristics

Identification:
The search of a biometric sample against a database of other samples in order to ascertain whether the donor is already contained in, or new to the database.

Verification:
It refers to the 'one to one' comparison between a sample and another to ask the question, 'are you who you say you are.' The term "biometrics" is derived from the Greek words bio (life) and metric (to measure). For our use, biometrics refers to technologies for measuring and analyzing a person's physiological or behavioral characteristics, such as fingerprints, irises, voice patterns, facial patterns, and hand measurements, for identification and verification purposes.

Figure 1 Explains meaning of definition

the

Identification

and

verification have long been accomplished by showing something you have, such as a license or a passport. Sometimes it also required something you know, such as a password or a PIN. As we move into a time when we need more secure and accurate measures, we begin to look at using something you are: biometrics. Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic.

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History of BIOMETRICS:
1.2.1Chinese Precursor:
Possibly the first known example of biometrics in practice was a form of finger printing being used in China in the 14th century, as reported by explorer Joao de Barros. He wrote that the Chinese merchants were stamping children's palm prints and footprints on paper with ink to distinguish the young children from one another. This is one of the earliest known cases of biometrics in use and is still being used today.

European Origins:
Until the late 1800s, identification largely relied upon "photographic memory." In the 1890s, an anthropologist and police desk clerk in Paris named Alphonse Bertillon sought to fix the problem of identifying convicted criminals and turned biometrics into a distinct field of study. He developed a method of multiple body measurements which got named after him (Bertillonage). His system was used by police authorities throughout the world, until it quickly faded when it was discovered that some people shared the same measurements and based on the measurements alone, two people could get treated as one. After the failure of Bertillonage, the police started using finger printing, which was developed by Richard Edward Henry of Scotland Yard, essentially reverting to the same methods used by the Chinese for years.

Modern Times:
In the past three decades biometrics has moved from a single method (fingerprinting) to more than ten discreet methods. Companies involved with new methods number in the hundreds and continue to improve their methods as the technology available to them advances. Prices for the harware required continue to fall making systems more feasible for low and mid-level budgets. As the industry grows however, so does the public concern over privacy issues. Laws and regulations continue to be drafted and standards are beginning to be developed. While no other biometric has yet reached the breadth of use of fingerprinting, some are beginning to be used in both legal and business areas.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BIOMETRICS

Biometric devices consist of a reader or scanning device, software that converts the gathered information into digital form, and a database that stores the biometric data for comparison with previous records. When converting the biometric input, the software identifies specific points of data as match points. The match points are processed using an algorithm into a value that can be compared with biometric data in the database. All Biometric authentications require comparing a registered or enrolled biometric sample (biometric template or identifier) against a newly captured biometric sample (for example, a fingerprint captured during a login).

Figure 2 Enrollment and Verification Technique

Enrollment Mode:
A sample of the biometric trait is captured, processed by a computer, and stored for later comparison. Biometric recognition can be used in Identification mode, where the biometric system identifies a person from the entire enrolled population by searching a database for a match based solely on the biometric. For example, an entire database can be searched to verify a person has not applied for entitlement benefits under two different names. This is sometimes called one-to-many matching.

Verification Mode:
In this mode biometric system authenticates a persons claimed identity from their previously enrolled pattern. This is also called one-to-one matching. In most computer access or network access environments, verification mode would be used. A user enters an account, user name, or inserts a token such as a smart card, but instead of entering a password, a simple glance at a camera is enough to authenticate the user. MECRC Page 8

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TYPES OF BIOMETRICS:

There are two types of biometrics: behavioral and physical. Behavioral biometrics - Used for verification . Physical biometrics - Used for either identification or verification.

Physical biometrics :

Fingerprint - Analyzing fingertip patterns. Facial Recognition - Measuring facial characteristics. Hand Geometry - Measuring the shape of the hand. Iris recognition - Analyzing features of colored ring of the eye. Vascular Patterns - Analyzing vein patterns. Retinal Scan - Analyzing blood vessels in the eye. Bertillonage - Measuring body lengths (no longer used).

Behavioral biometrics:

Speaker Recognition - Analyzing vocal behavior. Signature- Analyzing signature dynamics. Keystroke - Measuring the time spacing of typed words.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMETRICS:
Biometric characteristics can be divided in two main classes, as represented in figure on the right: Physiological are related to the shape of the body. The oldest traits, that have been used for more than 100 years, are fingerprints. Other examples are face recognition, hand geometry and iris recognition. Behavioral are related to the behavior of a person. The first characteristic to be used, still widely used today, is the signature. More modern approaches are the study of keystroke dynamics and of voice.

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FUTURE OUTLOOK:
According to most experts, the future of biometrics is dependant upon two critical areas: standardization and the use of hybrid technologies.

Standardization:
Currently, the biometrics industry is very fragmented, with more than 150 companies with their own proprietary systems and methodologies. Standards have only recently been established in order to provide direction for the development of a common interface that will allow for shared biometric templates. The BioAPI standard created by the BioAPI Consortium, a group of more than 60 vendors and government agencies, defines a common structure for interfacing with biometrics. Yet, competitive forces remain as technology giants like Microsoft have abandoned the consortium and the BioAPI standard in order to develop their own proprietary software standards. The development and acceptance of a primary standard is critical for the growth and applicability of the biometrics industry. Only after the technological standard is more established can systems integrate and interact efficiently.

Hybrid Technologies:
One of the critical concerns with the use of biometric technologies is that of privacy and security of stored personal biometric data. To have personal data stored in a centralized database leaves the information potentially open to theft or compromise. The concept of combining smart card or public key infrastructures with biometric readers where the biometric template is stored on an individually controlled key has been suggested as a solution for the privacy concern and is considered by some critical to the advancement of biometric applications. Biometrics is a powerful combination of science and technology that can be used to protect and secure our most valuable information and property. The future holds no limits for this industry as more applications are found. Further, the technology itself continues to improve in terms of application and accuracy. From the application of total body scanning for highest security areas to speed and accuracy of identification when shopping on-line, the applications are boundless.

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Imagine a world where interstate air travel is allowed automatically via a full body scan that not only verifies identity but simultaneously searches for insecure or illegal paraphernalia.

Where access to one is bank or credit accounts is only granted after identification via iris or retina scan. Where a shopping trip is made possible by a vehicle that operates only with biometric verification of ownership and payment is made via a fingerprint scan that links directly to one is credit account.
In the future, we will live in a faster paced, more secure world where verification of one is identity is critical for daily activities. While some might argue that privacy and personal "freedom" are sacrificed with this level of control, most believe that it is the necessary price for a secure world environment.

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BASIC MECHANISM:
The diagram shows a simple block diagram of a biometric system. When such a system is networked together with telecommunications technology, biometric systems become telebiometric systems. The main operations a system can perform are enrollment and test. During the enrollment, biometric information from an individual is stored. During the test, biometric information is detected and compared with the stored information. Note that it is crucial that storage and retrieval of such systems themselves be secure if the biometric system is be robust. The first block (sensor) is the interface between the real world and our system; it has to acquire all the necessary data. Most of the times it is an image acquisition system, but it can change according to the characteristics desired. The second block performs all the necessary pre-processing: it has to remove artifacts from the sensor, to enhance the input (e.g. removing background noise), to use some kind of normalization, etc. In the third block features needed are extracted. This step is an important step as the correct features need to be extracted and the optimal way. A vector of numbers or an image with particular properties is used to create a template. A template is a synthesis of all the characteristics extracted from the source, in the optimal size to allow for adequate identifiability.

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BIOMETRICS COLLECTION
Biometrics are typically collected using a device called a sensor. These sensors are used to acquire the data needed for recognition and to convert the data to a digital form. The quality of the sensor used has a significant impact on the recognition results. Example sensors could be digital cameras (for face recognition) or a telephone (for voice recognition).

BIOMETRIC TEMPLATES
A biometric template is a digital representation of an individuals distinct characteristics, representing information extracted from a biometric sample. Biometric templates are what are actually compared in a biometric recognition system. Templates can vary between biometric modalities as well as vendors. Not all biometric devices are template based. For example, voice recognition is based on models. The difference between templates and models is beyond the scope of this paper.

BIOMETRICS IDENTIFICATION SCHEMES:

There are several types of biometric identification schemes: Face: the analysis of facial characteristics Fingerprint: the analysis of an individuals unique fingerprints Hand geometry: the analysis of the shape of the hand and the length of the fingers Retina: the analysis of the capillary vessels located at the back of the eye Iris: the analysis of the colored ring that surrounds the eyes pupil Signature: the analysis of the way a person signs his name. Vein: the analysis of pattern of veins in the back if the hand and the wrist Voice: the analysis of the tone, pitch, cadence and frequency of a persons voice.
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Comparison of various biometric technologies

It is possible to understand if a human characteristic can be used for biometrics in terms of the following parameters:

Uniqueness is how well the biometric separates individually from another. Permanence measures how well a biometric resists aging. Collectability eases of acquisition for measurement. Performance accuracy, speed, and robustness of technology used. Acceptability degree of approval of a technology. Circumvention eases of use of a substitute.

The following table shows a comparison of existing biometric systems in terms of those parameters:

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Comparison of various biometric technologies, according to A. K. Jain (H=High, M=Medium, L=Low) Biomet Univer Uniqu Perma Collecta Perfor Accepta Circumve rics: sality eness nence bility mance bility ntion* Face H L M H L H L Fingerp M H H M H M H rint Hand geometr M M M H M M M y Keystro L L L M L M M kes Hand M M M M M M H veins Iris H H H M H L H Retinal H H M L H L H scan Signatu L L L H L H L re Voice M L L M L H L Facial thermo H H L H M H H graph Odor H H H L L M L DNA H H H L H L L Gait M L L H L H M Ear M M H M M H M Canal

BIOMETRIC MODALITIES:
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Different applications and environments have different constraints. For instance, adequate fingerprint samples require user cooperation; whereas, a face image can be Captured by a surveillance camera. Furthermore, Fingerprints are not available for many of the suspects on Watch lists. There are also multiple biometric modalities for technical and financial reasons. Many scientists become interested in developing a system based on their own research. Upon a successful implementation, venture capitalist, interested in the implementation of such a system, commercialize a product. Therefore, wide varieties of modalities are being researched and are available on the market.

3.1Fingerprint
The patterns of friction ridges and valleys on an individual's fingertips are unique to that individual. For decades, law enforcement has been classifying and determining identity by matching key points of ridge endings and bifurcations. Fingerprints are unique for each finger of a person including identical twins. One of the most commercially available biometric technologies, fingerprint recognition devices for desktop and laptop access are now widely available from many different vendors at a low cost. With these devices, users no longer need to type passwords - instead, only a touch provides instant access. Fingerprint systems can also be used in identification mode. Several states check fingerprints for new applicants to social services benefits to ensure recipients do not fraudulently obtain benefits under fake names. New York State has over 900,000 people enrolled in such a system.

Advantages:
Subjects have multiple fingers. Easy to use, with some training Some systems require little space. Large amounts of existing data to allow background and/or watchlist checks. Has proven effective in many large scale systems over years of use. Fingerprints are unique to each finger of each individual and the ridge arrangement remains permanent during one's lifetime.

Disadvantages:
Public Perceptions. Privacy concerns of criminal implications. Health or societal concerns with touching a sensor used by countless individuals.

3.2Face
The identification of a person by their facial image can be done in a number of different ways such as by capturing an image of the face in the visible spectrum using an inexpensive camera or by using the infrared patterns of facial heat emission. Facial recognition in visible light MECRC Page 17

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typically model key features from the central portion of a facial image. Using a wide assortment of cameras, the visible light systems extract features from the captured image(s) that do not change over time while avoiding superficial features such as facial expressions or hair. Several approaches to modeling facial images in the visible spectrum are Principal Component Analysis, Local Feature Analysis, neural networks, elastic graph theory, and multi-resolution analysis. Some of the challenges of facial recognition in the visual spectrum include reducing the impact of variable lighting and detecting a mask or photograph. Some facial recognition systems may require a stationary or posed user in order to capture the image, though many systems use a real-time process to detect a person's head and locate the face automatically. Major benefits of facial recognition are that it is non-intrusive, hands-free, continuous and accepted by most users.

Advantages:
No contact required. Commonly available sensors (cameras). Large amounts of existing data to allow background and/or watchlist checks. Easy for humans to verify results.

Disadvantages:
Face can be obstructed by hair, glasses, hats, scarves etc. Sensitive to changes in lighting, expression, and poses faces change over time. Propensity for users to provide poor-quality video images yet to expect accurate results.

3.3Hand Geometry
These methods of personal authentication are well established. Hand recognition has been available for over twenty years. To achieve personal authentication, a system may measure either physical characteristics of the fingers or the hands. These include length, width, thickness and surface area of the hand. One interesting characteristic is that some systems require a small biometric sample (a few bytes). Hand geometry has gained acceptance in a range of applications. It can frequently be found in physical access control in commercial and residential applications, in time and attendance systems and in general personal authentication applications

Advantages
Easy to capture. Believed to be a highly stable pattern over the adult lifespan.

Disadvantages
Use requires some training. Not sufficiently distinctive for identification over large Databases. Usually used for verification of a claimed

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enrollment identity. System requires a large amount of physical space.

3.4Speaker/voice
Speaker recognition has a history dating back some four decades, where the output of several analog filters were averaged over time for matching. Speaker recognition uses the acoustic features of speech that have been found to differ between individuals. These acoustic patterns reflect both anatomy (e.g., size and shape of the throat and mouth) and learned behavioral patterns (e.g., voice pitch, speaking style). This incorporation of learned patterns into the voice templates (the latter called "voiceprints") has earned speaker recognition its classification as a "behavioral biometric." Speaker recognition systems employ three styles of spoken input: textdependent, text-prompted and text independent. Most speaker verification applications use textdependent input, which involves selection and enrollment of one or more voice passwords. Text-prompted input is used whenever there is concern of imposters. The various technologies used to process and store voiceprints includes hidden Markov models, pattern matching algorithms, neural networks, matrix representation and decision trees. Some systems also use "anti-speaker" techniques, such as cohort models, and world models. Ambient noise levels can impede both collection of the initial and subsequent voice samples. Performance degradation can result from changes in behavioral attributes of the voice and from enrollment using one telephone and verification on another telephone. Voice changes due to aging also need to be addressed by recognition systems. Many companies market speaker recognition engines, often as part of large voice processing, control and switching systems. Capture of the biometric is seen as non-invasive. The technology needs little additional hardware by using existing microphones and voice-transmission technology allowing recognition over long distances via ordinary telephones (wire line or wireless).

Advantages
Public Acceptance. No Contact Required. Commonly Available Sensors(telephones & microphones).

Disadvantages
Difficult to control sensor and channel variances that significantly impact capabilities. Not sufficiently distinctive for identification over large databases.

3.5Iris
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This recognition method uses the iris of the eye which is the colored area that surrounds the pupil. Iris patterns are thought unique. The iris patterns are obtained through a video-based image acquisition system. Iris scanning devices have been used in personal authentication applications for several years. Systems based on iris recognition have substantially decreased in price and this trend is expected to continue. The technology works well in both verification and identification modes (in systems performing one-to-many searches in a database). Current systems can be used even in the presence of eyeglasses and contact lenses. The technology is not intrusive. It does not require physical contact with a scanner. Iris recognition has been demonstrated to work with individuals from different ethnic groups and nationalities

Advantages
No contact Required. Protected internal organ,less prone to injury. Believed to be highly stable over lifetime.

Disadvantages
Difficult to capture for some individuals. Easily obscured by eyelashes,eyelids,lens and reflections from the cornea. Public myths and fears related to scanning the eye with a light source.

Acquisition of an iris image requires more training and attentiveness than most biometrics. Lack of existing data deters ability to use for background or watch list checks. Cannot be verified by a human.

3.6SIGNATURE VERIFICATION
This technology uses the dynamic analysis of a signature to authenticate a person. The technology is based on measuring speed, pressure and angle used by the person when a signature is produced. One focus for this technology has been e-business applications and other applications where signature is an accepted method of personal authentication.

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3.7 IRIS Recognition Technology

History of iris recognition technology
The idea of using iris patterns for personal identification was originally documented in an ophthalmology textbook by James Doggarts in 1949, and may have been proposed as early as 1936 by ophthalmologist Frank Burch. By the 1980's the idea had appeared in James Bond films, but it still remained science fiction and conjecture In 1987 two other ophthalmologists, Aran Safir and Leonard Flom, patented this idea, and in 1989 they asked John Daugman (then teaching at Harvard University) to try to create actual algorithms for iris recognition. These algorithms, which Daugman patented in 1994, are the basis for all current iris recognition systems and products The Daugman algorithms are owned by Iridian Technologies, and the process is licensed to several other companies who serve as systems integrators and developers of special platforms exploiting iris recognition.

Iris structure

Figure 3 Iris Structure

The iris is a protected internal organ of the eye, located behind the cornea and the aqueous humour, but in front of the lens. The false acceptance rate for iris recognition systems is in 1 in 1.2 million, that is every 1 in 1.2 million iris is found to be unique in its features. It is seen in cross-section in the anatomical drawing above. It is the only internal organ of the body that is normally visible externally. Images of the iris adequate for personal identification with very high confidence can be acquired from distances of up to about 3 feet (1 meter). Among the visible features of an iris are the trabecular mesh works of connective tissue (pectinate ligament), the collagenous tissue of the stroma, ciliarys processes, contraction furrows, crypts, rings, a corona and pupillary frill, colouration, and sometimes freckles. The striated anterior layer covering the trabecular meshwork creates the predominant texture seen with visible light The human iris begins to form during the third month of gestation. The structures creating its distinctive pattern are complete by the eighth month of gestation, but pigmentation continues into the first years after birth. The layers of the iris have both ectodermal and mesodermal embryological origin, consisting of (from back to front): a darkly pigmented epithelium; MECRC Page 21

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pupillary dilator and sphincter muscles; heavily vascularized stroma (connective tissue of interlacing ligaments containing melanocytes); and an anterior layer of chromataphores and melanocytes with a genetically determined density of melanin pigment granules. The combined effect is a visible pattern displaying various distinctive features such as arching ligaments, crypts, furrows, ridges, and a zigzag collarette. Iris colour is determined mainly by the density of the stroma and its melanin content, with blue irises resulting from an absence of pigment: longer wavelengths differentially penetrate while shorter wavelengths are reflected and scattered, a phenomenon resembling that which makes the sky blue .

Physiological Properties of Iris

Further properties of the iris that enhance its suitability for use in high confidence identification systems include: Its inherent isolation and protection from the external environment. The impossibility of surgically modifying iris without unacceptable risk to vision. Its physiological response to light, which provides one of several natural tests against artifice. A property the iris shares with fingerprints is the random morphogenesis of its minutiae. Because there is no genetic penetrance in the expression of this organ beyond its anatomical form, physiology, colour and general appearance, the iris texture itself is stochastic or possibly chaotic. Its detailed morphogenesis depends on initial conditions in the embryonic mesoderm from which it develops, the phenotypic expression even of two irises with the same genetic genotype (as in identical twins, or the pair possessed by one individual) have uncorrelated minutiae . The ease of registering iris image at some distance from a Subject without physical contact, unintrusively and perhaps inconspicuously Its intrinsic polar geometry, which imparts a natural coordinate system and an origin of coordinates. The high level of randomness in iris pattern, creating inter-Subject variability spanning about 250 degrees-of-freedom, and an entropy (information density) of about 3.2 bits per squaremillimeter of iris tissue.

Working Principle Of Iris Recognition Technology

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The iris-scan process begins with a photograph. A specialized camera, typically very close to the subject, no more than three feet, uses an infrared imager to illuminate the eye and capture a very high-resolution photograph.

Figure 4 Iris Image After Image Acquisition Process

This process takes only one to two seconds and provides the details of the iris that are mapped, recorded and stored for future matching/verification . The inner edge of the iris is located by an iris-scan algorithm, which maps the iris distinct patterns and characteristics. An algorithm is a series of directives that tell a biometric system how to interpret a specific problem. Algorithms have a number of steps and are used by the biometric system to determine if a biometric sample and record is a match A general iris recognition system for personal identification is composed of four steps
i) Iris Image Acquisition- an image containing the users eye is captured by the

high resolution Iris Camera.

ii) Image Preprocessing- the image is then preprocessed to normalize the scale

and illumination of the iris and localize the iris from the acquired image.
iii)Feature Extraction- features representing the iris patterns are extracted. iv)Pattern Matching - decision is made by means of matching. i)

Iris Image Acquisition .

An important and difficult step of an iris recognition system is image acquisition. Since iris is small in size and dark in color, using some specialized camera iris image can be easily acquired for analysis
ii) Image Preprocessing

The acquired image always contains not only the useful parts (iris) but also some irrelevant parts (e.g. eyelid, pupil etc.). Under some conditions, the brightness is not uniformly distributed. In addition, different eye-to camera distance may result in different image sizes of the same eye. For the purpose of
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analysis, the original image needs to be preprocessed. The preprocessing is composed of three steps Iris Localization. Iris Normalization.

Image Enhancement.

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PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT

False accept rate (FAR) or false match rate (FMR): The

probability that the system incorrectly declares a successful match between the input pattern and a non-matching pattern in the database. It measures the percent of invalid matches. These systems are critical since they are commonly used to forbid certain actions by disallowed people. False reject rate (FRR) or false non-match rate (FNMR): The probability that the system incorrectly declares failure of match between the input pattern and the matching template in the database. It measures the percent of valid inputs being rejected. Receiver (or relative) operating characteristic (ROC): In general, the matching algorithm performs a decision using some parameters (e.g. a threshold). In biometric systems the FAR and FRR can typically be traded off against each other by changing those parameters. The ROC plot is obtained by graphing the values of FAR and FRR, changing the variables implicitly. A common variation is the Detection error trade-off (DET), which is obtained using normal deviate scales on both axes. This more linear graph illuminates the differences for higher performances (rarer errors). Equal error rate (EER): The rate at which both accept and reject errors are equal. ROC or DET plotting is used because how FAR and FRR can be changed, is shown clearly. When quick comparison of two systems is required, the ERR is commonly used. Obtained from the ROC plot by taking the point where FAR and FRR have the same value. The lower the EER, the more accurate the system is considered Failure to enroll rate (FTE or FER): The percentage of data input is considered invalid and fails to input into the system. Failure to enroll happens when the data obtained by the sensor are considered invalid or of poor quality. Failure to capture rate (FTC): Within automatic systems, the probability that the system fails to detect a biometric characteristic when presented correctly. Template capacity: The maximum number of sets of data which can be input in to the system.

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BIOMETRIC SECURITY
A concern is how a person's biometric, once collected, can be protected. Australia has therefore introduced a Biometrics Institute Privacy Code Biometrics Institute in order to protect consumer personal data beyond the current protections offered by the Australian Privacy Act.

Sociological concerns
As technology advances, and time goes on, more private companies and public utilities may use biometrics for safe, accurate identification. These advances are likely to raise concerns such as:

Physical - Some believe this technology can cause physical harm to an individual using the methods, or that instruments used are unsanitary. For example, there are concerns that retina scanners might not always be clean. Personal Information - There are concerns whether our personal information taken through biometric methods can be misused, tampered with, or sold, e.g. by criminals stealing, rearranging or copying the biometric data. Also, the data obtained using biometrics can be used in unauthorized ways without the individual's consent.

Danger to owners of secured items

When thieves cannot get access to secure properties, there is a chance tha ers of secured itemst the thieves will stalk and assault the property owner to gain access. If the item is secured with a biometric device, the damage to the owner could be irreversible, and potentially cost more than the secured property. In 2005, Malaysian car thieves cut off the finger of a Mercedes-Benz S-Class owner when attempting to steal the car.

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Cancelable Biometrics
Physical features, such as face, fingerprint, iris, retina, hand, or behavioral features, such as signature, voice, gait, must fulfill a certain criteria to qualify for use in recognition. They must be unique, universal, acceptable, collectable and convenient to the person, in addition, to reliability at recognition, performance and circumvention. However, most importantly, permanence is a key feature for biometrics. They must retain all the above features in particular the uniqueness unchanged, or acceptably changed, over the lifetime of the individual. On the other hand, this fundamental feature has brought biometrics to challenge a new risk. If biometric data is obtained, for example compromised from a database, by unauthorized users, the genuine owner will lose control over them forever and lose his/her identity.

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BIOMETRIC APPLICATIONS

Biometric Time Clocks -Which are being increasingly used in various organisations to control employee timekeeping. Biometric safes and biometric locks- Provides security to the homeowners. Biometric access control systems Providing strong security at entrances. Biometric systems are also developed for securing access to pc's and providing single logon facilities. Wireless biometrics for high end security and providing safer transactions from wireless devices like PDA's, etc. Identifying DNA Patterns of biometrics technology in identifying DNA patterns for identifying criminals, etc. Biometrics airport security devices are also deployed at some of the world's famous airports to enhance the security standards.

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BIOMETRICS DEVICES
5.1Optical Fingerprint Scanner
Our biometric hamster is the next generation model of popular and versatile biometric fingerprint readers. Packaged in a comfortable, ergonomic design, this biometric scanner features the industry's most rugged and advanced optical sensor using patented SEIR fingerprint biometric technology.

5.2 OptiMouse
OptiMouse is an innovative optical tracking mouse that can operate on almost any surface with exceptional response, it features the industry's most rugged and advanced optical sensor using patented SEIR fingerprint biometric technology.

5.3 iGuard - Integrated Access Control and Time Attendance System

iGuard is a complete solution combining a access control system and time attendance system. It utilizes patented embedded web server technology combined with biometrics and smart card authentication. This is the world's only available system that has achieved advanced operability using world-renowned TCP/IP networking protocol without having to compromise on security.
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5.4 Personal Fingerprint Safes

Biometric personal safes are revolutionary locking storage cases that open with just the touch of your finger. These products are designed as "access denial" secure storage for medications, jewelry, weapons, documents, and other valuable or potentially harmful items.

5.5 Biometric Fingerprint Door Locks

Your fingerprint is the key with our revolutionary fingerprint door lock. This amazing new product replaces keyed locking mechanisms with a fingerprint sensor that actually recognizes who is and who is not authorized to enter.

OTHERS
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CHAPTER BIOMETRICS

VERSUS FORENSIC

While both biometrics ad forensic involves human recognition biometrics is typically applied using automated techniques to prevent situation application such as gaining access to sensitive information or to a secured facility . Forensic applications typically occur after a crime has occurred,and may not use fully automated methods.Forensic methods are often used to assist in the legal process. Forensic usually requires days of processing and are held to much higher accuracy requirements.

Where to use BIOMETRICS?

Biometric use involve controlling access to physical locations(laboratories ,buildings etc.Biometrics can be used to determine whether or not a peson is already in database such as for social service or national id applications. Biometrics can be used in environments where recognition of an individual is required.Applications vary and range from logical access to a personal computer to physical access of a secured laboratory.They can be used in a variety of collection environments as identification systems. Biometrics are also used for accountability applications such as recording the biometric identities of individuals.

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6.3 WIRELESS BIOMETRICS

As biometrics systems improve, become smaller and require less power for operation, the potential to integrate into new application grows. The ability to operate the biometrics verification solution from battery supply is unprecedented. Previously, biometrics have been used in combination with personal computers and based on a stringent platform to maintain reasonable performance. However, as the technology for fingerprint recognition is being miniaturized and streamlined for performance, new avenues of application can be found when technologies are integrated together in small, simple and stand-alone packaging. Wireless biometrics will consists of both the hardware and software for the fingerprint scanning devices that will be embedded in wireless handheld devices. The solution will come as a bundle of a range of validation, transaction management and content protection services based on the devices.

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CHAPTER 6.4 TELEBIOMETRICS

Telebiometrics applies biometrics to telecommunications and telecommunications to remote biometric sensing. With the emergence of multimodal biometrics systems gathering data from different sensors and contexts, International Standards that support systems performing biometric enrollment and verification or identification have begun to focus on human physiological thresholds as constraints and frameworks for "plug and play" telebiometric networks. Attending to these wetware protocols has become particularly urgent in the context of a recent study suggesting possible pathological effects from RFID transponders implanted in dogs. Dogs are frequently used as model organisms in the study of human disease

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CONCLUSION

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REFERENCES

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