Innovative Automotive Drives Innovative Automotive Drives Innovative Automotive Drives Innovative Automotive Drives

Institute of Automotive Engineering
Innovative Automotive Drives

Part 1: Introduction
Prof. Wolfgang Hirschberg International School Eco-Cities g , UNAL Bogot, Colombia July 18 - 29, 2011
GM AUTOlogy Study Fuel cell and in-wheel motors

Prof. Wolfgang Hirschberg
Lohner-Porsche 1905 Hybrid drive with in-wheel motors
Toyota Prius Full hybrid drive

1
Innovative automotive drives - Introduction
Preface
In the end of 19th century, it wasnt clear which engines will be used for drive propulsion systems of motor vehicles in the future. There was a competition between the wellfuture developed steam engine, the electric motor and the internal combustion engine. Today it is common that the internal combustion engine was the winner and became an important part of a modern drive train train. At the same time also alternative solutions were worked out, to handle the insufficient q (e.g. q ) g torque characteristics ( g no torque at stillstand) of the internal combustion engine. That was one reason why electrical vehicles were widely applied at the beginning of motorisation like Lohner-Porsche in 1905. This motor vehicle, supported by four electric wheel hub motors was produced in a small series in Vienna From todays perspective motors, Vienna. today s the concept was quite modern. Roughly speaking, innovative does not necessarily mean new but alternative with respect to the actual state. In the mean time requirements for a drive propulsion system have changed dramatically. We have in mind the limitation of fossil fuels and the danger of emissions to our health, y, y environment and climate. What still remains is the human need of mobility, whereby also emerging countries are aimed to participate in individual mobility in the near future.
Prof. Wolfgang Hirschberg Innovative automotive drives - Introduction 2
In this sense the present lecture deals with alternative drive propulsion systems for motor vehicles which having potential to become popular and widespread usage in future. According to the interdisciplinary c a ac e o this lecture the mediation is u u e cco d g o e e d sc p a y character of s ec u e e ed a o s supported by subsequent computer aided exercises and virtual demonstrations. We would be grateful for comments and suggestions about improvements by the way of evaluation or personally.
Graz, July 2011 W. Hirschberg, A. Rojas
References
[1] Gerl, B.: Innovative Automobilantriebe (G I ti A t bil t i b (German). ) Verlag Moderne Industrie, Landsberg/Lech 2002. www.mi-verlag.de/bdt [2] Braess, H. H., Seifert, U. (Hrsg.), German: Vieweg Handbuch Kraftfahrzeugtechnik. Verlag Vieweg, Braunschweig, 2004. www.vieweg.de i d [3] NationMaster World Statistics. www.nationmaster.com [4] IEA International Energy Agency. www.iea.org [5] EU Energy and Transport Trends to 2030 update 2007 Transport. 2030, 2007. EU Commisson, ISBN: 978-92-79-07620-6. http://bookshop.europa.eu/
Challenges in Transportation and Traffic

Further worldwide increasing transport and passenger capacity, capacity Emerging markets aim at individual mobility, Climate change due to greenhouse gases, Emissions (gases, dust, noise), Finiteness of fossil fuels, Commercial production of energy carriers, their distribution and storage, Sustainability of transport and vehicles, Reduction of traffic accidents and their consequences, Increasing demand of traffic relevant data transfer.
Introduction
Technological innovation
Innovations are promoted by: the human aspiration to improvements and interest in discoveries and inventions, economical aspects aspects, ecological aspects, y gy availability and extraction of energy carriers and raw materials. These driving forces can be assigned to special groups of a complicated socioeconomical network, which consists of private and commercial customers, commercial lobbies and legislative bodies. Concerning automotive vehicles, the preservation of mobility is a challenge, where the reserves of fossil fuels, coal or natural gas are limited Emerging markets are at the fuels limited. entrance of individual mobility, which causes further ecological restrictions. Without these restrictions the mankind would consume the nature within a short Modern Times while they d t hil th destroy their own li lih d th i livelihood.
Introduction
Involved groups of the socioeconomical network Consumers, p private customers Investors, business clients Commercial providers: vehicle manufacturers, li suppliers, service providers Legislative boards and authorities Stimulators of innovations Aspire to news Technological improvements Economical interests: - less fuel consumption, - low vehicle costs, - low production costs Availability and extraction of energy carriers (fuels) and raw materials Limitation of harmful emissions
Availability of Fuels
When will the crude oil be off?
worldwide existing sources of crude oil and natural g : g gas thereof still detected sources of crude oil: in the face of increasing prices, the exploitation of hard processable oil sand sources will b il d ill become more attractive: tt ti Participation of OPEC-countries: approx. 70 %
Most oil-rich countries in the world
1. Saudi Arabia 2. Canada 3. Iran 4. Iraq 0 36 24 19 16 10 20 30 Crude oil sources [Mrd t]
**) mean of different references
325 Mrd t *) 164 Mrd t **) 600 M d t Mrd
Their influence will increase
40
*) US Geological Survey
1 t crude oil 7 barrels at 159 litres

Innovative automotive drives - Introduction 8
Extraction and consumption of crude oil 2007
Saudi Arabia Russia USA Mexico China Germany Japan Austria 0 4,2 1,4 14 1,1 11 200 400 600 800 1000 85 175 166 370 extracted 240 consumed 108 155 290 360 350 960
134
Mio tons
1 t crude oil 7 barrel at 159 litre
Mean of different references

When Will Oil be Off?

Basis: Worldwide sources of crude oil (2007) conventionally extractable sources additional non-conventionally extractable sources 170 Mrd tons 300 Mrd tons 600 Mrd tons
Note: Innovative energy saving drives will influence the consumption

Worldwide Consumption of Energy

Consumption of primary energy per person
Given in tons oil-equivalent, split in regions and selected states (2007).
Figures include crude oil, coal, petroleum g , y gas, hydro power and nuclear energy. p gy Source:
11
Energy Consumption per Year
12
Urbanisation U b i ti
Nowadays, more than 50% of the people live in cities
13
Urbanisation
Agglomerations 1950-2050
inhabitants (x 1000)
Source: T. Brinkhoff: Die grten Agglomerationen der Welt, http://www.citypopulation.de

Development of motorization
USA: 34 Mio road deaths
15
Natural gas
Worldwide existing sources of natural g g gas: Extraction 2004: - Russia - USA - Canada 590 Mrd m3 545 Mrd m3 183 Mrd m3 - Great Britain 96 Mrd m3 ... 2 Mrd m3 - Austria 170.000 Mrd m3 *)
The distribution of natural gas via pipelines is well developed and relatevely safe safe. Crude oil is the most important component of plastic production. So its too kostbar?? to use it for combustion. Therefore, natural gas can be considered as a reasonable intermediate energy carrier. The level of soot and CO production at the combustion of natural gas is quite low, but the effects of produced CO2 emissions are also harmful with respect to the climate and the environment. Natural gas is used in motor vehicles as CNG Compressed Natural Gas. In order to p push it up, in Europe the tax for CNG is reduced. p, p
*) mean of different references
Natural gas (CNG)
Actually natural g is mainly used for heating but the importance of natural g as y gas y g p gas fuel of motor vehicles is increasing. The number of natural-gas-busses, taxis and business vehicles is still rising in urban centres. An EU-directive claims a compensation of 20% of crude oil by using bio fuels and natural gas until 2020. Distribution of natural-gas-vehicles (end 2009):

Country Italy Germany Austria Brazil Colombia C l bi
Natural-gas vehicles 470.000 92.000 5.300 1.600.000 350.000 350 000
Number of filling stations*) 680 810 160 1.700 460
To be independent of the quite undeveloped network of natural gas filling stations, g g gasoline/natural g gas these vehicles are designed for bivalent usage g (Bi Fuel). It is possible to change the type of fuel during the ride.
Ecological Aspects
Liquid renewable energies (bio fuels)
One way to become independent from fossil energy carriers is to use fuels made of renewable raw materials in conventional combustion engines. Ethanol as alternative to gasoline, produced b f d d by fermentation of starchy plants ( i f h l (e.g. sugar cane). ) Rapeseed methyl ester (RME, bio diesel) g p plants. made of the oil containing seed of rape p Both types of fuels can be added to fossil fuels or purely applied. - The cultivated area is insufficient for a total compensation of gasoline/diesel by far. (EU approx. 5 %). - However bio diesel might be a reasonable alternative in ecological sensitive regions g y protection or g glacier regions. g e.g. utility vehicles in water p - The energy need for the used chemical fertilizer and the harvest must be also considered at the ecological balance. - Th cultivation of renewable energy carriers is ethically questionable i terms of The l i i f bl i i hi ll i bl in f actually 500 mio starving people worldwide.
Ecological Aspects
Sustainable energy
A hopeful approach t b h f l h to become i d independent of f d t f fossil energy carriers i th use of so il i is the f called sustainable energies like: sun, wind sun wind, biomass and hydro power ), power* i.e. at last all of them from the sun. The disadvantages of these types of energy production are high production expenses with the exception of hydro power, problem of energy storage storage, problem of energy distribution.
*) H d power i t completely sustainable due to the siltation of the dammed lakes. So additional energy Hydro isnt l t l t i bl d t th ilt ti f th d dl k S dditi l for digging is necessary.
Ecological Aspects
Sustainable energy
The problems of energy storage Fossil energy carriers allow energy on demand. Sustainable energy, however, is available - at certain times (day, night, summer, winter ) - at different locations (e g tropical subtropical regions sea shores ) (e.g. tropical, regions, shores, ) A particular problem is the storage of electrical energy: g power station, battery systems, smart electricity grids, , y y , yg , storage p Anyway, in consideration of the limited fossil energy carriers and their increasing costs the alternatives become more and more attractive. Much effort to be spent: Actually sustainable energies are still far away to cover the total demand of needed energy.
20
Political Regulations
Kyoto Protocol
Today the connection between CO2-emissions and the green house problem is recognized. 1997 the participants of the 3rd UN climate conference in Kyoto UN-climate-conference signed an agreement concerning the limitation of the green house effect. That included the reduction of climate-harmful gases CO2, CH4, N20, FCKWs, PFCs and SF6 f from 1990 until 2000 b 5 2 % B il by 5,2 %. Because of di f discrepancies the protocol wasnt i h l ratified. Not until after the 7th climate-conference in Bonn until an agreement was achieved. g The target of reduction was reduced from 5,2% to 2%, whereas the reduction has not to be completely reached. Thus it is possible to operate commercially with foreign countries or to finance environmental projects to compensate the emissions The emissions. promotion of nuclear energy was explicitly excluded. Emission-reducing tasks such as the reforestation of forest will be also related in the future.
New challanges due to CO2 emissions-management
Due to the EU Emissions Trading Directive, which came into effect in 2003, a system for trading allowances to emit CO2 was established in 2005. This emission t di system concerns specific combustors and manufacturing plants i i trading t ifi b t d f t i l t of energy business and industry. Private homes, small consumers and the transportation sector are excluded from emission trading. Each operator of the listed plants gets limited numbers of emission-rights for free yearly . If further more CO2 is emitted more emission emitted, rights have to be bought d at the emission trading market. That leads to chances and risks for the operators of plants.
Reference: www.erdgasinfo.de
Particular matter problem
Particular matter PM10: Particulate Matter (suspended particle) 10 m size Artificial A tifi i l sources of particular matter: f ti l tt Diesel engines (passenger car, truck, tractor) *), tyre particles, y p , road particles (salt, chippings, unsurfaced roads), private homes, coal-burning power plants, agriculture. *) reducible by innovative propulsion systems EU-council: Directive concerning the reduction of particular matter The daily mean of 50 g/m3 PM10 must not be exceeded more often than: 2005-2009: f from 2010: 2010
Particular matter measurement station
30 times a year 25 ti times a year.

Energy Consumption - Shares
Detailed constitution of the traffic sector:
References: e e e ces BMWT (DE) 2010 EWI, GWS, forecast 2009
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Concepts of Innovative Propulsion Systems

The vehicle technology research and development is currently pursuing different p q y concepts to fulfill the requirements of efficient and clean mobility. These concepts concern of alternative fuels e.g. hydrogen, natural gas or bio diesel in conventional combustion engines or hybrid-concepts which combine electrical motors and combustion engines to reduce fuel consumption and emissions up to pure electrical propulsion by using batteries or fuel cells. F. Panik, 2002, [1]. At the discussion about the individual propulsion concepts the whole system-efficiency has to be considered. It isnt sufficient to talk only about the efficiency from tank/battery point to wheel. Only due consideration of the whole process chain from t k/b tt i tt h l O l d id ti f th h l h i f well (source) to wheel, a Zero Emission Drive can be taken into account.
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Institute of Automotive Engineering