Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Date
2009-12-03
Notice
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
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Contents
1 Coverage Enhancement........................................................................................................... 4 2 Wide Coverage ......................................................................................................................... 5 3 Voice Capacity Improvement ................................................................................................. 6 4 Frequency Efficiency Improvement .................................................................................... 10 5 Network Synchronization..................................................................................................... 10 6 Energy Saving......................................................................................................................... 10 7 Abis Transmission Saving.................................................................................................... 10 8 Networking Framework........................................................................................................ 10 9 System Reliability.................................................................................................................. 10 10 Speed Coverage .................................................................................................................... 10 11 2G/3G Seamless Coverage .................................................................................................. 10 12 BTS Satellite Transmission................................................................................................. 10 13 Satellite Transmission......................................................................................................... 10 14 Enhanced Voice Service ...................................................................................................... 10 15 Cell Broadcast....................................................................................................................... 10 16 CS General Enhancement ................................................................................................... 10 17 AMR Package ....................................................................................................................... 10 18 PS QoS ................................................................................................................................... 10 19 Cell Reselection of PS Domain .......................................................................................... 10 20 GPRS/EGPRS Service.......................................................................................................... 10 21 EGPRS Service Enhancement............................................................................................. 10 22 High Speed Data Service .................................................................................................... 10 23 VIP Service Support ............................................................................................................ 10 24 Gb IP ...................................................................................................................................... 10
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1
1.1 Transmit Diversity
Function Description:
Coverage Enhancement
The transmit diversity function of the BTS uses two TRXs in the DTRU to transmit the co-carrier signals of some correlation. The two independent multi-path signals are then in the downlink. Then, the two independent multi-path signals are treated by the equalizer of the MS. The diversity gain is obtained, and the quality of the received signal is improved. At last, the downlink coverage effect is improved. When the transmit diversity is used, the DRFU works in the single-carrier mode. You need to enable this function through the dada configuration. Benefits:
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The receiving gain of the MS is increased. The coverage effect of the downlink is improved. The network construction cost is reduced.
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2
2.1 Extended Cell
Function Description:
Wide Coverage
This function can break the limit of the 35 km and realize the wide coverage. This provides the good technical support for the operator the provide coverage in special area. In GSM specifications, the timing advance (TA) of cell has a restriction of 8 bit at the radio interface, which leads to the situation that the cell coverage radius should be within 35 km. In regions such as vast land, with scattered subscribers, with low traffic, and the infrastructure facilities such as transmission and power supply are hard to be constructed or unavailable. The radius of cell shall be over 35 km. The extended cell breaks the restriction of radius within 35 km. Supported by BTS hardware, it can cover a range with radius of up to 120 km. Operators can use this technology to fast construct their GSM networks with fewer stations and at lower cost, and to attract the mobile subscribers in special regions to improve revenue. When the cell coverage radius exceeds 35 km, signal delay exceeds the duration corresponding with the maximum value 8bit specified in GSM specifications. If an MS reaches the ordinary coverage edge, it transmits at the maximum TA allowed by system. If the MS continues to move outwards, the system is no longer able to implement adaptive adjustment on TA value due to the TA has reached its maximum. Part of signaling transmitted by MS reaches the BTS receiver at next time timeslot. It is this principle that extended cell uses to realize the cell extension. That is, two continuous timeslots are assigned for each MS call, and the receiving window of BTS receiver is also extended to the width of two timeslots. Thus, the cell coverage radius is extended to over 35 km. To enable the MSs in extended range to initiate call at any time, BCCH, CCCH and SDCCH shall always be assigned with two timeslots. Benefits: With this function, the operator can expand its network coverage in special area, for example, in the vast plain or in the sea, thus increasing the operation efficiency.
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3
3.1 Concentric Cell
Function Description:
The concentric cell can distribute the traffic flexibly and improve the multiplexing rate of the frequency. Thus, the quality of network and the coverage range are improved. The CONCENTRIC CELL technology divides an ordinary cell into two service layers: Overlaid subcell and underlaid subcell. For the MS in the underlaid subcell, try to distribute the less reuse frequency, such as BCCH frequency. For the MS in the Overlaid subcell, try to distribute the more reuse frequency, such as frequency except BCCH. The frequency inside the Overlaid subcell adopts more reuse frequency mode, which can improve system capacity effectively. As shown in figure, the MSs in the overlaid subcell are far from the interference. Therefore, even though the overlaid adopts the more frequency reuse, the voice quality still can be ensured. The underlaid adopts the loose reuse frequency, thus, the voice quality can also be ensured. Figure 3-1 Aggressive frequency reuse of concentric cell
UnderLaid subcell Cell A OverLaid subcell Cell B
Signal
Interference
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The concentric cell divides the cell coverage into overlaid subcell and underlaid subcell. The overlaid subcell and underlaid subcell can adopt different multiplexing modes. For the overlaid subcell cell, it adopts more reuse frequency mode such as 1x3 due to its small coverage. For the underlaid subcell cell, it adopts less reuse frequency mode such as 4x3 Improve coverage Increase the power of the power amplifier for the BCCH TRX, the coverage range of the cell can be widened. The TRXs of the cell may output different powers. Thus, the coverage range of the TRXs also differs. The actual coverage range of the cell is determined by the minimum coverage of the TRXs. The concentric cell can make the TRXs with wider coverage range as the underlaid subcell to solve the coverage problem in the remote area. It makes the TRXs with smaller coverage range as the overlaid subcell to solve the capacity problem in the near area. Finally, the coverage range of the cell is widened. The main function of concentric cell is implemented through the two modules: radio resource management module and handover decision module. Channel assignment technology of concentric cell Different channel assignment strategies are adopted for different situations, including: Immediate assignment There is no reference receiving level, receiving quality and TA for immediate assignment. In order to guarantee the service quality, the SDCCH of underlaid subcell is assigned preferentially. Only when there is no signaling channel available in the underlaid subcell, will the signaling channel in the overlaid subcell be assigned. . Assignment The channel assignment strategy of concentric cell is used to assign channels. The overlaid subcell channel will be assigned as far as possible when the subscriber is in the overlaid subcell coverage. The underlaid subcell channel will be assigned when no overlaid subcell channel is available. Similarly, the underlaid subcell channel will be assigned as far as possible when the subscriber is in the underlaid subcell coverage. The overlaid subcell channel will be assigned when no underlaid subcell channel is available. Select the suitable service layer to serve the subscriber. Concentric cell Handover algorithm The concentric cell handover algorithm is an extension of the Huawei handover algorithm. It enables the BSC to intelligently distribute the traffic and thus use the frequency resources more reasonably. It is developed based on the current Huawei handover algorithm. It incorporates the concentric cell handover judgment function into the current Huawei handover algorithm. When the MS moves across the edge of the overlaid Subcell and underlaid Subcell, the concentric cell handover is initiated. Thus, the MS can receive the service in a proper service layer. If the target layer is congested, the handover is not initiated. For the inter-cell handover, if the target cell is concentric cell, the system also uses the concentric cell handover algorithm to choose a proper layer to provide service. Benefits: The operator can use the more reuse frequency to expand the system capacity.
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The operator can also extend the coverage range by using different service layers to bear different traffic.
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The function can be used only after the frequency hopping function is enabled. It can be regarded as an optimization to the frequency hopping function.
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4
Function Description:
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frequencies in a cell cannot be larger than number of the TRXs of the cell. When a TRX is faulty, the system starts the baseband FH TRX cooperation to ensure the conversation quality in the cell. Huawei BTS adopts the technology of FH_BUS, which implements FH on the basis of timeslot exchange. Each transmitter is tuned to a fixed frequency, and has a fixed ID. The coder of transmitter encodes the downlink signal to convert the data to burst format. It calculates the channel (that is, TRX) to be modulated for the burst according to FH algorithm, and adds the attached information related to power control to generate a special data packet. The coder transmits the data packet periodically (sub-timeslot). Modulator checks the TRX ID of the data packet from each sub-timeslot. If the TRX ID is different from the local TRX, it will receive that from the next sub-timeslot. If the TRX IDs are the same, it will accept the data packet, and delay for a timeslot and then transmitted to the air interface. Baseband FH has a very high requirement on the real-time identification of the ID of TRX. Huawei base band FH technology realizes fast and reliable TRX ID identification on the basis of the ASIC. Benefits: The FH can greatly improve the quality and security of the call. It can also improve the networking capacity of the BTSs using Aggressive Frequency Reuse Pattern (AFR), and improves the system capacity.
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can increase system capacity and reduce investment in sites, without changing the original hardware. Every cell is configured with a BCCH carrier. Timeslot 0 of the carrier is mapped to the broadcast channel (BCH) or the common control channel (CCCH). The synchronization message, system message, paging message, and assignment message are carried in the timeslot to all subscribers of the cell continuously. These messages directly relate to cell residence, cell reselection, call initiation, and paging response. Therefore, the BCCH becomes the most important channel in the GSM telecommunication. Generally, the 4*3 mode is adopted for the BCCH frequency planning. This can ensure that the C/I ratio of the shared/adjacent frequencies on the BCCH carrier is very high. The BCCH occupies 12 frequencies. In a network with a higher frequency multiplexing level and limited frequency resources, if 3*3 multiplexing is implemented for the frequencies of the BCCH, the interference on the TCH on the BCCH carrier increases and the performance drops to an intolerable level. The BCCH dense frequency multiplexing function divides a cell into two different logical layers: The TCH layer on the BCCH carrier and the frequency hopping layer. The frequency hopping layer serves the whole system, covers the whole network, and provides coverage for calls at the edge of a cell. To guarantee the performance of call access, the TCH layer on the BCCH carrier must modify the coverage of its absorbed traffic. The interference in places near the BTS is smaller than the interference at the peripheral area and edge of a cell. Therefore, the TCH layer on the BCCH carrier provides the coverage for calls near the BTS only. In the initial access and channel allocation triggered by handover (in case of non-BCCH dense frequency multiplexing), the system first allocates traffic channels among non-BCCH carriers to ensure the subscriber access performance. When a call on a non-BCCH carrier in a cell is initiated, if the subscriber is near the BTS, it means that the BCCH dense frequency multiplexing only has smaller impact on the call. The system hands over the call to the BCCH carrier and reserves the channels on non-BCCH carriers to ensure the access performance of other calls. Benefits:
l l
Reduces the frequencies occupied by the BCCH and improves frequency spectrum utilization rate. Increases the available frequencies of traffic channels and frequencies in frequency hopping, increases the system capacity without changing the original hardware, and reduces the investment in new sites and cells. The TCH layer on the BCCH carrier is only used by the subscribers in a cell near the BTS. Because the interference on the uplink decreases, the subscribers can obtain better voice quality if this function is enabled. Reduces the chance of random access failure and enhances the access performance.
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Downlink: 925 MHz960 MHz The frequency No.: 0124, and 9751023. R-GSM is the extension of E-GSM. The serving frequency of R-GSM is as follows: Uplink: 876 MHz915 MHz: Downlink: 921 MHz960 MHz The frequency No.: 0124, and 9551023. The E-GSM 900, R-GSM 900 and the P-GSM belong to the same frequency band while their frequencies are not adjacent. Thus the extended frequency band of E-GSM and R-GSM are introduced. The E-GSM extended frequency band refers to the E-GSM frequency band other than the P-GSM frequency band. The R-GSM extended frequency band refers to the E-GSM frequency band other than the R-GSM frequency band. For the cells configured with E-GSM extended frequency band or R-GSM extended frequency band, the system takes the frequency band support capability of MSs and the channel into consideration to adopt different channel assignment strategies. For immediate assignment, the system assigns channel for the MS according to the frequency support capability of BCCH. When assign the channel, the system obtains the classmark of MS and then obtains the frequency support capability of MS according to the classmark. Among all the channels that support the MS, the system prefers to assign the channel other than the intersecting channels. For example, if a MS supports E-GSM and the current channel has P-GSM frequency band and E-GSM extended frequency band, the channel of E-GSM extended frequency band is assigned. The P-GSM channel is reserved for the MSs that have weak frequency band support capability. Benefits: The service can be borne by the extended frequency band, which extends the frequency range.
4.5 IBCA
Availability: GBSS8.1 Function Overview IBCA stands for interference based channel allocation. In IBCA, when a call accesses the network, the interference of the new call to the established calls and the interference of the established calls to the new call are calculated. Based on the calculation, the network allocates a channel with the minimum interference to the new call. This approach minimizes the overall interference in the network, improves the efficiency of the frequency usage, and increases the network capacity while maintaining the voice quality in the whole network. Benefits: IBCA provides these benefits:
l
Increasing the frequency usage by 30%40% and increasing the network capacity while maintaining the network quality
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Reducing the overall interference and improving the network quality. Improving the voice quality.
Function Description: In GSM, the loose frequency reuse makes better network quality, higher network KPI, and excellent voice quality, but reduced network capacity, which is a disadvantage comparing to the tight frequency reuse. The tight frequency reuse scheme increases the network capacity. However, the probability of the TRXs using the same frequency or adjacent frequencies increases. This results in more co-channel interference or adjacent channel interference, which can further leads to decreased network quality. Based on the timeslot synchronization on the air interface, the IBCA function takes into account the interference strength of all idle channels and allocates the channel with the minimum interference to the network preferentially. IBCA performs the following:
l
Calculates the interference of the established calls to the new call. IBCA must be used along with the frequency hopping. The idle channels with different MAIO values transmit signals over the air interface with different frequencies, and the interference they experience from the established calls may vary. The IBCA function calculates the interference to each idle channel when different MAIO values are applied. Calculates the interference to the established calls caused by the new call. If the established calls can interfere with the new call, once the call accesses the network, the new call also interferes with the established calls. The IBCA evaluates the carrier-to-interference ratio of the new call to the established calls.
Taking into account the preceding two types of interference, allocate a channel with minimum interference to the network and the MAIO value to the call for access request. The IBCA function consists of the intra-BSC IBCA and inter-BSC IBCA. In other words, the IBCA-enabled cell can belong to either one BSC or to multiple BSCs. The implementation of the IBCA improves the frequency usage, and further increases the network capacity. In addition, the interference between the established calls and the new call is also considered when allocating a channel to the new call. Thus, the IBCA helps to improve the call quality. Dependency: Impacts on the BSC hardware
l l
To implement the IBCA, two service processing boards should be added to the BSC for data processing. The Inter-BSC IBCA requires IP connection between the two BSCs. If Abis over IP or A over IP, connect the IP interface boards of the two BSCs with Ethernet cables directly. If the Abis or A interface is not based on IP, add two pairs of IP interface boards and then connect the two BSCs through the IP interface boards.
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5
Function Description:
Network Synchronization
Synchronizes all BTSs under a BSC through software without the need of extra expensive hardware device. The necessary hardware devices include a GPS device for every BTS. The satellite is used to realize synchronization. Synchronizes the BTSs, and realizes the IBCA function. The simulation result shows that: The IBCA technology applied in the synchronous network can improve the network capacity by 2050%. Synchronizes the BTSs and greatly improves the performance of ICC and SAIC. According to the simulation result, the ICC technology applied in the synchronous network can improve the network performance by 5.5 dB in contrast to the performance
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of the asynchronous network. The SAIC technology in the asynchronous network can improve the network capacity by 40%.
l
Improves the KPIs, including mean opinion score (MOS) of the voice service, paging success rate, handover success rate, call drop rate, and traffic volume.
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6
Function Description:
Energy Saving
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Benefits: This function reduces the power consumption of the BTS, reduces the interference within the system, and reduces the inter-modulation within the BTS. Viewed from the whole network, the co-channel interference is reduced. Thus, the network capacity is improved.
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Not all the cells on the existing network are busy all the time. When some cells are idle, some TRXs are sufficient to meet the current traffic requirements. In this case, you can enable the system to shut down idle TRXs to reduce the power consumption of the BTS and the operation expenditure of telecom operators. The intelligent shutdown of TRXs can be enabled at a specific period. After this function is enabled, idle TRXs are shut down to save energy according to the prediction of traffic load and traffic volume. Alternatively, switch on the TRXs that are shut down to enable these TRXs to be available for use anytime. Before shutting down a TRX, the BSC will initiate an intra-cell handover to hand over the calls on the TRX to other TRXs. When there is no call on the TRX, the BSC orders the BTS to shut down the TRX. If some calls on the TRX cannot be handed over, the BSC stops ordering the BTS to shut down the TRX. Generally, channel allocation measures are used together with this function. During channel allocation, channels are allocated to some centralized TRXs. The channels of the main BCCH TRX are preferentially assigned so that the channel utilization of the non-main BCCH TRX is decreased and the overall power consumption of the BTS is reduced. Besides, the BTS allocates channels based on the priorities of TRXs. Channels are preferentially assigned to TRXs with high priorities. In this way, the BSC centralizes busy channels into a few TRXs so that idle TRXs can be shut down as many as possible. Benefits: The power consumption of TRXs in the BTS must be taken into account. This function can reduce the overall power consumption of the BTS without affecting services. In this way, the electricity expenditure of telecom operators is greatly reduced and meanwhile the battery life is improved.
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The function can realize the sharing of the Abis resources among BTSs, cells, or services. Thus the reusability of the resources can be enhanced. The operating costs of the telecom operators can be reduced if the transmission resources are limited, for example, satellite transmission.
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8
8.1 Multi-Cell Function
Function Description: Benefits:
Networking Framework
Under special circumstance, one BTS is required to support more than three cells. Huawei GSM BSS can support up to twelve cells. Huawei BTS3900, BTS3900A, support six cells in one cabinet, and support twelve cells in two cabinets. Under the 900/1800M dual band networking, the operator can use this function to provide twelve 900M and 1800M cells with one BTS, thus saving the investment.
Within this function, one BTS can provide twelve cells, thus saving the investment for the operator.
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9
9.1 MSC Pool
Function Description:
System Reliability
MSC Pool function indicates that a maximum of 32 MSCs form a resource pool to provide network services for the mobile subscribers under one group of BSCs. Through the MSC Pool function, one BSC can be connected with multiple MSCs, and evenly distribute its traffic load to all the MSCs in the resource pool based on the network resource indicator (NRI) and the load sharing principle. The chart below shows the typical network topology for the MSC Pool function. Figure 9-1 Typical network topology for the MSC Pool function
MSC 3 MSC 2 MSC 1 MSC 6 MSC 5 MSC 4 MSC 8 MSC 7
Pool Area 1
Pool Area 2
Pool Area 3
BSC Area 1
BSC Area 2
BSC Area 3
BSC Area 4
BSC Area 5
BSC Area 6
BSC Area 7
BSC Area 8
As shown in Figure 9-1, MCS 1, MCS 2, and MCS 3 form an MSC pool (Pool Area 1). All the calls or data in the tour BSC service areas (BSC Area 1, BSC Area 2, BSC Area 5, and BSC Area 6) are routed to the MSC pool for further processing. The following describes three routing modes:
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Routing by NRI
The NRI is carried in the TMSI of an MS. It is assigned to the MS by the MSC. When the MS needs to use network services, it sends its TMSI to the network. Upon receipt of the TMSI, the BSC resolves the NRI from the TMSI and then routes the services of the MS to the MSC based on the MSC signaling point corresponding to the NRI in the configuration data.
l
In the BSC configuration data, every MSC in the MSC pool is configured with a static load factor, which indicates the load sharing percentage of services shared on each MSC. The BSC routes services to MSCs based on the load factors in a loading sharing principle.
l
Routing by IMSI
When the IMSI carried in the network-initiated paging message is consistent with the IMSI carried in the MS-initiated paging message, the BSC routes the services of the MS to the MSC that returns a paging response. Benefits: The MSCs in the MSC pool bears traffic load evenly and share resources. The MSC Pool function can:
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Improve the network capacity and save the cost of telecom operators Achieve disaster-recovery backup and improve network reliability because the addition or deletion of an MSC does not affect normal services. Automatically balance the traffic load on an MSC and reduce the operation and maintenance cost of telecom operators The MSC pool is logically seen as one MSC. It can reduce inter-MSC handovers and improve network performance.
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Realizes even distribution of traffic among the SGSNs in the pool. Reduces inter-office handover and enhance disaster tolerance. Reduces service interruption during SGSN capacity expansion, and improves working efficiency.
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Speed Coverage
10.1 Fast Move Handover
Function Description: In a fast-moving train, it takes a short time for an MS to move across a cell. Therefore, a handover must be performed quickly. To reduce the failure rate of handovers, a handover must be quickly initiated when required. If the handover fails (for example, the interference occurs to the radio interface suddenly), a second handover must be quickly initiated. Fast PBGT handover algorithm enables the better cell handover in a short period of time. Compared with the existing PBGT handover algorithm, the fast PBGT handover algorithm has the following improvement:
l l
10
Handing over an MS to a proper target cell by predicting the moving direction of the MS. Accelerating the handover decision to improve the handover speed.
Benefits: This function can improve the success rate of handovers in fast-moving environment.
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11
Function Description:
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In the construction phase of the 3G network, operators need to select a proper network planning strategy to ensure that the MS accesses a 2G or 3G network by condition. The decision is made taking into account the coverage of 3G network and the MS compatibility with the 3G network. The 2G/3G Cell Reselection Based on MS State function provides operators with different cell reselection strategies based on different MS states. For example, in the early construction phase of the 3G network, operators expect that the 3G network can load off some traffic of the 2G network. However, the communications in packet transfer state may be interrupted after cell reselection due to incomplete coverage of the 3G network or incompatibility between the MS and 3G network. As a result, the KPIs may be affected. With this function, operators allow the MS in idle state to search for neighbor 3G cells by setting the parameter Qsearch_I to a specific value. Similarly, operators can prohibit the MS in packet transfer state to search for neighbor 3G cells by setting the parameter Qsearch_P to a specific value. In this way, operators can flexibly select 2G network or 3G network according to the MS state. With the GBFD-6201 Network-Controlled Cell Reselection (NC2) function, the BSC controls the inter-RAT cell reselection, allowing the MS in packet transfer state to select a neighbor 3G cell. With this function, however, the MS in packet transfer state is prohibited to select a neighbor 3G cell. Therefore, these two functions are mutually exclusive. This problem can be solved depending on which function operators prefer.
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12
Function Description:
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13
Function Description:
Satellite Transmission
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14
14.1 Enhanced Full Rate
Function Description:
Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) can provide better voice quality. EFR adopts the Algebraic code excitation linear prediction (ACELP) algorithm. Transcoder & Rate Adaptation Unit (TRAU) converts the voice signal received from MSC into frames in the format of 20 ms/frame. A frame of voice data contains 160 PCM sampling points, totally 1280 bit. The output parameters after encoding are 244 bit, making up the 320 bit TRAU frame together with the synchronous header and control parameter. Decoding is a reverse process of coding. After TRAU receives the TRAU frames sent from the BSC, it restores them into speech data by applying decoding algorithm before sending them to MSC. Forced EFR Function enabled in BSC: Provided that the EFR function can help improve the speech quality and both the MS and the BSC support the EFR function, the EFR function can be forcedly enabled on the BSC side if EFR is unavailable because the MSC does not support it. In this case, EFR should be shielded on the MSC side to avoid assignment failure or handover failure. This function is mainly applied in the areas with poor speech quality. Benefits: With this function, the operator can provide better voice quality without affecting the network capacity.
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15
Function Description:
Cell Broadcast
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16
Function Description:
CS General Enhancement
16.2 TFO
Function Description: In a traditional mobile network system which does not adopt the TFO, the voice signals are coded at the calling MS, and then transmitted to the initiatory TRAU for decoding through the radio interface. The decoded PCM dada stream is then transmitted to the terminal TRAU for coding through the 64 kbit/s transmission links, and then transmitted to the receiving MS for decoding through radio interface. The voice signals go through two times of coding and decoding operations. This process is called repeat coding and decoding operations. The TFO is to solve the problem of voice signal loss in repeat coding and decoding operations in the traditional MS-MS calling process. When the calling MS and the receiving MS use the same voice coding scheme, the codec at the initiatory Radio Leg A and the terminal Radio Leg B are disabled. And voice signal are transparently transmitted between the calling MS and the receiving MS. In this case, the voice signal is coded at the calling MS for one time, and decoded at the receiving MS for one time. Repeat coding and decoding operations do not exist. Support for the TFO function of AMR: GBSS8.1 supports the TFO function of AMR to improve the transmission quality of AMR. Benefits:
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The conversation quality is improved effectively for the repeat coding and decoding operations during a call from one MS to another MS is cancelled. Dependency: The path between the initiatory TRAU and the terminal TRAU must be transparent. Both the TRAUs must support the TFO.
VQI quantifies the voice quality in the network and provides the reference for future network optimization, which facilitates the improvement of the network quality. VQI efficiently measures the voice quality in the network, facilitates the quick voice problem locating, and thus effectively reduces the operators O&M cost.
Function Description: VQI establishes the mapping between the radio network performance and voice quality. The VQI value, which helps learn the voice quality, is calculated based on the radio quality parameters of the uplink voice and downlink voice. The VQI value calculation for the voice quality applies the MOS analysis method. MOS is used to assess the quality of the middleand low-rate voice coding. The MOS value ranges from 1 to 5. Based on the five-level MOS analysis method, Huawei further divides the voice quality level into 11 VQIs. The VQI value of the voice quality is obtained through the analysis of the BER, FER, LFE, and CODE of the uplink voice and downlink voice. The quantified voice quality facilitates the voice problem locating and network optimization.
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The enhanced measurement can improve the monitoring capability on the speech quality, enhance the performance of the power control and handover algorithm, and serve as the basis for the interoperability between the GSM system and the WCDMA system and the TD-SCDMA system.
Reducing the number of call drops caused by handover Increasing the success rate of handover Improving the quality of the received signals Increasing the revenue of operators
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insufficient, calls are handed over from full-rate channels to half-rate channels to expand the cell capacity.
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17
17.1 AMR FR
Function Description:
AMR Package
In an environment of some interference, better voice service quality can be provided if the system uses the AMR FR. In the same environment, the voice service quality provided when the system uses the AMR FR is equal to or better than that when the system use the EFR. The AMR is an integration of multiple voice coding and decoding rates. Different coding and decoding rates lead to different rates of voice code streams. The AMR enables the BTS and MS to select an appropriate coding and decoding algorithm, and to adjust the coding rate according to specific radio environment. Therefore, the voice service quality of the whole radio communication system is improved. In an environment of much interference, better quality of voice service can be provided when the system uses the AMR FR than that when the system uses the EFR or FR. And the AMR FR is more robust, with better ability of anti-interface, and is more adaptive to the aggressive frequency reuse. If the voice channel coding rate is higher, the more information of voice features is provided in the coded code stream, and the voice is more realistic, but the less redundancy information is in the code stream, and the anti-interference ability of code stream is poorer. In a hard communication environment, error code may occur and voice frames may be lost, and then voice maybe discontinued. If the voice channel coding rate is lower, the more redundancy information is in the coded code stream and the anti-interference ability and error correction ability of code stream is stronger. Then, the voice is more continued. The AMR FR provides a code rates selection, as shown below.
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Table 17-1 Code rates selection Channel TCH/AFS Coding Rate 12.2 kbit/s 10.2 kbit/s 7.95 kbit/s 7.40 kbit/s 6.70 kbit/s 5.90 kbit/s 5.15 kbit/s 4.75 kbit/s
Benefits:
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Increase the bearable system capacity Enhance the anti-interference ability. Adapt to the aggressive frequency reuse. Improve the network index in an increasing complex radio environment when combining with the frequency hopping technology. Provide a better quality of voice service.
17.2 AMR HR
Function Description: In an environment of some interference, better voice service quality can be provided if the system use the AMR HR. In the same environment, the voice service quality provided when the system uses the AMR HR is equal to or better than that when the system uses the HR. To use the AMR HR function, you must enable the HR function in the system. For better voice quality can be provide when the system use the AMR in an environment of some interference, the AMR HR can be used extensively to enhance the system capacity. When much interference exists and the voice service quality is worse, the system automatically switches to the AMR FR in real-time. And the service quality and system capacity are balanced in real-time. The system can provide good voice service quality to subscribers when the system capacity is extended. The AMR HR provides a selection for coding rates, as shown below.
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Channel TCH/AHS
Coding Rate 7.95 kbit/s 7.40 kbit/s 6.70 kbit/s 5.90 kbit/s 5.15 kbit/s 4.75 kbit/s
Benefits:
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Increase the bearable system capacity Enhance the anti-interference ability. Adapt the aggressive frequency reuse. Improve the network index in an increasing complex radio environment when combining with the frequency hopping technology. Provide a better quality of voice service.
The transmission power is reduced; The MS has a longer standby time. The network interference is reduced. The frequency usage is increased. The network service quality is better.
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18.1 Streaming QoS(GBR)
Function Description: This function improves the radio resource allocation policy of the system:
PS QoS
Providing Streaming QoS (GBR) to support streaming and PoC service Streaming Media and PoC Service.
1) For the MS supporting GBR, the resources are allocated according to the bandwidth negotiated by the network and the MS. 2) For the MS that does not support GBR, the resources are allocated in the BEST EFFORT mode. It works with the SGSN and the MS to establish, modify and delete the PFC, and provides the function for querying specific MSPFC. (This function requires that both the MS and the SGSN support the PFM/PFC procedure, and the license at the PCU side is required). According to the radio environment of the air interface, the air interface resources are dynamically allocated to the MS to ensure that the bandwidth is not less than the GBR. When the air interface resources are insufficient, the system notifies the SGSN. If the BSC/PCU cannot offer sufficient transmission resources for the streaming user with high priority, the transmission resources of the streaming user with low priority will be preempted. If the transmission resources of other streaming users cannot be preempted, the streaming user waits in the queue for the release of transmission resources. If the wait time expires, the access of the streaming user fails because of insufficient resources. This function enhancement ensures that the streaming users with high priority use the transmission resources preferentially. This can reduce access failures due to insufficient resources and improve the experience of the streaming users with high priority.
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For other cases different from the previous two cases, the PCU handles the service requests issued by the MS according to the best effort process. Benefits: Through the function, the operator can configure the QoS data in the HLR for every subscriber according to the subscribers requirements on upload/download speed. As a result, the subscriber with higher requirements on data service can occupy more bandwidth and enjoy higher download speed and better quality of service. The function is applicable to the GPRS and EGPRS data subscribers. The function possesses the following advantages:
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High-end subscribers can enjoy higher download speed, while low-end subscribers are subject to speed restriction. The operator can set more flexible charging policies. The network resources can be put into full play.
The PS Active Queue Management function is applicable to scenarios where congestion may occur because of bandwidth limitation. This function helps maintain high utilization of the bandwidth, shorten the delay of the packet service, and enhance the fairness of the bandwidth sharing among the data flows. The PS Active Queue Management function improves the packet service performance. For example, when large files are involved in the packet service of the MS subscriber, such as FTP downloading and Email sending, this function shortens the service delay and thus improves the user experience.
Function Description: In GSM, the packet service uses TCP/IP in most cases. When multiple connections co-exist, the strong connection in a system may result in long transmission time over the weak connection in the system. For example, there may be an FTP downloading task, which is followed by an HTTP request. In such a case, most of the original link resources may be occupied by the FTP task, and thus the system takes an excessively long time to process the HTTP request. The PS Active Queue Management function provides active queue management and real-time monitoring of the buffer queue to monitor the network congestion. Once the network is congested, the system drops the data packets proactively and adjusts the sending rate at the TCP sending end to maintain the buffer queue at a certain length to ease the congestion. Compared to the reactive queue management (a technique which drops the overflowed packets only when the queue is full), the PS Active Queue Management function eases the
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network congestion caused by the TCP data flow, and thus improves the service throughput and shortens the service delay. The PS Active Queue Management function performs queue management for only interactive services, background services, and services that do not support the QoS. The queue management is not performed for real-time services, such as conversational services and streaming services.
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l l
NACC does not control the MS to implement the cell reselection while it can assist the MS to implement the cell reselection. It fasts the cell reselection. Support for resource reservation in the target cell: When the network receives the cell reselection decision of the MS, it reserves the required radio resources in the target cell to ensure that the MS can obtain sufficient resources for service recovery after reselection. Support for NACC between BSCs or between BSC and RNC: This application enhancement can reduce the delay of cell reselection between BSCs or between the BSC and the RNC. It requires the BSC to support the RIM procedure to obtain the system information of the external cell. During cell reselection, if the BSC has the system information of the external cell, it sends the system information to the MS. Otherwise, the BSC initiates the RIM procedure to request the system information and save the system information for future use. Benefits: The time of data transmission interruption due to cell reselection is reduced, thus improving the user satisfaction. The system transmission bandwidth is reduced because the system information is obtained in the original cell as possible as it can be.
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20.1 GPRS
Function Description:
GPRS/EGPRS Service
Huawei GPRS system is evolved from the GSM system by adding GPRS Support Node (GSN) and Packet Control Unit (PCU) and upgrading the software. GPRS provides data service for the moving subscribers. The Huawei PCU is external. It connects to BSC through Pb interface. GPRS uses open structure, and can implement smooth upgrade. The standard interfaces ensure the compatibility of the equipment. GPRS supports QoS and dynamic allocation of radio resources. At the same time, the flexible networking and configuration can save large amount of investment cost for the operators. M900/M1800 GPRS provides rich packet services, such as,
l l l l l l l l l l
Mobile Internet access E-commerce, including e-bank, e-currency Group management remote control/test Service reservation system, such as, hotel, theater, flight reservation Services base on group-call, such as, stock information broadcasting The BSS GPRS mainly has the following three functions: Radio link management Radio resource management Providing route for the packet data
The GPRS radio link management function includes setting up, maintaining and releasing the radio link. The radio resource management function includes coding/decoding, configuring, multiplexing the radio packet channel, switchover between the circuit traffic channel and the packet traffic channel, controlling the access of the MSs to solve the channel contention, assigning channel for MSs according to the requested QoS. The GPRS system also provides routing function to transmit the packet data to the SGSN and receives the downlink data from SGSN as well. Huawei GPRS supports the following functions:
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Sending packet system information A/B/C three GPRS terminal modes Radio Link Control (RLC) acknowledged mode and non-acknowledged mode
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CS1/CS2/CS3/CS4 four coding schemes NC0 Network control mode Network operating mode I, Network operating mode II, and Network operating mode III QoS, assignment, paging, flow control Dynamic conversion between TCH and PDCH Packet access
20.2 CS-3/CS-4
Function Description: Support CS-3 and CS-4 coding scheme without the need of hardware upgrade. Benefits:
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Adopts CS3/CS4, and improves the GPRS service rate. Improves the packet service performance for areas where the EGPRS is not supported. Improves the satisfaction of subscribers.
20.3 EGPRS
Function Description: The Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is the evolution of the GSM. It greatly improves the data rate of the GSM. EDGE includes a set of enhancement standards for the GSM interface. It enables the GSM network to bear the 3G services. EDGE includes EGPRS and ECSD. The EGPRS is an enhancement of the current GPRS system. It improves the rate of the data channel. EGPRS improves the transmission capability of the single timeslot through adding the 8PSK modulation on the Um interface. It bundles multiple timeslot to improve the transmission capability of a single user. Huawei EGPRS has the following features: MCS1MCS9 Huawei support all nine code schemes for EGPRS, in both uplink and downlink directions. See below for details. Table 20-1 Code schemes for EGPRS Schem e Code rate (Note 2) 1.0 Head er Code rate 0.36 Mo dula tion RLC blocks per Radio Block 2 Raw Data within one Radio Block (Note 1) 2x592 Famil y B C S Tai l pa ylo ad 2x6 HC S Data rate per PDCH kb/s 59.2
MCS-9
2x
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Schem e
Code rate (Note 2) 0.92 (0.98) 0.76 (0.81) 0.49 (0.52) 0.37 (0.40) 1.0 0.85 (0.96) 0.66 (0.75) 0.53 (0.60)
Mo dula tion
Raw Data within one Radio Block (Note 1) 2x544 2x448 592 48+544
Famil y
B C S
Tai l pa ylo ad
HC S
A B
12
8PS K
2 1
1 1 1
MCS-2 MCS-1
1 1
224 176
Incremental redundancy and link adaptation EGPRS adopts two link quality control methods: Link Adaptation (LA) and Incremental Redundancy (IR). The incremental redundancy uses software bit combination to increase the data rate. It initially uses a coding with very less error protection. When information is received incorrectly, additional coding is transmitted and then soft combined in the receiver with the previously received information. Soft-combining increases the probability of decoding the information. This procedure will be repeated until the information is successfully decoded. Huawei support incremental redundancy both for downlink and uplink directions. EGPRS code scheme dynamic adjustment This is a link adaptation mode similar to standard GPRS. The system can dynamically adjust the EGPRS code scheme basing on BEP report from the mobile and BLER information, in order to achieve the best transmission result. Dynamical additional sub-timeslot The dynamic additional sub-timeslot technology can well solve the transmission of the CS-3 and CS-4 on the G-Abis interface. The dynamic additional sub-timeslot technology is to assign a static 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot and a dynamic 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot on the G-Abis interface for each PDCH using CS-3 or CS-4.
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
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EGPRS BSS can support the MCS3MCS9 without upgrading the hardware of BTS, BSC, and PCU. At the same time, the multiplexing of the G-Abis interface is maximally improved. Thus, the investment on the G-Abis interface transmission equipment is saved. The assignment strategies of 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot are shown below: Table 20-2 Number of 16 kbit/s timeslot on the Abis interface Coding scheme MCS1MCS 2 MCS3MCS 6 MCS7 MCS8MCS 9 Assigned 16 kbit/s timeslot on Abis interface 1 2 3 4
In PS domain, the transmission resources on the Abis interface are allocated based on 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot. A main timeslot is allocated to the PDCH, and then additional timeslots are allocated in steps of 16 kbit/s based on the required coding rate on the Um interface. Huawei adopts 16 kbit/s as the unit so that bandwidth usage is greatly improved and bandwidth is saved as much as possible. The EGPRS capable MS and GPRS capable MS can be multiplexed onto the same EDGE PDCH. The EGPRS MS uses the MCS coding scheme, and the GPRS MS uses the CS coding scheme. Benefits: The operator can use the current frequency spectrum to provide high-speed packet service, thus increasing the revenue.
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Function Description: SN 1 2 Type of Preferred Channel GPRS channel Common EGPRS channel
The channel is preferentially used by the EGPRS service. When the channel is completely idle, the GPRS service can use it. If the EGPRS service, however, needs to seize the channel, the GPRS service should release the channel. (The EGPRS and GPRS services cannot multiplex the EGPRS preferred channel.) For the EGPRS service only
Timeslot-level dedicated channels are supported. The EGPRS user rate is guaranteed. The EGPRS dedicated channel is especially suitable for the important applications such as service presentation hall, Olympic stadiums, and high-end office buildings.
The EGPRS dedicated channels can be configured into static channels only. The other three preferred channels can be configured into static channels or dynamic channels. The BSC6000 allows the GPRS and the EGPRS to use different channel dispatching policies.
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When the system allocates PDCHs: For the GPRS services, the precedence order of channel assignment is as follows: GPRS channel > EGPRS normal channel > EGPRS priority channel. For the EGPRS services, the precedence order of channel assignment is as follows: EGPRS special channel > EGPRS priority channel > EGPRS normal channel. It is prohibited that the GPRS end users use uplink channels and the EGPRS end users use the downlink channels. The co-timeslot of the EGPRS and the GPRS can occur on only common EGPRS channels. The system can prevent the EGPRS downlink and the GPRS uplink from multiplexing the same PDCH by setting "whether the system allows the EGPRS downlink and the GPRS uplink to multiplex the same channel". If you want to eliminate the possibility of EDGE/GPRS co-timeslot, do not configure EGPRS normal channels. Benefits: By adding service channel types, the function can satisfy the operators requirements for defining various policies to increase operation revenues. The lower multiplexing rate of EGPRS services and GPRS services helps improve the EGPRS service rate so that overall network performance is improved and customer experience is enhanced.
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Function Description:
Helps to improve the uplink rate. Realizes the transmission of large data traffic on the uplink. Improves the subscribers satisfaction.
22.2 DTM
Function Overview The dual transfer mode (DTM) function allows simultaneous transfer of CS service and PS service. That is, a subscriber can send photos and browse websites while having a call. The 3G network provides concurrent CS service and PS service. With the DTM function, a GSM network can provide its subscribers with services similar as that provided in a 3G network. In addition, in areas with insufficient 3G coverage, subscribers can access the services that are similar to 3G services through the 2G network by using the DTM function. Benefits
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The DTM function supports simultaneous processing of the CS service and PS service. The PS service can be used without interrupting the CS service. DTM allows the implementation of concurrent CS service and PS service in a 2G network. The concurrent CS service and PS service is originally available only in a 3G network. The DTM function is the foundation for the concurrent CS service and PS service. For example, the Class11 DTM function and HMC DTM function are both based on the DTM function.
With the development of time, the new point of profit growth shifts to the data service. The concurrent CS service and PS service becomes the new requirement. Without the DTM function, only the class A mobile phone with complex hardware supports the concurrent CS service and PS service. Due to the complexity of the class A mobile phone, few manufacturers provide such mobile phones. With the DTM function, the class B mobile phone can support the concurrent CS service and PS service, which lays the foundation for wide application of data services. With the interaction between the CS service and PS service and the multimedia services provided by the operators, the call duration prolongs and a large amount of data traffic is generated. This can bring the operators considerable revenue increase. Function Description: DTM is a 3GPP-defined standard function. DTM implements the simplified class A mobile phone operation, that is, the concurrent CS service and PS service. In DTM mode, the CS resource (TCH) and PS resource (PDCH) are allocated to the mobile phone simultaneously. According to the multislot capability of the mobile phone, different number of channels can be allocated to the MS in the uplink and downlink to meet the requirement for different bandwidth. DTM supports MS multislot class 5 and all higher classes. According to the MS multislot capability, a maximum of two channels can be allocated to the MS in the uplink or downlink with one channel for CS service and the other for PS service. The DTM function must be enabled along with the A interface collaboration paging function. In such a case, the mobile phone is able to accept the paging request of the CS domain from the A interface while engaging in the PS service. When DTM is enabled in a cell, the BSC that serves the cell supports the A interface collaboration paging function. For an MS supporting DTM, when the MS initiates a location update request in CS mode, the CS channel (FACCH or SDCCH) can be used for the location update and no separate PDCH is required. This saves the PS channel resources. In DTM mode, the MS can establish a PS connection only after a CS connection is established. If an MS engaged in the PS service needs to switch to DTM mode, the TBF must be released first; after that, the MS switches to CS mode and establishes a TBF connection; at this time, the MS can work in DTM mode. The following figure illustrates the state transition in DTM mode.
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Function Description:
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24.1 Gb over IP
Function Description:
Gb IP
The Gb over IP function enables the operators to create IP transmission between the PCU and the SGSN and to increase transmission modes. Thus the operators can fully utilize the characteristics of IP transmission and save the transmission cost. The function can simultaneously support two end-to-end communication modes between the PCU and the SGSN: frame relay (FR) and IP network. The NS module chooses different uplink and downlink handling processes based on transmission modes. The FR uplink and downlink handling process is performed according to the existing implementation mode. For the network transmission mode, the uplink and downlink handling process of the IP network is used. With the growth of the packet data services, the requirement for the Gb bandwidth increases. The function enables the IP header to be compressed and the data over the Gb interface to share the transmission bandwidth. Thus the transmission efficiency is enhanced and the transmission cost is reduced. After the characteristics of the function are used, the Gb interface maintenance commands of the system become simple, the maintenance process is simplified, and the fault location and troubleshooting methods are diversified. Benefits:
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Reduces the cost of network investment. Adopts IP transmission to simplify the network maintenance, and reduce operation cost and maintenance expense. Adopts IP transmission to increase the bandwidth over the Gb interface. As a result, the Gb interface no longer restricts the subscribers bit rate. Facilitates the provisioning of the SGSN pool function.
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