\

: i$-i;; i$':-{}i

RECOMMEI\DEDMETHODOLOGY FOR BORET) - CAST.II{-SITULAND PILES

A) GENERAL
Area for piling shall generallybe dry and level. If piling area is marshy,it is desirableto fill the entire area or area of piling and with CMS and planning Dept. and decision approaches.This has to be discussed taken accordinglY. 3 m below GL. This clearly indicatesthat area is to be excavatedsubsequently. piling area may be excavatedin advancefor piling to final Hence, in such cases, upto that level and planned level provided ground water level is not encountered piling will be completedin advanceof monsoon. In such a caseproper drainage facility have to be made availablefor flowing the water/slurrywhich may result from piling operation. B ) P I L E P O I N T SA N D B E N C H M A R K S pile points (locations)as given in the constructiondrawings need to be transferred to ground. This has to be done with respect to reference co-ordinate axes axes are to be locatedsuch outsidethe piling area. Theseco-ordinate established or by that they are not disturbed construction any otheractivities. axestemporarybench marks closeto work areaneedto be Along with co-ordinate should be so locatedand fixed in such a manner established.Thesebenchmarks that they are not disturbedby any activity. For executionof the pile aI any point, piles points (centre of the pile) are to be markedwith the help of co-ordinateaxes. Generally all the pile points in the group are to be marked at one time unlessgroup is very large. to Subsequent marking of the pile points piling rig (hydraulic or tripod) is to be movedto one of the pile points. of If piles are in a group, selectionof the pile point and sequence movementfor executionin the pile group shouldbe suchas to facilitateeasydisposalof pile muck and easy movement of the piling rig without getting disturbedthe piles executed, etc. of For different size group of 3, 4,5, 6, piles and much largerpile group sequence in piling is as suggested the Appendix I enclosed.

E 5l-{}r{R-t}}

Ftltt I F{TnRXAL {.'tR{,Lit,.ATl{.}ry t"}' $h

C) PILING WITH OR WITHOUT PERMANENTLINER F Majority of the pilesarewithoutpermanent liners. F Permanent liner maybe specified clientin somecases by includingits thickness and depth. In somecases client may speci$ only the depthof permanent liner. The thickness thelineris to be decided us. of by F In someothersituation suchaswhenpiling is donein dry river bedareaor piling is donewith earthen embankments, permanent liner needs be driven/instalied to ulpto scourlevelandlittle deeper. Necessary guidelines these on linersaregivensubsequently boulders, etc. Theseare very specialcases; they needto be discussed with HO CMS/Group Heads/Experts. general In methodology execution for with temporary linersshall be avoidedunless approval obtained is from CMS/Group Head/Experts. D) FIXING OF GUIDE CASING FOR PILES WITHOUT LINERS Guidecasing generally is made lOmmthickplatewith collarat thetop. of Insidediameter guidecasing of shallbe equalto diameter pile specified. of Guidecasing to be installed advance pile boringoperation.^ is in of Centre guidecasing of shallbe centre the pile. of Guidecasing shallbe drivenor installed vertically. Guidecasingshallbe drivenor installed I .5 to 2m belowthe groundlevel when at cut off is within the depthand guidecasingtip is about250mmbelow the cut off level. ) For deeper off guidecasingis to be drivenor installed cut around 250mmbelowthe off level.'''Guide casingshouldproject generallyt/z meterabovethe ground :rrt level. F.',,Inease hydraulicrig guidecasingshallneverbe drivenby Kelly. Generally of in ':'suchacase boringis to be doneby bucketwith adjustable e*i"nsionscrapper. (Fig.l)
\r

F F ) ) F F

AN-L DJ}IiNSII]NS ARf iN MI"'

E n{-0t{R-t}} Hence,one shouldbe able to makebore hole of diameterequalto outsidediameter of the guide casing. After making such a bore hole, guide casing-ispushedby to up Kelly. However,somemovement anddown and sidewayswill be necessary at the ensure guidecasingis properlyinstalled the location. Actuallocationis to be points. by ascertained threeref. measurement ) Oncethe guide casingis installedto the requiredlocationand verticalitythe gap if by the between guidecasingandgroundis to be sealed stiff clay. However, such and from borehole, sealingcan be donewith stiff bentonite clay is not available sand mix. may {lPdown nearto the groundlevel,guidecasing of F In case soft soil underlying, fix backh,oldingarms to duringthe boring operation.To preventthis, it is desirable ',.L. flap to the guidecasingasshownin Fig.2 ,1.'*u, ':i'"tt ,-, ,...,.,,,''*" "'' " t ' 't

""Guidecasingdia. 40mm biggerthan pile dia.

Fig.2 : GuideCasing

g s,l-ol {lt-{}} that boredmuck is not dumped of up F To speed the progress the work andto ensure to it n.u.by pilei to be donesubsequently, is desirable fix suchguidecasingat all pile pointsin a groupwhen the numberof piles in the groupsare6 or less. For six for atleast surrounding piles. to iurg.r pile $roup,it is desirable fix guidecasing E) PILES WITH PERMANENT LINER liners,full or part lengthof pile, may be providedin the following cases ) Permanent as for pilesexecuted landPiles: bY * Whenspecified the client liner is to be provided permanent * Pilesare in scour zonearea. ln sucha case, dePth. minimumlm belowthe scour rock or hard clay linersareprovidedupto weathered permanent * In rackerpiles duringpilingoperation. whicharestable 4mm to 6mm asnotedbelow: vary between of F Thickness linersgenerally by as * Thickness specified theclient it by * Whennot specified the client,generally is 4mm thick upto and including or by pile providedtheselinersareinstalled vibro hammer, onemeterdiameter to installedsubsequent boring if the stratais stable,or during the boring to but progressively subsequent boring. operation morethanonemeterandevenupto 1.5m. a 6mmthick for diameter on * Whendiameterof liner/pileis morethan800mmstiffnersarenecessary top aswell asbottomuptoandincludinglm diameter.For morethan lm diameter, stiffnerswill be requiredat regularintervalof 2m or so. This is inspitethe by linersarg,driven, vibro-hammer. liner may be providedfrom cut off to aboutVzm *, For deepcut off separate this to ahovegioundlevel (Ref.Fig 3). This will enable remove portionof liner and This will minimizethewastage ubou. .i:,.,,,,'.:: cut off and allow to userepeatedly. ''t..,, progress. allow,faster

CASTIN SITULANDPILES BORED

:4:

4NosAT SPICIIIED TOCATION

IOOMMLONG ISMCT64NOS

6MMPIATIlOOMM LONG&\IIDTH60MM
IOOMMLONG ISMC75

6MMPLATIlOOMM IONG&IITDTH60MM IOOMMTONG ISMC75

tlMR [xrsTING tYL ToPr cRo[T{G

F'ig.3 SeparateLiner abovecut off for easyremoval & re-use

i}{-tf} 8.1'I-{it

D BORING TOOLS
$

a) Size/diameterof the tools

they shouldbe etc') areordered' chisels, buckets, whennew tools(auger, Generally the diameterof the pile generally25 to 30mm less in iiameter than made required/sPecified. Theseinitialdiameterswillkeepdecreasingwithwearandtearonuse. by more than 75mm of pile diameter of ln no casediameter tools shouldbe leis

ffiffi*

by hardfacing. welding. suctrweidingis to be doneregularly

by reduced wearandtearetc')by (when of thetoorcanbe increased

b) Typesof Tools

Basedonthesoilstrataboringtoolsareselected. i.Boringinclay/sandyorsiltyclayohighlyweatheredrock/murumetc used(referFig'a) F ln ,u.h ,ur", soil augeris generally

Fig' 4 Soil Auger with Teeth

Thesoilcomingoutoftheaugeronboringcanbedumpedoutonground rotationof the auger' reverse ui rtrutio", ,p.iifi.d by speedy

E lt-{}t {R-{}} F Sometimesfor stiff/sticky clay we may have to use spadeto remove the excavated soil stuckedto augerby using shover(Ref. Fig 5)

All dimensions rr rrm (Fiq. not to scqle)

) oil auger arsobe usedin softmurum, can highryweathered rockiwith of N sPTaround once pire r00. the boring prog"r.u, J.il;;;;#:m per hour,we muststopuseof soil auger.
u.l

Boring in CoarseSand,Non-cohesive soil F In suchstrata, of soil bucket prefened. use is (Ref.Fig 6)

Fig. 6 Soil Bucketwith Teeth

F It is alwaysprefened usetapered to bucketto minimizesuction effects whileextracting toor(Fig 6). Taper gene;atty the is r H ro r 0_20 v. ) The abovearethe broadguideiines. However,so' augerand so' bucket can be exchanged actual/local if experience indicates betterprogress with alternative thansuggested tool above.

tr [I-01(R-0]

lll

Boring in weatheredrock and rock rock augerwith spikes/bits/billets' to F In suchstratait is preferred usethe (Fig.7)
iq

Fig. 7 Rock Auger with sPikes

thoughthey are to > lt is desirable use 3zmm spikesthan 25mm spikes c o s t l y . l f i t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t s t r a t a i s h i g h l y w e a t25mm ratherthan s p i k e s heredand25mm tesswith usedand cost per meteror rpil. is can be then 32mmsPikes, use25 mm sPike' (spike)in the samebore > when we haveto changeZlmmio :z-r billet to hole,it is not desirable use25mmbillets' DDuringboringoperationifitisouse*"othatoneofthebilletsisdamaged, will also imm.oiut.ty. otherwiseotherbillets then it shouldbe replaceo

'-o'n..*ise it with F While,boring spikes, is essential externar have we toadd H:f#T,i:#iliJ;il1;;;1

water.

get damaged faster'

'n the r,^, +^ ensure ^-^.,*o tlt:1}']r:^tt^Yltt-].1.'.."t r1 to

1t-iit {td-{}.$

(Fig 8) will be more bucketwith spikes thanabove F Boringin harderstrata effective.

Fig.8 Rock Bucketwith spikes

G) BORING IN ROCK rock with N > 200 is difficult if that it F Generally is observed boringin weathered is torqueof the machine 13 t.m or lessand we may haveto use highertorque machine. hydraulicrig if torqueis 18mt.m or lessand we may haveto usehighertorque machine. mechine. capacity difficultandwe mayhaveto usehigher we methodunless go for very high in D Hence, hardrock , we haveto adoptalternate only in very few boreholes rig. In caseboringis limitedand hydraulic capacity by boringcanbe accomplished heavyweightchisel. then'further it of for boringand/or largenumber boreholes, is desirable for ) Flowever, substantial by dia percussion drillingmethod. In suchpilesboring150mm borehole to adopt for 20 spaced to 25cmapartandto depthrequired boring downthe holeshammer or rock bucket. and arecarriedout first. Thenchiseled thenboredby rock auger H) PILE BORING boring by F After installingguidecasing/ liner, boring commences usingsuitable tool. linersare to be avoided liner, temperory F Majority of piles are withoutpermanent case. in except very special slurry of by are of F In absence liner,boreholesides maintained circulation bentonite in strata. except stable

il ls-{}1 {{q-tli head of slurry and to a certainextentbecause the positivehydrostatic of bentonite slurryandhigherheadof the same' hijtrer densityof bentonite resultingnfrom betweent'06 - l'l slurry is geneiallymaintained Densityof hydritedbentonite F gm/cc / upto maintained top of guidecasing liner' slurryis generally D Bentonite beforecirculationof the slurry' For hydiatioi of bentoniteis esseniial F Complete for for atleast 24 hourspreferably 48 hours' this,tentonit. i, hydrated :meetthefollowingrequirements should F Qualityof bentoniie Liquid limit (LL) > 40004 pHValue < 11.5 content <lo Sand MarshConeviscocityshouldbearound35.42seconds be free Differential swellshould morethan300% testing facilities and above F We shall have laboratoryat site with the above regularlywhen new shouldbe testedin our site laboratory of properties bentonite in is for equipments this purpose indicated supplyis received.List of laboratory No Appendix 2 (at sample leastone in 3'd lot; to outside we F OccasionallY shouldsendbentonite
laboratory. allowing settlementof bored Bentonite slurry can be reused on circulation after materials. AppendixNo.3,AppendixNo.4&AppendixNo.5respectivelyindicatethe following:provide decantingunit (Appendix Bentonitesrurry flow rine diagramwith option to

No.3) (Appendix tank with partitionand verticalpump's panelboard' > M.S. bentonite No,4) tripod and vertical pump F Bentoniteslurry circulation pit near pile bore with for No' (Appendix 5) whichis used circulation'

chainwith doneby measuring of F Measurement lengthof pile borehole is generally rod weight(steel etc.)at thebottomend' heavy be doneby depthindicator can rig, P In caseof ,t',. t',yOru,rlic the measurement also onein that it t.g"rutry. Hence, is recommended atleast to whichneeds be calibrated by needs t0 be measured 10 bore holes, when bored with hydraulic rig, that ihe calibrationof depthindicatoris OK or chain, to ascertain measurement otherwise.

t, ha-{tt {Bt-{}! J) FINAL DEPTHOF BORING ) Finaldepthshallbe asspecified drawing. in ) Finaldepth ?nay specified termsof founding be in levelor in termsof pile length. ) This is donegenerally whenthe founding stratum soil. is depthin such may be specified termsof socketlengt[. Socketlengt[ in _strata specified be in meter in terms diameter thepile url D, 2 D or 3D, eJc. may or of of whereD is pile diameter. respect lowerdepth shown Fig 9. to as in

COruCT PILE SOCTETING

Fig. 9 Pile Socketing SlopingRock on In pile group if foundingdepths between piles vary significantly, shouldbe it brought the attention H.O. Variationis considered to of significant variationis if more than 200 to the horizontal between the founding depths of piles in consideration. Similarly, duringboringat commencement hard stratalweathered of rock/rock kelly slides, is an indication slopingof suchstrata this should brought th! it of and be to attention Project of Manager that duecarecanbe takenwhile providingsocket so length, etc.

K) FABRICATION & HANDLING OF REINFORCEMENTCAGES P Cages mustbe fabricated a fabrication in area.

E M.OI (R-O}

platformby providingT! cm chairs on cageto be fabricated elevated F Reinforcement

Fig'l0A) out made of 2s;;Dia reinforce3ff:bfnf;.:i39:.i# tr9,y*i(Refer

rlngs in staggered fashlon

rt'--

k'eq, gli*{"''"' ..,,,,,

platform' Co Fig. l0A Cag. b"t.g fabficated on elevated

gradeasthat of shallbe diameter F Coverblocksof suitable of ided at & pile concrete properlyvibrated. fashion l%to 2 m in staggered not very effectivein heavY > PVC coverblocksareavail not cages.Therefore length projected ,d$ojecting. In any case, D Useproperlength (ReferFig. 10B) corrosion. prevent of bindingw

B.qisforqfficnt SDrrl
__ ' (]ovd vlre Elndlng ProjFrttrg ttevotrd ewelr orrtrvsrcls cDvsr corrcrete the (irrcorrect t'ractlce)

*l

RanfqtcGm@t
ltlocl.

v,ire Bi.rdinq Proiecting ir1lrt'ds {rorrect tice) Ttffiic

ELEVATIOFI
Rilforcemat Cav6blgsk

25tt@

covCr

Fig.10B

cageshowingbinding wire protruding Reinforcement insidethe cageto preventcorrosion'Binding Wire projectedoutsiO.is bad practiceand shouldbe avoided'

Pt.4tr!

t . . \ t - i l t{ } { _ { } } ) Reinforcement rods at the pile tip end should not have L bend (as in Fig.

Reinfbrcement with 'L' neno pit. tip -To t ffili?i cage at

If insistedby client,provide L bendnot more than20 to 50 mm. This is on account of quality consideration.Such L bend to the reinforcement cagefor the pile at the tip would prevent proper cleaning of muck at pile tip and al"soobstruct flow of concrete (ReferFig. l2)

Soil Not Concrete

Fig. l2 Tip of Pile-Notethe taper and soil within the reinforcement cage

Also, the L bend to the reinforcementcagewill prevent the reachingof treamiepipe to the pile tip. Cover blocks are to be provided on helic alllateralreinforcement in such a way that they are at threelocationson the periphery,and at 2 m c/cstaggered maintaining for the reinforcement cageto the true..ntr. of the pile bore. This will also help us in maintainingrequisiteconcrete coverto the pile reinforcement cage(Refer Fig. l0) Tie/nylon ropes on both the ends of reinfoicement cage to avoid swinging of cages while loading and unloading.

E l\'E-{}1 {{{.-{}}

be handledwith lifting cagesof full lengthbars should reinforcement of cage >> Fabricated beam to pievent buckling and distorting atta.fr.Olo the spreader sling Fig. 13) (Refer I
lO sPF'EAl)EFl gEA^,'
TFTING SL.TNG

m or as required-------{;>:)

cOt/ER BLOCK

y:F:',EE:EH'EEX5:', 'trflirz'Er#?Erfrfr s.,,,E^"ArrcAf f f ryqs*5y',-P::#1fl',f,f AM EE s' R sFt'#g^tf5f{!E:q'6ar:f{FEH##;7;ri:r;L-i"n-ribEaaean' DE

f5*3iI'5F 3ffi,%5;'ii.fu d' dF'iFnea beam Fig. l3 SPreader

p<EINFoRc;EMgNT CAGE

frg frZ{,iF'l','i'#f ifrE'p'.LrNroRc,E.r.Er'tr

C.AGE

madetrailer(ReferFig' 1a) on cages specially reinforcement these >' Transport

5 CM PIPES

TOHNG BAR A HOOK \

MAY BE TOEDBY TRACTOR

SKEfCH: -tnanspontat,on

d;;

madeTrailer on Cages specially Fig. l4 Reinforcement

ili

RtrNFoRcEiitENT '-ot oF PILE TRALER' -cbr"tnnox^- FABRTcATEo

L)

WERING OF REII{FORCEME after cleaningthe bore hole "il;ur. cage shourdbe roweredimmediately Reinforcement oi tripod piling, cageis lowered of piling by Rotary;; bottom,in case beforecleaningborehole bottom'

il $,1-{}r i}r-Fi D Lower the reinforcementcage one after the other vertically down without touching

or scrapping verticalsides pile bore(ReferFig. 15a & b) the of

Led 0l Sstqde

l-oq Rinforcssrt CqeV[1ti ScEpa liE S& 0f Pile Bm lide 8m fHWi Efllqrle SlfryIn CircMlI.

Sdif,slation d &EFCdinF Etc. Pile Al Ip

Fig. l5 a) Lowering of reinforcementcageby Tripod and scrapinsthe pile bore sides

Fg' 5 b)r'ow;ili i :ff 'ffil:[

;::: H:i"r

rv n Cranc g usi

Welding,couplingorlandtying of the cages in-situconditionhasto be caried out expeditiously. Use earthingcable to preventelectrocution and leakageduring welding. For economic consideration, couplers usedin joining reinforcement are bars(Fig. 16),generally bars25mmandabove, for ratherthanoverlapping (Economics needs to be workedout)

Fig. 16 Reinforcement Bars with Couplers

[- \l-{}t {Ft-$}

bars' at leastin alternate couplerswhenusedneedto be staggered lifting and cage in the centreof pile bore by position the entire reinforcement

of for welding thefull length the including of i-fl;'j|lf,Jtoror.r,of lowering cages for generaiyin 75 minutes bore
time ln pile boreshouldbe completeO a ihortest crane' t/zhourfor boredepthupto 55 m with supporting depthof upto40 m to 2

M) PILE TIP ZONE CLEANING to mucksat the pile tip needs be th1 depth, l.oose founding the on reaching required cleanedproperly.otherwiseendbearingresistancewillbelost. the for cleaning pile tip' is Thefollowingprocedure to be adopted jiuning can be achieved usingthe cleaning by In caseof hydraulicrig effective
bucket'

iuctt ct.aningis donebefore cage is loweredvertically without that reinforcement Hence,it is very essential of sides thePilehole' scrapPing onceagainby o..As to Uewithdiawnandcleaning reinforcement.ug. cage;hen bucketis essential' the cleaning can be cageis not to be withdrawn'cleaning if )> Alternatively, the reinforcement oftripodpill"-g'-,^-^ as (Rentonite doneby nMc method in case L.. r\ira^+nr rMrrrl (Bentonite Director_Mud

';lowered. , - - ^ L ^ r ^ - ^ + the reinforcement trarai caget:

"

f,f";.'ffiH;fiiTi.;ffi ffnju3J

(DMC)o, n*.rrz slurrv)circulation

bv ,"uy done 9. by (RMC)or using Method vui circulation

air. compressed > l n D M C a n d R M C m e t h o d , c l e a n i n g s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t t i l l aatm u c k cis m e s o ll o when densityof slurry outset to, proper cleaningis considered t! achieved cleaningof 45 minutesand 30 slurry. po, trri, generally closeto freshbentonite by DMC & RMC is when cleaning- donerespectively minutesare recommended by specified the client' be shourd avoidedunress air compressed creaning il:y* stratumat the a " Evenwhen specified the client it shouldnot be usedin case by level' founding soil at the levelis soil. Useorro*fr.rsed air disturbs founding rock/rockstrata' Use of compressed it > If specified, can only be usediri weathered minutes' in can air cleaning be achieved about15

i.: :l -{}1{Ed-t}}

{}}i l-v J At, F{}lt lHTErIthi {--lR{:{ LATI{}H

N)E
Kelly the kelly initially very fast'Raise boringdo not withdraw/extract While soil of dense/compact at pile tip' of to avoidcreation suction";i^i;";;"1ng slowly t" *tiifor V' amin' andthenwithdraw Withdraw1 or 2m slowly in a minute"t

toor with istobeadopted boring i'e'bailer ilt:igTil$:1T,ffltffitlprocedure

hole'Use slurry bentonite in thebore unhydrated orpour iiJJ:lil"?"il1o.ntonite

"

the be2 prererabrvtimes shourd tank , :.q,3llrlifrT*ffi;?,:":,:|llt;"."ge bore get in pile etc. ba'er/chiser stuckthe the pilehore, liii,".n as bore HtJffi:1ff3,]'fJ,ru kept.* ,ir."rrtion till thJ tool/Kety is in slurry shouldbe " benntonite
h o l e . o t h e r w i s e e x t r a c t i o n w r l l b e m u c h m o r eadjacentt . D u r i n g t h e b o r i n g d i f f r c u lpile locationsto be shouldnoi b. dumpedon-the pile muck operation, on ,uU"qt"ntty (Fig' 17)or eve-n qitts q:T.::l:t1'^^"tinn nnrl remove i1 executed and location removeit thesoilat identified A'r'"T'*;;ffit;Tillrt"t'r%'il;; as dumPer shownin Fig 17' or thereaftL, dumpoir..iiy into the immediately ,

Practice Present
,' i tr -" J - , , - - - ' 'tI] I r 1.'"'.. -'-- - '. - " : ' - ' ,;

llethod $uggeeted
TmorarY ilryer To ba rsoverl imdiatelY

"-i---" t1

\,

i
lil |
H

llucT
i. '-'-'+.

) Soring il l ( t\-___,/ Prograsr

/

l/--\

'i

: ' - " - - ' - r - ' ' { ':' } \r____,/

hlpk

-{-"*

",

'l

of Fig.17:DumPing PileMuck slurry is usedfor boring' shift wherebentonite D Cleanthe Ketly at the endof the

[-ATt {} H {} ili l-Y trth Ffl ;t i N'f F, :\ !-' {-lI tt{-l{-j

il hI-{}l {R-{}}

pile' bore hole with grill to avoid the boring operationcoverthe >' After completing etc' into theborehole' falling of human'antmals' accidental final depth' This ,ouy be encount...ou.r*e the boulder., F In certaincaseslsolated deployu p.,,u"ion with grill or fill with sand' F CoverttrecompititOUotthole O) PILE CONCRETING

d to e an c n d e n c beas rtaie bas o t". i"ii *" tll::i*l':::l"t iitmav desirabre 'o'L' be o'u'a :L'"1;';:ffi1:l 1:

ff".n":;'ffi;-Jft:i'il"o11lio.r;;;;;\same' the to drill machine ascertain

only' shallbe doneby tremiemethod Pile concreting water concretingand hence' tremi. concr.ti;;ir not under It is to be notedthat cementon this account' there is no needof extra 107o is usedfor concreting'However' linsioeoiameter) tremie';i't00,"* the aggregate Generally 6 timesthe maximumsizeof t. of the n.r"i. StroutO utttu't diameter
used in concreting used concreting . r - ^--^na.. of 40mm' then we should use ,-" ^-*-ano,,o ^r ^omm then we should use 4omm",f with maximum size of aggtegate When concreting

tremieof 250mmor so'

trery9'n'"tl:d':i'Tl:i:l1li:,Tll#i'f,liit?f,1';::; bv we concreting when do

lJJ"'#LTHffi'ffi i:f, 5,'Tii $i;:,il'#.:"lJf .,m*:t1'J[i'"ff ?TT'inilil',il:'T,f'Tffi essential r#iril,""'".ii:::lil*:*X,'*::Provide isnot

ff 11?T"#;nffiffiu2; iil;ise, suchitup. -

6n Fa'mate

r6ad Of Tromro PiPa

+mgf#'f,#:g#'5#-$,9*.*

rffii

2n Joning M'l.a And F"flat.

PtPa

H&ade ot Tlemia

il ru{-*E {R-{}}

F'$RTHTSRTAL {IIRilIJLATI{}H {}NLY

Fig.22)for air voids present concrete in cubesandreductionin strength of concrete with air voids.
Lot of Air Voidsin Concrete Cube - Unacceotable

00 tr a

b0 0

5
Percentage ofVoids Typical relationship between loss of strength and air voids in concrete

Fig.22

of At beginning the concreting tremieshould reston boreholetip. platein hopper Pourhopper with covering bottom. To begin with numberof transit mixers with concreteshouldbe suchthat we are ableto to havecontinuous concreting around to beginwith. 3m if This means we are concreting dia pile, we shouldhave2 transitmixersof 5 2m cum./6cum.each. After filling hopper with concrete, bottomplateis to be withdrawnandtremielifted by 254 to 300mmto allow the concrete flow easily. There after concreting to beforethe hopperget emptyatleast shouldbe continued upto around3m pile length. Concretefor pile should have minimum l50mm slump preferably 180 mm to 200mmslumpat the pouringpoint. Tremie pipes should always be 1.5m to 2m into the concreteexcept for the beginningof the concreting operation. Tremieconcreting process shouldbe continuous If withoutstoppage. thereis slight in receivingthe concrete the pile location,tremie shouldbe movedup and delay at down continuously that concrete so doesnot set. In casetremie comesout suddenlyout of concrete, tremie shouldbe pushedback immediately. If thereis a stoppage longertime and concrete set,then precautions stated for is as - Section need be taken. in IS 291I PartI 2 to :18:

Effi

LANDPILES N..I CAST SITU

thetimeof in urinJrr;lr;* illyhich helps reducing are u.niies threaor.r, ' days to of po-ssiUiiity leakage a certainextent
and concreting helpsin minimirGttt.

lrenie of Dehils lhmnllets

o n { lo*iu rEF cl0

inmm Aldimensionsare

tremre' threadless possible to Hence,it is advised useasfar as cut off level Concretinginpileshouldbecontinuoustillthepileisbuiltupabove cut when ofris 1.5mor less is .^yt above otrrever300mm,1.5mbelow groundlevel, ?iiJiliffi1t#* at depthmore than from groundtevel]ror cut off level thisconcretedlengthistobeincreasedbysommforevery300mm.

TNSITU LAND PILES

VEL VEC F GREEN CONC level, concreteabovethe cut to After completingthe pile concrete required green stageonly. That meansit shouldbe removed off is to be removedin usoon the after completing concreting. level. It canbe +f 25mm from cut off Removalneednot be to very accurate level. Even if it is -25mm from cut off level, it is OK becausepiles always in penetrate around75mminto the pile cap and gradeof concrete pile cap is of samegradeor highergradethan in pile. by manually usingtumbler. removed is concrete generally level,green tool by may be removed usingthe scooping asshowninFig24.

?
g
tl

CONCNETE SC-OOPINGTOOL

E $
*
grn n|E Pletc Xrldrd to Scooptng Cone f,tth l{h.r'od I nor rtlffnar

PUW

Fig.24

Removalof greenconcreteby scooping

el
SS

el,

is Once the concrete removedto requiredlevel i.e. closeto cut off level, concretebelow the cut off level and upto around500mmbelow the cut off to well eitherby vibrationor by ramming. level needs be compacted Such vibration or ramming is absolutely essential otherwisehoney nearthe cut off level. in combingor air voidswillbe present concrete greatlyevenby asmuchas 80%. This will reducethe strength is Henceramming/vibratiorlcompaction absolutelyessential.

!i !l*i]1 {lt-{t}

i1 Fie. ?1,:*be } RammefaS shown in ,oT. ,i*,'r"".r.r. gu.n now

concrete.

'ii i*;*';'1;" i,p., :I^-;:HLtr *' .3,'J',{ J.i Jil,ll: u*f :"i:, li;n'
*"^"^.H'"ii r""rr '/yur
crack into tnt corrosion ""j'O""J;"t avoided' ' ntnce' must be
m 1.0 50mmdia.Gt PiPe Threaded

the for'c.olmactionof used conveniently off chipped

"ttf

SO** dia.GLPiPe 20mmMS Plate Threaded be should 50 150mm thaninnerota' lesser cage of reinforcement 32mmdia' Rods weldedto MS Plate c/c' at 100-150mm

as such forload rleutuqrra n'"'^t-;te m3ttroa This percusslon P rhispercussion i1fl::Y?itfi,,o,ilfffi:',;rJ cutoff level built above the have tt ',tr'Lv ' ) ' In certain tuss5'pile'fnay ln cenalrl u'rDv-D method' of by perc-ussion tesr; '. '' to and off needs be chipped leveland cutoff ,In
corcrete..o:1::-"1 ,iliil;;te'at oass; sueh " bv that crn^v rotary method' it is advised t o, o*cussion . i; ;&,u'.ugs th9cutott levettt ilil:jitt cut level' level' t|,e rf" itre '.,,'eonciete-above "tlltl:t-t:* "'*lJ;;;.b* .on.r.t. above below cut off rrervYv t* off o*iond do cracks not exrenu

Frg.25 Rammer

llli 1;1 5;: [ ::lll'ili: 1.J:*,1 J#"'ll?.,X: rl

ittit-fff that ensure -

ff-level

Il

E hr-tlr{t{-{t}

Fig.27 Chippingof Concrete Abovethe Pile Cut-off-level

Fig. 28: Chippingof ConcreteAbove The Pile Cut-Off bv Jack Hammer

Fig.29: Chippingof ConcreteAbove The Pile Cut-Off by Jack Hammer And Gefting lt Ready for Wedge-on-Method Removing of ConcreteAbove Cut-Off

Q) CONCRETEIN PILING Clientsgenerally specifies concrete with OPC cementaloneand with 20mmdown aggregate, sometimes watercement with ratio evenhigherthan0.45. We shouldpersuade client to permit us to use blendedcement,40mm down the aggregate waterbinderratio 0.3 to 0.35. Suchconcrete many advantages and has overOPCcement concrete. Blended cement concrete more durable, more green,provideshigher safety is factor with age than concrete with OPC cement alone. Thus,we are ableto give betterqualityproductwithoutany extracostto the client. Hence, shouldbe able we to convince themandgettheir approval. If they permit, we can blend the cementwith 35% fly ash or with 70% GGBS depending upon the availabilityof fly ash and GGBS and economics.Theseare upperlimits for blending permitted relevant codes. as IS by

#3lo' lil-.l'i.?'lfll;Xfih#T****lfu *il''i:i'iffi "l;$:"fl

BARS R) REINFORCEMENT

t'1t: than o*: at reastour '*'^ at for owlt'o,T'11:'iT:":'Xif|!^1ffi?:ler shoutd ror our is;;i'u* ) we ) We shoutd least evenwith Fe4l5 bars' required t than reinforced
unl.r, reinforcement ,onri.r. greener e.ioo bari mak.r'^in.'r.inforced F The use of with concrete Fe4l5 bars'

BORED CAST IN SITU LAND PILES

Appendix I
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5 PILE GROUP

3 PILE GROUP

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INDICATES MOVEMENT RIG

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LARGEPILE GROUP WITH & RIG MOVEMENTS

+ +

MOVEMENT RIG OF NO.1 MOVEMENT RIGNO.2 OF

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