3S

The study of applying 3S technology

for national land survey

II

2004
RSGPSGIS
RS
GPS GIS

3S

3S

2001
2005 2004
3S

DGPS
VBS-RTK
DGPS 1
VBS-RTK

GPS

Abstract
Since 2004, National Property Bureau (NPB) takes use of three popular
technologies on national lands survey implement, including Remote Sensing
(RS), Global Position System (GPS) and Geographic Information System
(GIS). RS provides the ortho-images in high resolution for identifying space
location and being the base map; then GPS pinpoints the location precisely;
and GIS is taken as the plate for developing every kind of processing systems
which assist office/field survey implement and make surveyor easily utilize
all data of national land. As a result, 3S technology improves the implement
flow, enhances the automation, saves a mount of labor power and processing
hours then raise the efficiency of surveying affair.
This research chooses 5 regions of different type landuses as experiment
areas. From case analysis we got a result that 3S technology do bring
advantage on every type of regions. For example, we can prepare the
surveying job in office by overlay the cadastral on ortho-image then we can
get a whole picture about the goal region. In the same time South office of
NPB can calculate the case number, finishing days per case and the percent of
case termination from 2001 to 2005. We found that taking use of 3S
technology can actually shorten the finishing days per case and raise the
percent of case termination. It means the traditional survey implement is
transferring gradually to the modern electronic automation processfrom
dense labor job to efficient precise work.
This research also compares the survey precision of DGPS, VBS-RTK
and traditional transit. The result shows the precision of DGPS is only worse
than transit for 1meter that can be useful in mountain area. On the other hand,
the precision of VBS-RTK is just about the precision of transit for few
centimeters which can satisfied all kinds of area. Furthermore DGPS and
VBS-RTK is more instant and convenient that traditional survey cannot
achieve.

Key wordsRSGISDGPSVBS-RTK

II

III

............................................................................................................ I
.......................................................................................................... II
.................................................................................................................III
............................................................................................................... IV
............................................................................................................. VI
............................................................................................................VII

....................................................................................................1

1.1 .........................................................................................1
1.2 .........................................................................................2
1.3 .........................................................................................3

3S ...............................................................................5

2.1

.................................................................................5

2.2

.........................................................................................8

2.3

...............................................................................12

2.4

...........................................................................................18

2.4.1

..............................................................................19

2.4.2

..............................................................................21

2.4.3

..........................................................................22

..........................................................................25

3.1

...................................................................25

3.2

...............................................................28

3.3

...................................................................29

IV

3.4

3.5

...........................................................................33
3.4.1

........................................................34

3.4.2

............................................................35

3.4.3

........................................36

3.4.4

PDA .......................................................37

3S .............................................39
..........................................................................................43

4.1

...............................................................................44

4.2

...............................................................................46

4.3

..............................................................................48

4.4

.............................................................................51

4.5

.............................................................................57

4.6

.....................................................................................63

4.7

.................................................................64

......................................................................................67

5.1

...............................................................................................67

5.2

...............................................................................................69

.............................................................................................................70

2.1 ..10
2.2 ..22
2.3 ..23
3.1 GPS 39
3.2 RS ......40
3.3 GIS ..41
4.1 VBS-RTK ...54
4.2 ..55
4.3 DGPS ..59
4.4 VBS-RTK ....61
4.5 ...62
4.6 ..63
4.7 20012005 ....64

VI

2.1 ........10
2.2 ........13
2.3

VBS-RTK ........16

2.4 ....17
2.5

...24

2.6

...24

3.1

.......26

3.2

. .....27

3.3

...28

3.4

...30

3.5 3S ......32
3.6

...33

3.7 ....34
3.8 ....35
3.9 36
3.10 PDA .....37
3.11 PDA .38
4.1 ....43
4.2 GIS .....45
4.3 ........47
4.4 ....49
4.5 ....50
4.6 .. .52

VII

 4.7 ....53
4.8

VBS-RTK ......53

4.9

.56

4.10

..........58

4.11 Trimble GPS Pathfinder Power ...59

4.12 DGPS .60
4.13

DGPS ......60

4.14

VBS-RTK ...61

4.15 .62
4.16 .66
4.17 .....67
5.1

...68

VIII


1.1

769770

GPS

1991Leick,
1995GIS


GIS
PDA

1.2

1996

2002
Personal Digital Assistant PDA

Intranet
2004

Web Browser

2002

2002 AutoCAD PDA

TerraSync

2005

2005 3S

1.3

RSGPSGIS
3S

3S

3S

GPSRTKDGPSe-GPSVBS-RTK

GIS
GIS
e-GIS3DGIS

2.1 Geographic Information SystemGIS

GIS
GIS

GIS
GISGIS
Management Information SystemMIS
Graphic

Attribute
Geographic Objects

4
XY

1
2

Vector Raster

1.1.
2.

2.1.
2.

1.
1.
2.

3.

2.1. Cell

2.

3.

2.2 Remote SensingRS

Aircraft
Satellites

5000

123cm23cm
1150m1150m132.25
21/5000
1/1500021m30cm


1
SPOT
60km60km1999
IKONOS
11km11km90
2SPOT52.5m
10mIKONOS
1m4m2001QUICK
BIRD60cm
1/5000

NASA20
11

GIS

GPS

2-10.35m0.61m2.44m
0.35m2.44m

0.35m

0.61m

2.44m

2-1 2003
SPOTIKONOSQUICK BIRD

2-1
2-1

SPOT5

2.5

1/10000

IKONOS

1/5000

QUICK
BIRD

0.61

0.25-0.5

10

1/12000

1/3000

1/1000-1/3000

1/31/2
2

11

2.3 Global Positioning SystemGPS

GPS
GPS

C/A P
L1L2

1
C/A
C/A

GPS

2-2 (XS , YS , Z S )
r
r1 r2 r3 r4
(X i , Yi , Z i ) i = 1,2,3,4

12

1 + r = [( 1 S ) 2 ( 1 S ) 2 (1 S ) 2 ]1/2
2 + r = [( 2 S ) 2 ( 2 S ) 2 (2 S ) 2 ]1/2
3 + r = [( 3 S ) 2 ( 3 S ) 2 (3 S ) 2 ]1/2
4 + r = [( 4 S ) 2 ( 4 S ) 2 (4 S ) 2 ]1/2

C/A10m
1m

r2
r1

r3
r4

2-2

2
L1L2

S
R R S
SR N 0

13

SR = R - S = N 0 +
N 0
t i N 0
Int( i ) i

SR = N 0 + Int( i ) + i

= (N 0 + Int( i ) + i )

1999
GPS

DGPS

Trimble Pathfinder
Pro XRS DGPS DGPS
MSK Beacom 283.5 ~ 325KHZ

GPS

GPSReal-Time KinematicRTK
Wolf and Brinker, 1994

14

1997

2005
e-GPS2-3

Virtual Base StationVBS

RTKVBS-RTK 2-4
GPS

GSMGPRS
VBS

15


North

East_South

Middle

West

East_Middle

East South

South

2-3 VBS-RTK 2005

16

2-4 2005

RTK VBS-RTK
1 RTK
RTK 10 VRS
RTK
2200 2
2 RTK
RTK VRS RTK
1~2
3 RTK
VRS RTK

17

4 RTK

GPS
DGPSVBS-RTK

2.4

3,600,618
200523028395
84.1572223
15.9

18

2.4.1

89
1970

TWD67

1976
1980

11967
a = 6378160
b = 6356774.7192

f = 1/298.25

2
= 1205825.975
= 235832.340
= 32357 23.135
3

19

TWD97
1980

1993GPS1997
105622
1997TWD97

1International Terrestrial Reference Frame

ITRF
ITRF
Bureau International de IHeure
BIH1984. 0
2 1980
International Union of Geodesy and geophysicsIUGG
GRS80
a = 6378137
b =6356752.3141

f = 1/298.257222101

3
TWD67

1999921
2003
20015290
9060856TWD97

20

2.4.2

TWD67

TWD67TWD97
TWD67TWD97
Least Square
Collocation 500m 250m
Bilinear Interpolation1-2
0.31999
Helmert
Affine

GIS
1
[CadTWD67]
TWD67
TWD67Helmert2

21

TWD67

TWD97

2.4.3

GIS

TM1/5000
TM

2-2

2-2

TM

TM

1.GIS

1.
2.GIS

1.
1.
2.
2.GIS
3.GIS

22

1
2
3
2-3

2-3

1.

1. 2.

1.
2.

3. 3.

2.

1.

1.

2.

2.
3.

1.
2.

1.GIS

3. 3. 2.

4.
5.

23

2-52-6

6U

?
?

2-5

6U

?
?

2-6

24

12

3S

3.1

3-1

4
5

25

3-1 2005

3-2

26

4
5

3-2 2005

27

3-1 3-2
3-3

1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.

1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.

3-3

3.2

28

3.3
3-2
12
34

29

5
3S

3-3
3S
3-4
3-5
3S

1.
2.

1.
2.
3.

1.

2.

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.

3-4

30

GIS

3-4
2

GPS
GPS 2-3
PDA PDA
PDA
3-4
3

GIS

31

3-4

RS()
()

Yes

No
1GPS
2PDA

3-5 3S

32

3.4

3-6PDA

3-6

33

3.4.1

3-7
1

2
3

4
5

3-7

34

3.4.2

3-8
1
2
3

3-8

35

3.4.3

3-9
1
2

3
4
5

3-9

36

3.4.4 PDA
GPS
PDA
GPS
3-10
1
2
3 PDA

4 GPS

3-10

PDA

37

PDA PDA
3-11
PDA
1 Server PC
PDA
2 PDA
PDA
3 PDA
4 PDA
PDA
1 PDA PC
2 PC

PC

PDA

MIS

MIS

PDA

3-11 PDA

38

3.5

3S

3S GPS
RS
GIS
3-1 3-2 3-3
3-1 GPS

GPS
A

B
C
D

39

 3-2 RS

RS

A A

C
D

E
F

A A

40

 3-3 GIS

GIS

A A

B B

A A

41

GIS

GIS
RS

GIS
GPS GPS
GIS

42

3S
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
4-1
2001 2005

4-1

43

4.1
210-1

TWD67
3S
1GIS

2RS GIS

1
4-2
2
3
4
:
1

2GIS RS

44

4-2 GIS

45

4.2

TWD67
3S
1GIS

2RS
3GPS
:
1 4-3
2
3
4

2
GPS
3

46

4-3

47

4.3
1189

3S
1GPS GPS

2RS GIS

3GIS

1
2
Trimble GPS Pathfinder Power
DGPS DGPS 5 1
50
34-3
4 4-4

1
DGPS
90

48

2
3

4
3 10 GPS
2 4
22 /

4-4

49

 4-4

4-5

50

4.4

2005

TWD97
3S
1GPS
2RS

3GIS

1 4-6
2
4-7
3 VBS-RTK VBS-RTK
4-8
4

1VBS-RTK Trimble 5800

Fixed
1.5 2
PDOP 6 1 1 30

51

 VBS-RTK 4-1
E 40 VBS-RTK

2VBS-RTK
5 4-2 4-9
3
4 20 VBS-RTK
2 15
50 /

4-6

52

 4-7

4-8 VBS-RTK

53

 4-1 VBS-RTK

VBS-RTK

VBS-RTK

N E

N (m)

E (m)

N (m)

E (m)

(m)

BH16 2550869.204 205969.090

2550869.155

205968.668

0.049

0.422

BH17 2550921.729 205916.286

2550921.705

205915.872

0.024

0.414

BH20 2550803.651 206062.624

2550803.652

206062.207

-0.001

0.417

BH21 2550776.660 206115.124

2550776.654

206114.710

0.006

0.414

BH22 2550758.733 206148.623

2550758.732

206148.203

0.001

0.420

BH27 2550921.916 206386.241

2550921.905

206385.801

0.011

0.440

BH28 2550970.234 206460.418

2550970.179

206459.982

0.055

0.436

BH29 2551029.530 206437.611

2551029.521

206437.168

0.009

0.443

BH30 2551009.642 206313.821

2551009.627

206313.378

0.015

0.443

BH32 2551011.992 206206.085

2551011.959

206205.647

0.033

0.438

BH36 2550958.980 206116.818

2550958.949

206116.425

0.031

0.393

BH37 2550914.933 206057.403

2550914.910

206056.976

0.023

0.427

BH38 2550967.458 206224.853

2550967.427

206224.445

0.031

0.408

BH39 2550896.272 206262.441

2550896.240

206262.044

0.032

0.397

BH42 2551072.202 206043.879

2551072.187

206043.447

0.015

0.432

BH44 2551005.596 205920.916

2551005.548

205920.501

0.048

0.415

BH45 2551009.934 206005.206

2551009.927

206004.784

0.007

0.422

BH53 2551109.966 205889.730

2551109.932

205889.270

0.034

0.460

BH54 2551191.788 205994.851

2551191.742

205994.401

0.046

0.450

GA03 2551325.678 206116.107

2551325.650

206115.685

0.028

0.422

GA04 2551007.779 205789.399

2551007.779

205788.968

0.000

0.431

GA08 2550869.055 206441.826

2550869.041

206441.419

0.014

0.407

GA09 2550757.247 206237.465

2550757.245

206237.041

0.002

0.424

0.022

0.425

54

(m)

 4-2

N E

N (m)

E (m)

N (m)

E (m)

(m)

BH16

2550869.204

205969.090 2550869.166

205969.089

0.038

0.001

BH17

2550921.729

205916.286 2550921.716

205916.293

0.013

-0.007

BH20

2550803.651

206062.624 2550803.663

206062.628

-0.012

-0.004

BH21

2550776.660

206115.124 2550776.665

206115.131

-0.005

-0.007

BH22

2550758.733

206148.623 2550758.743

206148.624

-0.010

-0.001

BH27

2550921.916

206386.241 2550921.916

206386.222

0.000

0.019

BH28

2550970.234

206460.418 2550970.190

206460.403

0.044

0.015

BH29

2551029.530

206437.611 2551029.532

206437.589

-0.002

0.022

BH30

2551009.642

206313.821 2551009.638

206313.799

0.004

0.022

BH32

2551011.992

206206.085 2551011.970

206206.068

0.022

0.017

BH36

2550958.980

206116.818 2550958.960

206116.846

0.020

-0.028

BH37

2550914.933

206057.403 2550914.921

206057.397

0.012

0.006

BH38

2550967.458

206224.853 2550967.438

206224.866

0.020

-0.013

BH39

2550896.272

206262.441 2550896.251

206262.465

0.021

-0.024

BH42

2551072.202

206043.879 2551072.198

206043.868

0.004

0.011

BH44

2551005.596

205920.916 2551005.559

205920.922

0.037

-0.006

BH45

2551009.934

206005.206 2551009.938

206005.205

-0.004

0.001

BH53

2551109.966

205889.730 2551109.943

205889.691

0.023

0.039

BH54

2551191.788

205994.851 2551191.753

205994.822

0.035

0.029

0.014

0.005

55

(m)

VBS-RTK
5
4
3
2
N(cm)

1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

E(cm)

4-9

56

4.5
109

TWD97
3S
1GIS

2RS GIS
4-10
3GPS

1
DGPS VBS-RTK
2 GPS DGPS
VBS-RTK 4-11 DGPS

1 DGPS 4-3
N 0.326 ~ 0.677 E 0.813 ~
1.168 4-12 DGPS

2 DGPS

57

 4-13 DGPS
0.95~1.23 1/3000
0.4mm DGPS
1/500
3 VBS-RTK 4-4
E 40

4-14
7 4-5
4
4 5 VBS-RTK
2 3 14 /

4-10

58

 4-11 Trimble GPS Pathfinder Power

4-3 DGPS

DGPS

DGPS

N E

N (m)

E (m)

N (m)

E (m)

(m) (m)

BD60

2508799.944

204064.024 2508799.371

204063.144

0.573 0.880

BD61

2508825.278

204208.149 2508824.925

204207.264

0.353 0.885

BD62

2508778.367

204118.962 2508778.041

204117.903

0.326 1.059

1863

2508802.097

204036.443 2508801.700

204035.275

0.397 1.168

1864

2508813.873

204044.213 2508813.520

204043.063

0.353 1.150

1865

2508825.021

204051.664 2508824.490

204050.780

0.531 0.884

1868

2508820.590

204054.033 2508820.063

204053.220

0.527 0.813

1869

2508800.720

204052.598 2508800.043

204051.632

0.677 0.966

59

DGPS
1.4
1.2

N(m)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

E(m)

4-12 DGPS

4-11

4-13 DGPS

60

 4-4 VBS-RTK

VBS-RTK

VBS-RTK

N E

N (m)

E (m)

N (m)

E (m)

(m) (m)

BD60

2508799.944

204064.024 2508799.984

204063.561

-0.040 0.463

BD61

2508825.278

204208.149 2508825.305

204207.702

-0.027 0.447

BD62

2508778.367

204118.962 2508778.368

204118.495

-0.001 0.467

1863

2508802.097

204036.443 2508802.108

204035.968

-0.011 0.475

1864

2508813.873

204044.213 2508813.852

204043.760

0.021 0.453

1865

2508825.021

204051.664 2508825.005

204051.239

0.016 0.425

1868

2508820.590

204054.033 2508820.588

204053.561

0.002 0.472

1869

2508800.720

204052.598 2508800.700

204052.136

0.020 0.462

VBS-RTK
0.2

N(m)

0.1

0.0

-0.1

-0.2
0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

E(m)

4 -14 VBS-RTK

61

 4-5

N E

N (m)

E (m)

N (m)

E (m)

(m)

BD60

2508799.944

204064.024

2508799.944

204064.024

BD61

2508825.278

204208.149

2508825.278

204208.149

BD62

2508778.367

204118.962

2508778.367

204118.962

1863

2508802.097

204036.443

2508802.064

204036.435

0.033

0.008

1864

2508813.873

204044.213

2508813.807

204044.225

0.066

-0.012

1865

2508825.021

204051.664

2508824.960

204051.702

0.061

-0.038

1868

2508820.590

204054.033

2508820.544

204054.024

0.046

0.009

1869

2508800.720

204052.598

2508800.659

204052.600

0.061

-0.002

0.053

-0.007

VBS-RTK
2
1
0
N(cm)

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0

E(cm)

4-15

62

(m)

4.6
3S
4-6

4-6

3S
10

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.

3S
10

DGPS 1.
2.

1.
VBS-RTK
2.

3.

VBS-RTK 1.

DGPS 2.

3.

10

30

10

30

8 /

3S

30 /

3S

30 /

80 /

10

3S

6 /

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

63

20 /

4.7
2004 3S

PDA
3S
2001 2005

2001 2005
4-7
4-7 2001-2005

2001

3640

3271

2002

4124

1581

2003

3495

2255

2004

4058

8131

2005

4993

2527

2004 3S

2001~2003
2004 2005
2527
4-16

64

 2001 ~ 2003 114 ~ 149 2004

48 2005 PDA
2005 30
4-17

3S

149

160
140

114

116

120
100
80
48

60

30

40
20
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

4-16

65

2005

95.00%
91.17%
92.75%
90.00%

87.83%

85.00%

80.00%
80.44%
77.93%
75.00%

70.00%
2001

2002

2003

2004

4-17

66

2005


5.1

GIS

GPS
:
1
2 DGPS
3 PDA+GPS

4 VBS-RTK

5
80/30/
3S
30
77.9%92.75%

67

3S

3S
5-1

Yes

No
GPS PDA

5-1

68

5.2

VBS-RTK

20062007

69


GPS
1998
2005
GPS
1999
GPS
1991
PDA
2002

1999
24
2005
3S
2005
GPS
2004
GPS 39
1997
1997

2002

70


2002

2005

Fotopoulos, G., and M.E. Cannon, An Overview of Multi-Reference Station

Methods for Cm-Level Positioning, GPS Solutions, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.
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Lachapelle, G., P. Alves, L. P. Fortes, and M. E. Cannon, DGPS RTK

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Leick, A., GPS Satellite Surveying, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New
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Sun, H., M.E. Cannon, and T.E. Melgard, Real-Time GPS Reference
Network Carrier Phase Ambiguity Resolution. Institute of Navigation
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Teunissen, P.J.G., The Least-squares Ambiguity Decorrelation Ajustment:

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Vollath, U., H. Landau, X. Chen, K. Doucet, and C. Pagels, Network RTK

71

Versus Single Base RTK-Understanding the Error Characteristics,

Proceedings of ION GPS 2002, Portland, OR, pp. 2774-2781, September
24-27, 2002.

Wanninger, L., Virtual Reference Stations for Centimeter-Level Kinematic

Positioning, Proceedings of ION GPS 2002, Portland, OR, pp.
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Wolf, P.R., and R.C.Brink, Elementary Surveying, Ninth Edition,

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Zhang, J., Investigation into the Estimation of Residual Tropospheric Delays

in a GPS Network, UCGE rep. 20132, University of Calgary, 1999.

72