CHAPTER 7 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION

Page 1 of 5

CHAPTER 7

RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION
7.1 General Sach Khas H.E. Project envisages construction of a concrete gravity dam with a grossstorage of 27.037 Mcum corresponding to FRL of 2220 m. The reservoir elevation area capacity curve has been prepared at the project site based on the reservoir contour map.

7.2 Suspended Sediment Observation The sediment fractions in suspension are classified into three grades on the basis of particle size: Coarse: More than and equal to 0.20 mm diameter Medium: 0.075 mm to 0.20 mm diameter Fine: Less than 0.075 mm diameter 7.3 Sediment data availability Suspended sediment data measurements are carried out at Udaipur G&D Site in Chenab river basin by CWC. The details of the silt at Udaipur are given in Table 7.1. Table 7.1 Details of Silt data Sr. No. 1 2 G&D Site Udaipur Tandi River Chenab Chenab Catchment area (Sq.km) 5922.474 1639.662 Period Jan03- May08 1978 - 2004

7.4 Average annual sediment rate The silt rate estimated at Udaipur site is based on available sediment data and the details is given in Table 7.2. The silt rate estimated at Tandi site is based on available sediment data and the details is given in Table 7.3.

Page 2 of 5

Table 7.2 Details of annual silt rate at Udaipur site Sed.Concn. (gm./litre) 0.361 0.272 0.331 0.380 0.190 Average Discharge (Cumecs) 309.921 258.393 226.034 266.343 238.668 Sediment Yield (tonnes/day) 9660.785 6064.352 6471.365 8743.335 3924.544 Sediment yield (Mm3/Yr.) 2.351 1.476 1.575 2.128 0.955 Sediment Rate (Ha-m/Sq.km/Yr.) 0.0397 0.0249 0.0266 0.0359 0.0161 0.0286

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Average value Table 7.3 Details of annual silt rate at Tandi site
Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Sed.Concn. (gm./litre) 0.859 0.515 0.507 0.294 0.295 0.345 0.321 0.264 0.432 0.616 0.602 0.399 0.111 0.210 0.167 0.342 0.869 0.298 0.186 0.360 1.006 0.293 0.420 0.460 Average Discharge (Cumecs) 163.285 152.542 151.237 142.298 136.905 147.692 149.021 137.253 154.359 169.434 140.993 158.573 164.143 125.694 142.644 214.133 213.286 145.907 142.535 181.284 804.873 132.157 198.397 152.423 Sediment Yield (tonnes/day) 12121.435 6781.227 6623.859 3611.613 3490.777 4398.623 4128.121 3134.923 5756.271 9014.350 7327.483 5465.513 1570.119 2276.966 2054.074 6327.383 16007.712 3752.495 2290.589 5643.868 69981.454 3349.379 7199.418 6057.913 Sediment Yield (Mm3/Yr.) 2.950 1.650 1.612 0.879 0.849 1.070 1.005 0.763 1.401 2.193 1.783 1.330 0.382 0.554 0.500 1.540 3.895 0.913 0.557 1.373 17.029 0.815 1.752 1.474 Average value

Sediment Rate (Ha-m/Sq.km/Yr.) 0.180 0.101 0.098 0.054 0.052 0.065 0.061 0.047 0.085 0.134 0.109 0.081 0.023 0.034 0.030 0.094 0.238 0.056 0.034 0.084 1.039 0.050 0.107 0.090 0.123

Page 3 of 5

If 20% of suspended load (as per standard BIS practice) is taken as bed load, then total silt rate becomes 0.0344 Ha-m/sq.km/year and 0.147 Ha-m/sq.km/year at Udaipur and Tandi Site respectively. As Udaipur site is near to Sach Khas HEP Site, therefore same rate of 0.0344mm /year has been adopted at Sach Khas HEP Site.
7.5 ESTIMATION OF SEDIMENTATION VOLUME

As per IS: 12182: 1987, it is recommended to adopt full service time & feasible service time for reservoirs of hydro power projects supplying power to a grid as not less than 25 years & 70 years respectively. In view of above, the New Zero Elevation for Sach Khas Hydroelectric Project is estimated for 25 years and 70 years. The rate of sedimentation at 0.344mm per year which is equivalent to 0.0344 Ha-m/sq. km/year, the sediment volume expected to be deposited in the reservoir at the end of 25 years and 70 years have been computed by considering the variable Capacity Inflow ratio at an interval of 5 years and corresponding Trap Efficiency obtained from Brunes Median Curve for normal ponded reservoir. With 6608 km2 catchment area of Sach Khas at dam site, the annual sediment load works out to be 0.0344 x 6608 = 227.32 Ha-m/year or 2.27 Mm3/year. The volume of sediment deposits over a period of 25 years and 70 years works out to be 718 Ha-m and 1163 Ha-m respectively as illustrated in table below. ESTIMATION OF SEDIMENT VOLUME
Basin Area : 6608.00 Annual Sediment : 2.272 Capacity : 27.04 Inflow : 8199.40 Time (Yrs.) Capacity (Mm3) km 3 Mm /yr. 3 Mm 3 Mm Inflow(I) (Mm3) C/I (Mm3) Trap Efficiency (Mm3) Total Sediment (Mm3) Total in 25/70 Yrs. (Mm3)
2

0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70

27.04 25.21 23.59 22.17 20.93 19.86 18.95 18.17 17.52 16.98 16.53 16.16 15.86 15.61

8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4 8199.4

0.0033 0.0031 0.0029 0.0027 0.0026 0.0024 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0020 0.0019 0.0019

16.09 14.26 12.53 10.92 9.42 8.05 6.83 5.73 4.78 3.96 3.26 2.67 2.19 1.77

1.830 1.620 1.420 1.240 1.070 0.910 0.780 0.650 0.540 0.450 0.370 0.300 0.250 0.200

7.18

11.63

Page 4 of 5

7.6 ESTIMATION OF NEW ZERO ELEVATION (NZE)

As the quantity of sediment which will deposit below the normal water surface has been established, the Empirical Area-Reduction Method is used to estimate the distribution. The shape factor was adopted as the major criteria in deciding the reservoir type. So, a curve is plotted with depth of reservoir at different elevations starting from the FRL as ordinate against the corresponding storage capacity as abscissa on logarithmic scale. The curve fits into a straight line and the reciprocal of the slope (m) has been worked out to be 1.6 which falls within the range of m = 1.5 to 2.5. Hence according to IS: 5477 (Part 2) the reservoir is classified as Type III (HILL) considering the original area capacity curve. Sediment distribution through the depths of reservoir and the NZE have been carried out adapting the Empirical Area Reduction method using the design curves given in IS 5477 (Part 2). The equation for the design curve is given by empirical relationship. Ap = C x pm (1- p) n where, Ap = a non-dimensional relative area at relative distance p above the stream bed. C, m, n = non dimensional constants which have been fixed depending on the type of reservoir. For type III reservoir, the equation is Ap = 16.967 x p 1.15 (1 - p) 2.32.

Thus, the NZE for Sach Khas reservoir after 25 years and 70 years sedimentation works out to be 2174.0 m & 2186.80 m respectively. Details are presented in the table below. The calculation of sediment deposition is attached in Annexure VII. The live storage of the reservoir will have to be maintained by proper flushing of the reservoir, for this a proper reservoir management and operation rules have to be framed by model studies.

Page 5 of 5