Q1.What is SPSS and its importance in Research SPSS stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.

It basically resolves certain manual research problem by just adding values in SPSS and getting output. It is used by market researchers, health researchers, survey companies, government, education researchers, marketing organizations and others. Q2.What is difference between Z score and T Score? When your data is below 30 Z score will be used & when your data is above 30 T score will be used Q3.What is difference between factor analysis and cluster analysis? Cluster analysis' is a class of statistical techniques that can be applied to data that exhibit natural groupings. Cluster analysis sorts through the raw data and groups them into clusters. or shorter version. We also see the homogeneity among many variables. Factor analysis: Given sets of variables which are related linearly. We see the relationship among many variables.social, economoc, political and religious factors. Q4.What is Multidimensional scaling (MDS?) Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a set of related statistical techniques often used in information visualization for exploring similarities or dissimilarities in data. Q5.What is difference between Correlation Covariance and Regression? Correlation. is a measure of the strength or the degree of relationship between two RANDOM variables RegressionThe description of the nature of the relationship between two or more variables; it is concerned with the problem of describing or estimating the value of the dependent variable on the basis of one or more independent variables. It also has the element of predictability. COVARIANCE A statistical measure of the variance of two random variables that are observed or measured in the same mean time period. QUESTION NO 6: What is difference among multiple correlation, partial correlation and path analysis? Multiple Correlations is a linear relationship among more than two variables. It is measured by the coefficient of multiple determinations, denoted as R2 Partial correlation measures the degree of association between two random variables, with the effect of a set of controlling random variables removed. Path analysis, a statistical method of finding cause/effect relationships QUESTION NO 7: What is difference among linear, multiple regression, logical and hierarchical regression In linear regression, we see or examine the dependency of one variable on another, in linear there exist one dependent variable and one independent variable. In multiple regressions, we examine the dependency of one variable that is called dependent variable on more than one independent variables. Logistic regression (sometimes called the logistic model) is used for prediction of the probability of occurrence of an event. Hierarchical regression allows variance in outcome variables to be analyzed at multiple hierarchical levels, whereas in simple linear and multiple linear regressions all effects are modeled to occur at a single level. Question no 8: What is difference among analysis of variance and covariance? ANOVAs are useful in comparing more than two group. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) allows comparing one variable in 2 or more groups Analysis of covariance combines one-way or two-way analysis of variance with linear regression.

Question no 9: What is analysis of covariance? Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is used when you have two measurement variables and two nominal variables. QUESTION NO 10: What is difference among Manova and MANCOVA Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is used when there are two or more dependent variables. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) is used when there is more than one dependent variable and where the dependent variables cannot simply be combined. Q11. What is difference between probability sampling and non probability sampling? Probability, it is selected according to a mathematical guidelines whereby the chance for selection of each unit is known. Non probability sampling: Non-probability sampling or non-random sampling is not based on the theory of probability. It does not follow the guidelines of mathematical probability. Q12. What is difference between parametric and nonparametric analysis? Parametric: Parametric tests use for these: Ratio or interval scale as well as these are used in normal distribution Non-parametric tests use for these: Nominal or ordinal, as well as these are used in skewed (+ or -) distribution ,Q13. Where we can use chi square test? Ans: chi- square is a non parametric as well as it is used in parametric with frequency of association in IV and DV, and it is use for two nominal or categorical variables. Q14. What is formula of Man-Whitney U test? U= Q15. What is formula of Kruskal -Wallis Test?

Q: 16: What is the formula of Wilcoxon? Ans: Formula Wilcoxon test for paired observation:

Z=

T T = T

n ( n + 1) 4 n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1) 24 T

Formula Wilcoxon test for independent samples:

R R Z= = R

n1 ( n1 + n2 + 1) 2 n1n2 ( n1 + n2 + 1) 12

Q: 17 What is formula for Friedman test?

Friedman test formula for dependent samples: Chi-square Friedman = ([12/nk (k + 1)]*[SUM (Ti2] 3n(k + 1))

Q 24: What is the difference between percentile and

h h i i h i Di L i n F =1 2 Qi ==ii ++ n F F ,, ii1, 1,, 2,, 3 Pi =L L+ n , i = = 2 3 3 ffiif100 4 10 i